Appropriate operation inducement by biasing perception of velocity using tactile stimulation
Tóm tắt
Traffic congestion and accidents are more likely to occur on gently undulating roads called sags, because drivers are less likely to recognize a change in velocity. Therefore, to induce appropriate judgement and operation, we have proposed to bias the perception of velocity by tactile stimulation. Our previous study showed that the frequency of vibrotactile stimulation based on an engine is related to the perception of velocity and that an increase or decrease in frequency makes the driver feel they are traveling faster or slower than the actual velocity. In this study, to define the control initiation condition that biases the perception of velocity, we investigated a boundary model that can notice a change in velocity based on the velocity and the acceleration. Additionally, we investigated the effect of noticing a change in velocity and the driver’s response by biasing the perception of velocity. Psychophysical experiments were conducted using a driving simulator that simulates the vibration of an actual vehicle. The results showed that the change in velocity required to notice an increase or decrease in velocity was 4 km/h when the accelerations were 0.02 and 0.04 m/s
$$^{2}$$
, − 6 km/h when the acceleration was − 0.02 m/s
$$^{2}$$
, and − 4 km/h when the accelerations were − 0.04 and − 0.06 m/s
$$^{2}$$
. Furthermore, by biasing the perception of velocity, we demonstrated that the participants recognized a change in velocity on a gently undulating road and appropriately operated the acceleration pedal.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Adachi Y, Fujii Y, Tamagawa D, Iwasato Y, Yamada K, Nakamura Y (2010) Experimental study on speed reduction effect by sequence design. J Jpn Soc Civ Eng 66(1):27–39 (in Japanese)
Aria E, Olstam J, Schwietering C (2016) Investigation of automated vehicle effects on driver’s behavior and traffic performance. Transport Res Procedia 15:761–770
Evans L (2007) Speed estimation from a moving automobile. Ergonomics 13(2):219–230
Han A, Ono S, Ikeuchi K, Suda Y, Sasaki M (2014) ’Optical Dot System’ as assistance for drivers to visualize affordance of road environment. Seisan Kenkyu 66(2):147–154
Han A, Ono S, Ikeuchi K, Suda Y, Sasaki M (2013) Road Marking ’Optical Dot System’ for controlling the speed-development and four years empirical analysis, 20th ITS World Congress ITS Japan
Ingre M, Åkerstedt T, Peters B, Anund A, Kecklund G (2006) Subjective sleepiness, simulated driving performance and blink duration: examining individual differences. J Sleep Res 15(1):47–53
Kawashima Y, Uchikawa K, Kaneko H, Fukuda K, Yamamoto K, Kiya K (2011) Changing driver’s sensation of speed applying vection caused by flickering boards place on sides of road. J Inst Image Inf Telev Eng 65(6):833–840 (in Japanese)
Kitaoka A (2015) Slope illusion (Magnetic Hill) in radan, art and its role in the history: between durability and transient-ISMS. pp 751–760
Koshi M, Kuwahara M, Akahane H (1992) Capacity of sags and tunnels on Japanese motorways. ITE J 62:17–22
Mori Y, Kurihara M, Hayama A, Ohkuma S (1995) A study to improve the safety of expressways by desirable combinations of geometric alignments. In: Proceedings of 1st international symposium on highway geometric design practices, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 23:1–12
Morioka M, Griffin MJ (2000) Difference thresholds for intensity perception of whole-body vertical vibration: effect of frequency and magnitude. J Acoust Soc Am 107(1):620–624
NHTSA (2017) https://www.nhtsa.gov/sites/nhtsa.dot.gov/files/documents/13069a-ads2.0_090617_v9a_tag.pdf. Accessed 20 May 2020
Recarte MA, Nunes LM (1996) Perception of speed in an automobile: estimation and production. J Exp Psychol Appl 2(4):291
Sakamoto A, Kitagawa T, Yamaoka S, Fujita M (2011) Analysis of speed characteristics focusing on the driver after driving the highway. Proc infrastruct planning 166:1–4 (In Japanese)
Sakurai K, Umemula N, Tsukamoto N, Ota H (2017) United States Patent, US 9738302B2
Sauvan XM, Bonnet C (1995) Spatiotemporal boundaries of linear vection. Percept Pyschophys 57(6):898–904. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03206804
Schmidt F, Tiffin J (1969) Distortion of drivers’ estimates of automobile speed as a function of speed adaptation. J Appl Psychol 53(6):536
Schmidt J, Braunagel C, Stolzmann W, Karrer-Gauss K (2016) Driver drowsiness and behavior detection in prolonged conditionally automated drives. In: 2016 IEEE intelligent vehicles symposium (IV), IEEE, pp. 400–405. https://doi.org/10.1109/IVS.2016.7535417
Shinoda S, Hashiba M, Hoshina H (2011) Japan patent, JP4708354 (In Japanese)
Simons DJ, Chabris CF (1999) Gorillas in our midst: sustained inattentional blindness for dynamic events. Perception 28(9):1059–1074
Stephen PW, Jesse C, Thomas H, John W (2012) The potential regulatory challenges of increasingly autonomous motor vehicles. Santa Clara Law Rev 52:1423–1502
Tachiiri M, Tanaka Y, Sano A (2017) Vibrotactile stimulation to change velocity perception in automobiles. SICE J Control Meas Syst Integr 10(3):177–183
Vanderhaegen F, Wolff M, Mollard R (2020) Non-conscious errors in the control of dynamic events synchronized with heartbeats: a new challenge for human reliability study. Saf Sci 129:104814
Warren WH Jr (1995) Perception of space and motion, self-motion: visual perception and visual control. Elsevier, New York, pp 263–325
Wu Y, Kihara K, Takeda Y, Sato T, Akamatsu M, Kitazaki S (2019) Effects of scheduled manual driving on drowsiness and response to take over request: a simulator study towards understanding drivers in automated driving. Accid Anal Prev 124:202–209
Wu Y, Kihara K, Hasegawa K, Takeda Y, Sato T, Akamatsu M, Kitazaki S (2020) Age-related differences in effects of non-driving related tasks on takeover performance in automated driving. J Saf Res 72:231–238
Yoshino M, Noda K, Ogino H (2008) Evaluation of musical pavement in Kawade-cho Toyota. Toyota National college of Technology, pp 95–100 (In Japanese)