Approach for C1 to C2 products commencing from carbon dioxide: A brief review

de Kleijne, 2022, Limits to Paris compatibility of CO2 capture and utilization, One Earth, 5, 168, 10.1016/j.oneear.2022.01.006 Permentier, 2017, Carbon dioxide poisoning: a literature review of an often forgotten cause of intoxication in the emergency department, Int. J. Emerg. Med., 10, 10.1186/s12245-017-0142-y Scibioh, 2002, 1 Herzberg, 1966, 500 Inn, 1953, Absorption coefficient of gases in the vacuum ultraviolet. Part III, CO2, J. Chem. Phys., 21, 1648, 10.1063/1.1698637 Orchin, 1971, 242 Chatwal, 1985, 110 http://www.eng.buffalo.edu/&ajs42/pchem/co2/co2.html accessed on 1 August 2020. Wiebe, 1940, The solubility of carbon dioxide in water at various temperatures from 12 to 40° and at pressures to 500 atmospheres. Critical phenomena, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 62, 815, 10.1021/ja01861a033 Wiebe, 1939, The solubility in water of carbon dioxide at 50, 75 and 100°, at pressures to 700 atmospheres, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 61, 315, 10.1021/ja01871a025 https://srdata.nist.gov/solubility/IUPAC/SDS-50/SDS-50.pdf accessed on 15 September 2020. Miller, 2011, Critical assessment of CO2 solubility in volatile solvents at 298.15 K, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 56, 1565, 10.1021/je101161d R.C. Weast, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Boca Rotan, (1979-80) B-85; D-121. Cotton, 1984, 296 Siegenthaler, 1993, Atmospheric carbon dioxide and the ocean, Nature, 365, 119, 10.1038/365119a0 Matthews, 1996 Dey, 2014, 25 Hansen, 1990, Sun and dust versus greenhouse gases: an assessment of their relative roles in global climate change, Nature, 346, 713, 10.1038/346713a0 Bermer, 1991, A model for atmospheric CO2 over Phanerozoic time, Am. J. Sci., 291, 339, 10.2475/ajs.291.4.339 Dey, 2005, 357 http://www.doc.mmk.ac.uk/aric/eae/global-waming/older/carbo-dioxide.html. Chu, 2017, The path towards sustainable energy, Nat. Mater., 16, 16, 10.1038/nmat4834 McNeil, 2003, Anthropogenic CO2 uptake by the ocean based on the global chlorofluorocarbon data set, Science, 299, 235, 10.1126/science.1077429 Coffey, 2003, Hydrogen as a fuel for DOD, Defense Horizons, 36, 1 Dorner, 2010, Heterogeneous catalytic CO2 conversion to value-added hydrocarbons, Energy Environ. Sci., 3, 884, 10.1039/c001514h https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-atmospheric-carbon-dioxide downloaded on 1 July 2019. https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/can-catalysis-save-us-from-our-co2-problem/3010555.article accessed on June 4, 2020. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas downloadedon 18 May 2020. Bermer, 1997, The rise of plants and their effect on weathering and atmospheric CO2, Science, 276, 544, 10.1126/science.276.5312.544 2011 Kuo, 1990, Coherence established between atmospheric carbon dioxide and global temperature, Nature, 343, 709, 10.1038/343709a0 Schneider, 2001, What is 'dangerous' climate change?, Nature, 411, 17, 10.1038/35075167 Schneider, 2002, Can we estimate the likelihood of climatic changes at 2100?, Climatic Change, 52, 441, 10.1023/A:1014276210717 Schneider, 1980, Carbon dioxide warming and coastline flooding: physical factors and climatic impact, Annu. Rev. Energy, 5, 107, 10.1146/annurev.eg.05.110180.000543 Friedli, 1986, Ice core record of the 13C/12C ratio of atmospheric CO2 in the past two centuries, Nature, 324, 237, 10.1038/324237a0 Snoeckx, 2017, Plasma technology – a novel solution for CO2 conversion?, Chem. Soc. Rev., 46, 5805, 10.1039/C6CS00066E Mota, 2019, From CO2 methanation to ambitious long-chain hydrocarbons: alternative fuels paving the path to sustainability, Chem. Soc. Rev., 48, 205, 10.1039/C8CS00527C Liu, 2014, Understanding the reaction mechanism of photocatalytic reduction of CO2 with H2O on TiO2-based photocatalysts: a review, Aerosol Air Qual. Res., 14, 453, 10.4209/aaqr.2013.06.0186 Hu, 2013, Thermal, electrochemical, and photochemical conversion of CO2 to fuels and value-added products, J. CO2 Util., 1, 18, 10.1016/j.jcou.2013.03.004 Hann, 2022, A hybrid inorganic-biological artificial photosynthesis system for energy-efficient food production, Nature Food, 3, 461, 10.1038/s43016-022-00530-x Lingampalli, 2017, Recent progress in the photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide, ACS Omega, 2, 2740, 10.1021/acsomega.7b00721 Inoue, 1979, Photoelectrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide in aqueous suspensions of semiconductor powders, Nature, 277, 637, 10.1038/277637a0 Mizuno, 1996, Effect of CO2 pressure on photocatalytic reduction of CO2 using TiO2 in aqueous solutions, J. Photochem. Photobiol., A: Chem, 98, 87, 10.1016/1010-6030(96)04334-1 Kaneco, 1998, Photocatalytic reduction of high pressure carbon dioxide using TiO2 powders with a positive hole scavenger, J. Photochem. Photobiol., A: Chem, 115, 223, 10.1016/S1010-6030(98)00274-3 Kaneco, 1997, Photocatalytic reduction of CO2 using TiO2 powders in liquid CO2 medium, J. Photochem. Photobiol., A: Chem, 109, 59, 10.1016/S1010-6030(97)00107-X Dey, 2004, Photo-catalytic reduction of carbon dioxide to methane using TiO2 as suspension in water, J. Photochem. Photobiol., A: Chem, 163, 503, 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2004.01.022 Usubharatana, 2006, Photocatalytic process for CO2 emission reduction from industrial flue gas streams, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 45, 2558, 10.1021/ie0505763 Dey, 2009, Photolysis studies on HCOOH and HCOO− in presence of TiO2 photocatalyst as suspension in aqueous medium, J. Nat. Gas Chem., 18, 50, 10.1016/S1003-9953(08)60075-4 Dey, 2007, Chemical reduction of CO2 to different products during photo catalytic reaction on TiO2 under diverse conditions: an overview, J. Nat. Gas Chem., 16, 217, 10.1016/S1003-9953(07)60052-8 Wang, 2019, Recent progress in visible light photocatalytic conversion of carbon dioxide, J. Mater. Chem., 7, 865, 10.1039/C8TA09865D Nahar, 2017, Advances in photocatalytic CO₂ reduction with water: a review, Materials, 10, 629, 10.3390/ma10060629 Abhinima, 2020, The effect of non-thermal argon plasma treatment on material properties and photo-catalytic behavior of TiO2 nanoparticles, AIP Conf. Proc., 2265, 10.1063/5.0017270 Hoffmann, 2011, Artificial photosynthesis: semiconductor photocatalytic fixation of CO2 to afford higher organic compounds, Dalton Trans., 40, 5151, 10.1039/c0dt01777a Getoff, 2006, Control of greenhouse gases emission by radiation-induced formation of useful products. Utilization of CO2, Radiat. Phys. Chem., 75, 514, 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2005.09.014 Getoff, 1994, Possibilities on the radiation-induced incorporation of CO2 and CO into organic compounds Internat, J. Hydro. Ener., 19, 667, 10.1016/0360-3199(94)90151-1 Fjodorov, 1983, Radiation induced carboxylation of methanol under elevated CO2-pressure, Radiat. Phys. Chem., 22, 841 Getoff, 1962, Reduction of carbon dioxide in aqueous solution under the influence of uv-light, Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot., 13, 205, 10.1016/0020-708X(62)90042-X Fujita, 1994, Radiation induced reduction of CO2 in iron containing solution Radiat, Phys. Chem., 43, 205 Woods, 1994 Wang, 1999, A comprehensive study on carbon dioxide reforming of methane over Ni/γ-Al2O3 catalysts, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 38, 2615, 10.1021/ie980489t Fujita, 1990, The effect of silica on hydrogen evolution and corrosion of iron in high-temperature water, Corrosion, 46, 804, 10.5006/1.3585038 Frese, 1985, Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to methane, methanol, and CO on Ru electrodes, J. Electrochem. Soc., 132, 259, 10.1149/1.2113780 Hori, 1982, Electrolytic reduction of carbon dioxide at mercury electrode in aqueous solution, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 55, 660, 10.1246/bcsj.55.660 Hori, 1987, Electroreduction of carbon monoxide to methane and ethylene at a copper electrode in aqueous solutions at ambient temperature and pressure, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 109, 5022, 10.1021/ja00250a044 Ikeda, 1987, Selective formation of formic acid, oxalic acid, and carbon monoxide by electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 60, 2517, 10.1246/bcsj.60.2517 Ikeda, 2000, Electrochemical reduction behavior of carbon dioxide on sintered zinc oxide electrode in aqueous solution, Electrochemistry, 68, 257, 10.5796/electrochemistry.68.257 Jitaru, 2007, Electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction - fundamental and applied topics (review), J. Uni. Chem. Tech. Metal., 42, 333 Noda, 1990, Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide at various metal electrodes in aqueous potassium hydrogen carbonate solution, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 63, 2459, 10.1246/bcsj.63.2459 Scibioh, 2004, Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide: a status report, Proc. Indian. Nat. Sci. Acad., 70, 407 Le, 2011, Electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CH3OH at copper oxide surfaces, J. Electrochem. Soc., 158, E45, 10.1149/1.3561636 Hori, 2002, Selective formation of C2 compounds from electrochemical reduction of CO2 at a series of copper single crystal electrodes, J. Phys. Chem. B, 106, 15, 10.1021/jp013478d Francke, 2018, Homogeneously catalyzed electroreduction of carbon dioxide-methods, mechanisms, and catalysts, Chem. Rev., 118, 4631, 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00459 Lu, 2014, Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to formic acid, CH3OH generation, Chemelectrochem, 1, 836, 10.1002/celc.201300206 Ramdin, 2019, High pressure electrochemical reduction of CO2 to formic acid/formate: a comparison between bipolar membranes and cation exchange membranes, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 58, 1834, 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b04944 Harada, 1998, Sonochemical reduction of carbon dioxide, Ultrason. Sonochem., 5, 73, 10.1016/S1350-4177(98)00015-7 Henglein, 1985, Sonolysis of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane in aqueous solution, Z. Naturforsch., 40b, 100, 10.1515/znb-1985-0119 Mei, 2015, Plasma-assisted conversion of CO2 in a dielectric barrier discharge reactor: understanding the effect of packing materials, Plasma Sources Sci. Technol., 24 Wang, 2017, Conversion of carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide by pulse dielectric barrier discharge plasma, IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci., 52, 10.1088/1742-6596/52/1/012100 Liu, 2017, Reaction engineering of carbon monoxide generation by treatment with atmospheric pressure, low power O2 DBD plasma, Fuel, 209, 117, 10.1016/j.fuel.2017.07.097 Banerjee, 2018, Conversion of CO2 in a packed-bed dielectric barrier discharge reactor, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A, 36, 10.1116/1.5024400 Eliasson, 1992, Hydrogenation of CO2 in a silent discharge, Helv. Phys. Acta, 65, 129 Egli, 1992, Numerical calculation of breakdown channel formation of silent discharge in CO2, Helv. Phys. Acta, 65, 127 Aerts, 2012, Influence of vibrational states on CO2 splitting by dielectric barrier discharges, J. Phys. Chem. C, 116, 23257, 10.1021/jp307525t Machrafi, 2011, CO2 valorization by means of dielectric barrier discharge, J. Phys.: Conf. Series, 275 Eliasson, 1994, Modelling of dielectric barrier discharge chemistry, Pure Appl. Chem., 66, 1275, 10.1351/pac199466061275 Dey, 2006, Gas-phase and on-surface chemical reduction of CO2 to HCHO and CO under dielectric barrier discharge, Plasma Chem. Plasma Process., 26, 495, 10.1007/s11090-006-9031-5 Dey, 2007, Dielectric barrier discharge initiated gas-phase decomposition of CO2 to CO and C6-C9 alkanes to C1-C3 hydrocarbons on glass, molecular sieve 10X and TiO2/ZnO surfaces, Plasma Chem. Plasma Process., 27, 669, 10.1007/s11090-007-9096-9 Dey, 2020, Effects of electrode material and frequency on carbon monoxide formation in carbon dioxide dielectric barrier discharge, J. CO2 Util., 40 Dey, 2021, Easing of frequency gaps in carbon monoxide formation with argon diluents in carbon dioxide dielectric barrier discharge, Chem. Eng. J. Adv., 6, 10.1016/j.ceja.2021.100099 Wang, 2017, One-step reforming of CO2 and CH4 into high-value liquid chemicals and fuels at room temperature by plasma-driven catalysis, Angew. Chem., 129, 13867, 10.1002/ange.201707131 George, 2021, A review of non-thermal plasma technology: a novel solution for CO2 conversion and utilization, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 135 109702 https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/boudouard-reaction accessed on June 2, 2020. Lahijani, 2015, Conversion of the greenhouse gas CO2 to the fuel gas CO via the Boudouard reaction: a review, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 41, 615, 10.1016/j.rser.2014.08.034 Rauch, 2019, Selective conversion of carbon dioxide to formaldehyde via a bis(silyl)acetal: incorporation of isotopically labeled C1 moieties derived from carbon dioxide into organic molecules, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 141, 17754, 10.1021/jacs.9b08342 Sattler, 2012, Zinc Catalysts for on-demand hydrogen generation and carbon dioxide functionalization, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 134, 17462, 10.1021/ja308500s Siebert, 2019, Selective ruthenium-catalyzed transformation of carbon dioxide: an alternative approach toward formaldehyde, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 141, 334, 10.1021/jacs.8b10233 Chan, 2018, Low temperature hydrogenation of carbon dioxide into formaldehyde in liquid media, Catal. Today, 309, 242, 10.1016/j.cattod.2017.06.012 Lee, 2001, Selective formation of formaldehyde from carbon dioxide and hydrogen over PtCu/SiO2, Appl. Organomet. Chem., 15, 148, 10.1002/1099-0739(200102)15:2<148::AID-AOC104>3.0.CO;2-N Me´nard, 2010, Room temperature reduction of CO2 to methanol by Al-based frustrated Lewis pairs and ammonia borane CH4 generation, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 132, 1796, 10.1021/ja9104792 Rezayee, 2015, Tandem amine and ruthenium-catalyzed hydrogenation of CO2 to methanol, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 137, 1028, 10.1021/ja511329m Glasstone, 1981, 112 Compton, 1975, Collisional ionization of Na, K, and Cs by CO2, COS, and CS2: molecular electron affinities, J. Chem. Phys., 63, 3821, 10.1063/1.431875 Tennakone, 1989, Selective photoreduction of carbon dioxide to methanol with hydrous cuprous oxide, J. Photochem. Photobiol., A: Chem, 49, 369, 10.1016/1010-6030(89)87134-5 Hara, 1995, Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide under high pressure on various electrodes in an aqueous electrolyte, J. Electroanal. Chem., 391, 141, 10.1016/0022-0728(95)03935-A Tobias, 1961, vol. 2, 262 Russell, 1977, The electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide, formic acid, and formaldehyde, J. Electrochem. Soc., 124, 1329, 10.1149/1.2133624 Lamy, 1977, J. Electroanal. Chem., 78, 403, 10.1016/S0022-0728(77)80143-5 Collin, 1989, Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide mediated by molecular catalysts, Coord. Chem. Rev., 93, 245, 10.1016/0010-8545(89)80018-9 Memming, 1988, Photo electrochemical solar energy conversion, Top. Curr. Chem., 143, 79, 10.1007/BFb0018072 Hoffmann, 1995, Chem. Rev., 95, 69, 10.1021/cr00033a004 Bahnemann, 1991, 251 Mills, 1993, Photocatalytic degradation of pentachlorophenol on titanium dioxide particles: identification of intermediates and mechanism of reaction, Environ. Sci. Technol., 27, 1681, 10.1021/es00045a027 Anpo, 1989, Photocatalysis on small particle TiO2 catalysts. reaction intermediates and reaction mechanisms, Res. Chem. Intermed., 11, 67, 10.1007/BF03051818 Fujishima, 2000, Titanium dioxide photocatalysis, J. Photochem. Phtobiol. C: Photochem. Rev., 1, 1, 10.1016/S1389-5567(00)00002-2 Mills, 1997, An overview of semiconductor photocatalysis, J. Photochem. Photobiol., A: Chem, 108, 1, 10.1016/S1010-6030(97)00118-4 Diebold, 2003, The surface science of titanium dioxide, Surf. Sci. Rep., 48, 53, 10.1016/S0167-5729(02)00100-0 Rabani, 1964, Pulse radiolytic determination of pK for hydroxyl ionic dissociation in water, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 80, 3175, 10.1021/ja01069a058 Tabata, 1991, 399 Bieski, 1985, Reactivity of HO2/O2− radicals in aqueous solution, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 14, 1041, 10.1063/1.555739 Kamat, 1993, Photochemistry on nonreactive and reactive (semiconductor) surfaces, Chem. Rev., 93, 267, 10.1021/cr00017a013 Dey, 2009, Significant roles of oxygen and unbound •OH radical in phenol formation during photo-catalytic degradation of benzene on TiO2 suspension in aqueous system, Res. Chem. Intermed., 35, 573, 10.1007/s11164-009-0066-0 Harbour, 1979, Radical intermediates in the photosynthetic generation of hydrogen peroxide with aqueous zinc oxide dispersions, J. Phys. Chem., 83, 652, 10.1021/j100469a003 Jaeger, 1979, Spin trapping and electron spin resonance detection of radical intermediates in the photodecomposition of water at titanium dioxide particulate systems, J. Phys. Chem., 83, 3146, 10.1021/j100487a017 Anitha, 2015, Recent developments in TiO2 as n- and p-type transparent semiconductors: synthesis, modification, properties, and energy-related applications, J. Mater. Sci., 50, 7495, 10.1007/s10853-015-9303-7 Cao, 2013, A p-type Cr-doped TiO2 photo-electrode for photo-reduction, Chem. Commun., 49, 3440, 10.1039/c3cc40394g Thomas, 1997, Invisible circuits, Nature, 389, 907, 10.1038/39999 Bahnemann, 1984, Flash photolysis observation of the absorption spectra of trapped positive holes and electrons in colloidal titanium dioxide, J. Phys. Chem., 88, 709, 10.1021/j150648a018 Zang, 1998, Role of particle size in nanocrystalline TiO2-based photocatalysts, J. Phys. Chem. B, 102, 10871, 10.1021/jp982948+ Tseng, 2002, Photoreduction of CO2 using sol–gel derived titania and titania-supported copper catalysts, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 37, 37, 10.1016/S0926-3373(01)00322-8 Anpo, 1995, Photocatalytic reduction of CO2 with H2O on various titanium oxide catalysts, J. Electroanal. Chem., 396, 21, 10.1016/0022-0728(95)04141-A Dey, 2006, Methane generated during photocatalytic redox reaction of alcohols on TiO2 suspension in aqueous solutions, Res. Chem. Intermed., 32, 725, 10.1163/156856706778606462 Dey, 2007, Formation of different products during photo-catalytic reaction on TiO2 suspension in water with and without 2-propanol under diverse ambient conditions, Res. Chem. Intermed., 33, 631, 10.1163/156856707781749883 Kuwabata, 1995, Selective photoreduction of carbon dioxide to methanol on titanium dioxide photocatalysts in propylene carbonate solution, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun., 829, 10.1039/c39950000829 Thampi, 1987, Methanation and photo-methanation of carbon dioxide at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, Nature, 327, 506, 10.1038/327506a0 Bellardita, 2013, Photocatalytic CO2 reduction in gas-solid regime in the presence of bare, SiO2 supported or Cu-loaded TiO2 samples, Curr. Org. Chem., 17, 2440, 10.2174/13852728113179990057 Keidar, 2018 Franklin, 2008, Electron plasma waves and plasma resonances, Plasma Sources Sci. Technol., 18, 1 Davidson, 2001 Das, 2015 Starostine, 2007, Atmospheric pressure barrier discharge deposition of silica-like films on polymeric substrates, Plasma Process. Polym., 4, S440, 10.1002/ppap.200731203 Andrews, 1860, Phil.Trans. VII. On the volumetric relations of ozone, and the action of the electrical discharge on oxygen and other gases, Royal Soc. Lond., 150, 113 Kogelschatz, 2003, Dielectric-barrier discharges: their history, discharge Physics, and industrial applications, Plasma Chem. Plasma Process., 23, 1, 10.1023/A:1022470901385 Coogan, 1996, Distribution of OH within silent discharge plasma reactors, IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., 24, 91, 10.1109/27.491706 Kogelschatz, 1987, Micro-discharge properties in dielectric-barrier discharges, 1 Eliasson, 1991, Modeling and applications of silent discharge plasmas, IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., 19, 309, 10.1109/27.106829 Pochner, 1995, Atmospheric pressure gas discharges for surface treatment, Surf. Coat. Technol., 74/75, 394, 10.1016/0257-8972(95)08325-1 Bonnin, 2014, A high voltage high frequency resonant inverter for supplying DBD devices with short discharge current pulses, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., 29, 4261, 10.1109/TPEL.2013.2295525 Zhang, 2017, A study on CO2 decomposition to CO and O2 by the combination of catalysis and dielectric-barrier discharges at low temperatures and ambient pressure, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 56, 3204, 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b04570 Luc, 2018, Carbon dioxide splitting using an electro-thermochemical hybrid looping strategy, Energy Environ. Sci., 11, 2928, 10.1039/C8EE00532J Tamaura, 1992, CO2 decomposition into C and conversion into CH4 using the H2-reduced magnetite, Energy Convers. Manag., 33, 573, 10.1016/0196-8904(92)90058-5 Chueh, 2010, High-flux solar-driven thermochemical dissociation of CO2 and H2O using nonstoichiometric ceria, Science, 330, 1797, 10.1126/science.1197834 Ackermann, 2015, Kinetics of CO2 reduction over nonstoichiometric ceria, J. Phys. Chem. C, 119, 16452, 10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b03464 Taccardi, 2017, Gallium-rich Pd–Ga phases as supported liquid metal catalysts, Nat. Chem., 9, 862, 10.1038/nchem.2822 Esrafilzadeh, 2019, Room temperature CO2 reduction to solid carbon species on liquid metals featuring atomically thin ceria interfaces, Nat. Commun., 10, 865, 10.1038/s41467-019-08824-8 https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2019/02/liquid-metal-catalyst-turns-carbon-dioxide-coal accessed on June 14, 2020. https://www.designnews.com/batteryenergy-storage/co2-converted-solid-carbon/206299923860346 accessed on 14 June 2020 under CO2 Converted to Solid Carbon. https://www.sustainability-times.com/low-carbon-energy/scientists-can-now-turning-atmospheric-co2-back-into-coal/accessed on 14 June 2020. Burke, 1994, An interfacial mediator interpretation of noble metal electrocatalysis, Platin. Met. Rev., 38, 166 Graphene, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphene accessed on 3 March 2022. Molina-Jirjn, 2019, Direct conversion of CO2 to multi-layer graphene using Cu–Pd alloys, ChemSusChem, 12, 3509, 10.1002/cssc.201901404 Xu, 2021, Chemical vapor deposition of graphene on thin-metal films, Cell Reports Phys. Sci., 2, 10.1016/j.xcrp.2021.100372 M. Hajian, M. Zareie, D. Hashemian, M. Bahrami, Room-temperature synthesis of graphene-like carbon sheets from C2H2, CO2 and CO on copper foil, https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1608/1608.03791.pdf. Hu, 2016, Direct conversion of greenhouse gas CO2 into graphene via molten salts electrolysis, ChemSusChem, 9, 588, 10.1002/cssc.201501591 Liu, 2020, Transformation of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide to graphene, J. CO2 Util., 36, 288, 10.1016/j.jcou.2019.11.019 Allaedini, 2016, Synthesis of graphene through direct decomposition of CO2 with the aid of Ni–Ce–Fe trimetallic catalyst, Bull. Mater. Sci., 39, 235, 10.1007/s12034-015-1125-3 Wei, 2016, Direct conversion of CO2 to 3D graphene and its excellent performance for dye-sensitized solar cells with 10% efficiency, J. Mater. Chem., 4, 12054, 10.1039/C6TA04008J Chakrabarti, 2011, Conversion of carbon dioxide to few-layer graphene, J. Mater. Chem., 21, 9491, 10.1039/c1jm11227a Gaphene, https://patents.google.com/patent/CN106335896A/en, accessed on 3 March 2022. Svavil’nyi, 2020, Plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition synthesis of graphene-like structures from plasma state of CO2 gas, Carbon, 167, 132, 10.1016/j.carbon.2020.05.057 Kumaravel, 2020, Photoelectrochemical conversion of carbon dioxide into fuels and value-added products, ACS Energy Lett., 5, 486, 10.1021/acsenergylett.9b02585 DiMeglio, 2013, Selective conversion of CO2 to CO with high efficiency using an inexpensive bismuth-based electrocatalyst, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 135, 8798, 10.1021/ja4033549 Jiang, 2018, Isolated Ni single atoms in graphene nanosheets for high-performance CO2 reduction, Energy Environ. Sci., 10.1039/C7EE03245E Bockris, 1952, The mechanism of the cathodic hydrogen evolution reaction, J. Electrochem. Soc., 99, 169, 10.1149/1.2779692 Lasia, 2003, Hydrogen evolution reaction, vol. 2, 416 Liu, 2017, Understanding trends in electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction rates, Nat. Commun., 8 Ooka, 2017, Competition between hydrogen evolution and carbon dioxide reduction on copper electrodes in mildly acidic media, Langmuir, 33, 9307, 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b00696 Zhang, 2014, Competition between CO2 reduction and H2 evolution on transition-metal electrocatalysts, ACS Catal., 4, 3742, 10.1021/cs5012298 Choi, 2019, Energy efficient electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CO using a three-dimensional porphyrin/graphene hydrogel, Energy Environ. Sci., 12, 747, 10.1039/C8EE03403F Möller, 2019, Efficient CO2 to CO electrolysis on solid Ni–N–C catalysts at industrial current densities, Energy Environ. Sci., 12, 640, 10.1039/C8EE02662A Meng, 2019, Highly active oxygen evolution integrated with efficient CO2 to CO electroreduction, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 116, 23915, 10.1073/pnas.1915319116 Feaster, 2017, Understanding selectivity for the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to formic acid and carbon onoxide on metal electrodes, ACS Catal., 7, 4822, 10.1021/acscatal.7b00687 Zheng, 2018, Recent advances in electrochemical CO2 -to- CO conversion on heterogeneous catalysts, Adv. Mater. (Weinheim, Ger.), 30, 10.1002/adma.201802066 Zhao, 2018, Reverse water gas shift reaction over CuFe/Al2O3 catalyst in solid oxide electrolysis cell, Chem. Eng. J., 336, 20, 10.1016/j.cej.2017.11.028 Trovarelli, 1990, Carbon dioxide hydrogenation on rhodium supported on transition metal oxides: effect of reduction temperature on product distribution, Appl. Catal., 65, 129, 10.1016/S0166-9834(00)81593-6 Kuei, 1991, Hydrogenation of carbon dioxide by hybrid catalysts, direct synthesis of aromatics from carbon dioxide and hydrogen, Can. J. Chem. Eng., 69, 347, 10.1002/cjce.5450690142 Ginés, 1997, Kinetic study of the reverse water-gas shift reaction over CuO/ZnO/Al2O3 catalysts, Appl. Catal. Gen., 154, 155, 10.1016/S0926-860X(96)00369-9 Daza, 2016, CO2 conversion by reverse water gas shift catalysis: comparison of catalysts, mechanisms and their consequences for CO2 conversion to liquid fuels, RSC Adv., 6, 49675, 10.1039/C6RA05414E Pastor-Pérez, 2017, CO2 valorisation via reverse water-gas shift reaction using advanced Cs doped Fe-Cu/Al2O3 catalysts, J. CO2 Util., 21, 423, 10.1016/j.jcou.2017.08.009 Chen, 2000, Mechanism of CO formation in reverse water–gas shift reaction over Cu/Al2O3 catalyst, Catal. Lett., 68, 45, 10.1023/A:1019071117449 Pastor-Pérez, 2018, Improving Fe/Al2O3 catalysts for the reverse water-gas shift reaction: on the effect of Cs as activity/selectivity promoter, Catalysts, 8, 608, 10.3390/catal8120608 Dai, 2018, Reduction of CO2 to CO via reverse water-gas shift reaction over CeO2 catalyst, Kor. J. Chem. Eng., 35, 421, 10.1007/s11814-017-0267-y Schwab, 2015, Dry reforming and reverse water gas shift: alternatives for syngas production?, Chem. Ing. Tech., 87, 347, 10.1002/cite.201400111 de Klerk, 2013 Mizuno, 1995, Electrochemical reduction of CO2 in methanol at −30°C, J. Electroanal. Chem., 391, 199, 10.1016/0022-0728(95)03936-B Lin, 2014, Crystal phase effects on the structure and performance of ruthenium nanoparticles for CO2 hydrogenation, Catal. Sci. Technol., 4, 2058, 10.1039/C4CY00030G Kim, 2016, Selective CO2 methanation on Ru/TiO2 catalysts: unravelling the decisive role of the TiO2 support crystal structure, Catal. Sci. Technol., 6, 8117, 10.1039/C6CY01677D Chen, 2012, Splitting CO2 into CO and O2 by a single catalyst, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 109, 15606, 10.1073/pnas.1203122109 Takeda, 2010, Development of efficient photocatalytic systems for CO2 reduction using mononuclear and multinuclear metal complexes based on mechanistic studies, Coord. Chem. Rev., 254, 346, 10.1016/j.ccr.2009.09.030 Dubois, 2009, Development of molecular electrocatalysts for CO2 reduction and H2 production/oxidation, Acc. Chem. Res., 42, 1974, 10.1021/ar900110c Morris, 2009, Molecular approaches to the photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide for solar fuels, Acc. Chem. Res., 42, 1983, 10.1021/ar9001679 Benson, 2009, Electrocatalytic and homogeneous approaches to conversion of CO2 to liquid fuels, Chem. Soc. Rev., 38, 89, 10.1039/B804323J Nagao, 1994, Carbon–carbon bond formation in the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide catalyzed by a ruthenium complex, Inorg. Chem., 33, 3415, 10.1021/ic00093a033 Smieja, 2010, Reðbipy-tBuþðCOþ3Cl-improved catalytic activity for reduction of carbon dioxide: IR-spectroelectrochemical and mechanistic studies, Inorg. Chem., 49, 9283, 10.1021/ic1008363 Radosevich, 2009, Ligand reactivity in diarylamido/bis(phosphine) PNP complexes of Mn(CO)3 and Re(CO)3, Inorg, Chem, 48, 9214 Pugh, 1991, Formation of a metal-hydride bond and the insertion of carbon dioxide: key steps in the electrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide to formate anion, Inorg. Chem., 30, 86, 10.1021/ic00001a016 Bruce, 1992, Electrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide based on 2,2′-bipyridyl complexes of osmium, Inorg. Chem., 31, 4864, 10.1021/ic00049a027 Bolinger, 1988, Electrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide by 2,2′-bipyridine complexes of rhodium and iridium, Inorg. Chem., 27, 4582, 10.1021/ic00298a016 Chen, 2011, Electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 to CO by polypyridyl ruthenium complexes, Chem. Commun., 47, 12607, 10.1039/c1cc15071e Prairie, 1991, A fourier transform infrared spectroscopic study of CO2 methanation on supported ruthenium, J. Catal., 129, 130, 10.1016/0021-9517(91)90017-X Protti, 2014, Photocatalytic generation of solar fuels from the reduction of H2O and CO2: a look at the patent literature, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 16, 19790, 10.1039/C4CP02828G Tahir, 2015, Performance analysis of monolith photoreactor for CO2 reduction with H2, Energy Convers. Manag., 90, 272, 10.1016/j.enconman.2014.11.018 Guo, 2017, Photocatalytic conversion of CO2 to CO by a copper(II) quaterpyridine complex, ChemSusChem, 10, 4009, 10.1002/cssc.201701354 Sahara, 2015, Efficient photocatalysts for CO2 reduction, Inorg. Chem., 54, 5096, 10.1021/ic502675a Ng, 2020, Z-Scheme photocatalytic systems for solar water splitting, Adv. Sci., 7, 10.1002/advs.201903171 Zhang, 2021, Construction of a Z-scheme heterojunction for high-efficiency visible-light-driven photocatalytic CO2 reduction, Nanoscale, 13, 4359, 10.1039/D0NR08442E Maimaiti, 2018, Synthesis and photocatalytic CO2 reduction performance of aminated coal-based carbon nanoparticles, RSC Adv., 8, 35989, 10.1039/C8RA06062B Morawski, 2022, CO2 reduction to valuable chemicals on TiO2-carbon photocatalysts deposited on silica cloth, Catalysts, 12, 31, 10.3390/catal12010031 Li, 2022, Enhanced photocatalytic activity for CO2 reduction over a CsPbBr3/CoAl-LDH composite: insight into the S-scheme charge transfer mechanism, ACS Appl. Energy Mater., 5, 6238, 10.1021/acsaem.2c00612 Reyes, 2008, Optical emission spectroscopy of CO2 glow discharge at low pressure, Phys. Status Solidi, 5, 907, 10.1002/pssc.200778306 Lu, 2019, Dielectric barrier discharge plasma assisted CO2 conversion: understanding the effects of reactor design and operating parameters, J. Phys. D Appl. Phys., 52 Bogaerts, 2020, Plasma Technology for CO2 Conversion: a personal perspective on prospects and gaps, Front. Energy Res., 10.3389/fenrg.2020.00111 Xu, 2021, Non-thermal plasma catalysis for CO2 conversion and catalyst design for the process, J. Phys. D Appl. Phys., 54, 10.1088/1361-6463/abe9e1 Lebouvier, 2013, Assessment of carbon dioxide dissociation as a new route for syngas production: a comparative review and potential of plasma-based technologies, Energy Fuels, 27, 2712, 10.1021/ef301991d Li, 2019, A review of recent advances of dielectric barrier discharge plasma in catalysis, Nanomaterials, 9, 1428, 10.3390/nano9101428 Aerts, 2015, Carbon dioxide splitting in a dielectric barrier discharge plasma: a combined experimental and computational study, ChemSusChem, 8, 702, 10.1002/cssc.201402818 Ray, 2017, DBD plasma assisted CO2 decomposition: influence of diluent gases, Catalysts, 7, 244, 10.3390/catal7090244 Ramakers, 2015, Effect of argon or helium on the CO2 conversion in a dielectric barrier discharge, Plasma Process. Polym., 12, 755, 10.1002/ppap.201400213 Brock, 1998, Plasma decomposition of CO2 in the presence of metal catalysts, J. Catal., 180, 225, 10.1006/jcat.1998.2258 Zeng, 2017, Plasma-catalytic hydrogenation of CO2 for the cogeneration of CO and CH4 in a dielectric barrier discharge reactor: effect of argon addition, J. Phys. D Appl. Phys., 50, 10.1088/1361-6463/aa64bb Li, 2021, Non-thermal plasma-assisted capture and conversion of CO2, Chem. Eng. J., 410, 10.1016/j.cej.2020.128335 Li, 2004, Decomposition of carbon dioxide by the dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma using Ca0.7Sr0.3TiO3 Barrier, Chem. Lett., 33, 412, 10.1246/cl.2004.412 Li, 2019, DBD plasma combined with different foam metal electrodes for CO2 decomposition: experimental results and DFT validations, Nanomaterials, 9, 1595, 10.3390/nano9111595 Zhang, 2021, CO2 decomposition to CO in the presence of up to 50% O2 using a non-thermal plasma at atmospheric temperature and pressure, Chem. Eng. J., 405, 126625, 10.1016/j.cej.2020.126625 Grasemann, 2012, Formic acid as a hydrogen source recent developments and future trends, Energy Environ. Sci., 5, 8171, 10.1039/c2ee21928j Rumayor, 2018, Formic acid manufacture: carbon dioxide utilization alternatives, Appl. Sci., 8, 914, 10.3390/app8060914 Zhao, 2016, Comparison of electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 to HCOOH with different tin oxides on carbon nanotubes, Electrochem. Commun., 65, 9, 10.1016/j.elecom.2016.01.019 Strathmann, 2013, Ion-Exchange membranes in the chemical process industry, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 52, 10364, 10.1021/ie4002102 Tongwen, 2002, Electrodialysis processes with bipolar membranes (EDBM) in environmental protection-A Review, Resour. Conserv. Recycl., 37, 1, 10.1016/S0921-3449(02)00032-0 Huang, 2006, Electrodialysis with bipolar membranes for sustainable development, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 5233, 10.1021/es060039p Luo, 2018, Selectivity of ion exchange membranes: a Review, J. Membr. Sci., 555, 429, 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.03.051 Liu, 2019, Efficient electrochemical reduction of CO2 to HCOOH over sub-2nm SnO2 quantum wires with exposed grain boundaries, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 58, 8499, 10.1002/anie.201903613 Rao, 2018, Photoelectrochemical reduction of CO2 to HCOOH on silicon photocathodes with reduced SnO2 porous nanowire catalysts, J. Mater. Chem., 6, 1736, 10.1039/C7TA09672K Sekimoto, 2014, Highly selective electrochemical reduction of CO2 to HCOOH on a gallium oxide cathode, Electrochem. Commun., 43, 95, 10.1016/j.elecom.2014.03.023 Tsuneoka, 2010, Adsorbed species of CO2 and H2 on Ga2O3 for the photocatalytic reduction of CO2, J. Phys. Chem. C, 114, 8892, 10.1021/jp910835k Yang, 2017, Electrochemical conversion of CO2 to formic acid utilizing SustainionTM membranes, J. CO2 Util., 20, 208, 10.1016/j.jcou.2017.04.011 Puppin, 2020, Electrochemical reduction of CO2 to formic acid on Bi2O2CO3/carbon fiber electrodes, J. Mater. Res., 35, 272, 10.1557/jmr.2020.16 Wu, 2018, Highly efficient electrochemical reduction of CO2 into formic acid over lead dioxide in an ionic liquid–catholyte mixture, Green Chem., 20, 1765, 10.1039/C8GC00471D Gao, 2017, Atomic layer confined vacancies for atomic-level insights into carbon dioxide electroreduction, Nat. Commun., 8, 10.1038/ncomms14503 Ohya, 2009, Electrochemical reduction of CO2 in methanol with aid of CuO and Cu2O, Catal. Today, 148, 329, 10.1016/j.cattod.2009.07.077 Zhou, 2018, Mo–Bi–Cd ternary metal chalcogenides: highly efficient photocatalyst for CO2 reduction to formic acid under visible light, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng., 6, 5754, 10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b00956 Mele, 2015, Photoreduction of carbon dioxide to formic acid in aqueous suspension: a comparison between phthalocyanine/TiO2 and porphyrin/TiO2 catalysed processes, Molecules, 20, 396, 10.3390/molecules20010396 Fegade, 2020, Conversion of carbon dioxide into formic acid, vol. 41 Yotsuhashi, 2012, Highly efficient photochemical HCOOH production from CO2 and water using an inorganic system, AIP Adv., 2, 10.1063/1.4769356 Suzuki, 2018, Enhancement of CO2 reduction activity under visible light irradiation over Zn-based metal sulfides by combination with Ru-complex catalysts, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 224, 572, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.10.053 Reymond, 2018, Towards a continuous formic acid synthesis: a two-step carbon dioxide hydrogenation in flow, React. Chem. Eng, 3, 912, 10.1039/C8RE00142A Sarkar, 2016, Photocatalytic reduction of CO2 with H2O over modified TiO2 nanofibers: understanding the reduction pathway, Nano Res., 9, 1956, 10.1007/s12274-016-1087-9 Teruhisa, 2014, Photocatalytic reduction of CO2 over a hybridphotocatalyst composed of WO3 and graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) under visible light, J. CO2 Util., 6, 17, 10.1016/j.jcou.2014.02.002 Inoue, 1995, Photoreduction of carbon dioxide using chalcogenide semiconductor microcrystals, J. Photochem. Photobiol., A: Chem, 86, 191, 10.1016/1010-6030(94)03936-O Meek, 2011, Metal-organic frameworks: a rapidly growing class of versatile nanoporous materials, Adv. Mater., 23, 249, 10.1002/adma.201002854 Li, 2009, Selective gas adsorption and separation in metal–organic frameworks, Chem. Soc. Rev., 38, 1477, 10.1039/b802426j Chen, 2010, Metal−organic frameworks with functional pores for recognition of small molecules, Acc. Chem. Res., 43, 1115, 10.1021/ar100023y Qiu, 2009, Molecular engineering for synthesizing novel structures of metal–organic frameworks with multifunctional properties, Coord. Chem. Rev., 253, 2891, 10.1016/j.ccr.2009.07.020 Czaja, 2009, Industrial applications of metal–organic frameworks, Chem. Soc. Rev., 38, 1284, 10.1039/b804680h Keskin, 2011, Biomedical applications of metal organic frameworks, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 50, 1799, 10.1021/ie101312k Lee, 2009, Metal–organic framework materials as catalysts, Chem. Soc. Rev., 38, 1450, 10.1039/b807080f Fu, 2012, An amine-functionalized titanium metal–organic framework photocatalyst with visible-light-induced activity for CO2 reduction, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 51, 3364, 10.1002/anie.201108357 Li, 2020, Boosting the photocatalytic CO2 reduction of metal–organic frameworks by encapsulating carbon dots, Nanoscale, 12, 9533, 10.1039/D0NR01696A Liu, 1997, Effect of solvents on photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide using TiO2 nanocrystal photocatalyst embedded in SiO2 matrices, J. Photochem. Photobiol. Chem., 108, 187, 10.1016/S1010-6030(97)00082-8 Li, 2014, Design and fabrication of semiconductor photocatalyst for photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to solar fuel, Sci. Chin. Mater., 57, 70, 10.1007/s40843-014-0003-1 Li, 2014, A critical review of CO2 photoconversion: catalysts and reactors, Catal. Today, 224, 3, 10.1016/j.cattod.2013.12.006 Iizuka, 2011, Photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide over Ag cocatalyst-loaded ALa4Ti4O15 (A = Ca, Sr, and Ba) using water as a reducing reagent, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 133, 20863, 10.1021/ja207586e Bahadori, 2018, High pressure photoreduction of CO2: effect of catalyst formulation, hole scavenger addition and operating conditions, Catalysts, 8, 430, 10.3390/catal8100430 Pan, 2020, Photons to Formate: a review on photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to formic acid, Nanomaterials, 10, 2422, 10.3390/nano10122422 Leonard, 2015, Photocatalyzed reduction of bicarbonate to formate: effect of ZnS crystal structure and positive hole scavenger, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 7, 24543, 10.1021/acsami.5b06054 Pan, 2018, Semiconductor photocatalysis of bicarbonate to solar fuels: formate production from copper (I) oxide, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng., 6, 1872, 10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b03244 Pan, 2018, Iron oxide nanostructures for the reduction of bicarbonate to solar fuels, Top. Catal., 61, 601, 10.1007/s11244-018-0959-5 Pan, 2022, Artificial foliage with remarkable quantum conversion efficiency in bicarbonate to formate Sustainable, Energy Fuels, 6, 267 Yang, 2021, Liquid sunlight: the evolution of photosynthetic biohybrids, Nano Lett., 21, 5453, 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c02172 Rumbach, 2016, Electrochemical production of oxalate and formate from CO2 by solvated electrons produced using an atmospheric-pressure plasma, J. Electrochem. Soc., 163, F1157, 10.1149/2.0521610jes Formaldehyde https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formaldehyde Accessed on 28 January 2022. Andersson, 2016, Process improvements in methanol oxidation to formaldehyde: application and catalyst development, Top. Catal., 59, 1589, 10.1007/s11244-016-0680-1 Nguyen, 2020, Conversion of carbon dioxide into formaldehyde, vol. 41, 159 Heim, 2017, Future perspectives for formaldehyde: pathways for reductive synthesis and energy storage, Green Chem., 19, 2347, 10.1039/C6GC03093A Nakata, 2013, High-yield electrochemical production of formaldehyde from CO2 and seawater, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 53, 871, 10.1002/anie.201308657 Pawar, 2022, Thermodynamically controlled photo-electrochemical CO2 reduction at Cu/rGO/PVP/Nafion multi-layered dark cathode for selective production of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 303, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2021.120921 Qin, 2013, Photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide to formic acid, formaldehyde, and methanol using dye-sensitized TiO2 film, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 129, 59, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2012.10.012 Subrahmanyam, 1999, A screening for the photo reduction of carbon dioxide supported on metal oxide catalysts for C1-C3 selectivity, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 23, 169, 10.1016/S0926-3373(99)00079-X Yang, 2011, Mechanistic study of hydrocarbon formation in photocatalytic CO2 reduction over Ti-SBA-15, J. Catal., 284, 1, 10.1016/j.jcat.2011.08.005 Zhai, 2013, Photocatalytic conversion of carbon dioxide with water into methane: platinum and copper(I) oxide co-catalysts with a core-shell structure, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 52, 5776, 10.1002/anie.201301473 Hochgesand, 1970, Efficient acid gas removal for high-pressure hydrogen and syngas production, Ind. Eng. Chem., 62, 37, 10.1021/ie50727a007 Marlin, 2018, Process advantages of direct CO2 to methanol synthesis, Front. Chem., 6, 446, 10.3389/fchem.2018.00446 Barton, 2008, Selective solar-driven reduction of CO2 to methanol using a catalyzed p-GaP based photoelectrochemical cell, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 130, 6342, 10.1021/ja0776327 Cole, 2010, Using a one-electron shuttle for the multielectron reduction of CO2 to methanol: kinetic, mechanistic, and structural insights, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 132, 11539, 10.1021/ja1023496 Lim, 2014, Reduction of CO2 to methanol catalyzed by a biomimetic organohydride produced from pyridine, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 136, 16081, 10.1021/ja510131a Albo, 2016, Cu2O-loaded gas diffusion electrodes for the continuous electrochemical reduction of CO2 to methanol, J. Catal., 343, 232, 10.1016/j.jcat.2015.11.014 Kuhl, 2014, Electrocatalytic conversion of carbon dioxide to methane and methanol on transition metal surfaces, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 136, 14107, 10.1021/ja505791r Anpo, 1998, Photocatalytic reduction of CO2 with H2O on Ti-MCM-41 and Ti-MCM-48 mesoporous zeolite catalysts, Catal. Today, 44, 327, 10.1016/S0920-5861(98)00206-5 Wu, 2005, Photo reduction of CO2 to methanol using optical-fiber photoreactor, Appl. Catal. Gen., 296, 194, 10.1016/j.apcata.2005.08.021 Gusain, 2016, Reduced graphene oxide–CuO nanocomposites for photocatalytic conversion of CO2 into methanol under visible light irradiation, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 181, 352, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2015.08.012 Liu, 2016, Photocatalytic reduction of CO2 using TiO2-graphene nanocomposites, J. Nanomater. Sun, 2009, Green and efficient conversion of CO2 to methanol by biomimetic coimmobilization of three dehydrogenases in protamine-templated titania, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 48, 4210, 10.1021/ie801931j Li, 2011, Photoreduction of CO2 to methanol over Bi2S3/CdS photocatalyst under visible light irradiation, J. Nat. Gas Chem., 20, 413, 10.1016/S1003-9953(10)60212-5 Chen, 2015, Synthetic strategies to nanostructured photocatalysts for CO2 reduction to solar fuels and chemicals, J. Mater. Chem., 3, 14487, 10.1039/C5TA01592H Sharma, 2017, Photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide to methanol using nickel-loaded TiO2 supported on activated carbon fiber, Catal. Today, 298, 158, 10.1016/j.cattod.2017.05.003 Farahani, 2022, The application of nonthermal plasma in methanolsynthesis via CO2 hydrogenation, Energy Sci. Eng., 10, 1572, 10.1002/ese3.1107 Wang, 2018, Atmospheric pressure and room temperature synthesis of methanol through plasma-catalytic hydrogenation of CO2, ACS Catal., 8, 90, 10.1021/acscatal.7b02733 Cui, 2022, Plasma-catalytic methanol synthesis from CO2 hydrogenation over a supported Cu cluster catalyst: insights into the reaction mechanism, ACS Catal., 12, 1326, 10.1021/acscatal.1c04678 Ronda-Lloret, 2020, CO2 hydrogenation at atmospheric pressure and low temperature using plasma-enhanced catalysis over supported cobalt oxide catalysts, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng., 8, 17397, 10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c05565 Eliasson, 1998, Hydrogenation of carbon dioxide to methanol with a discharge-activated catalyst, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 37, 3350, 10.1021/ie9709401 Joshi, 2021, Exploring the feasibility of liquid fuelsynthesis from CO2 under cold plasma discharge: role of plasma discharge in binary metal oxide surface modification, RSC Adv., 11, 27757, 10.1039/D1RA04852J Feliz, 2021, Influence of ionic conductivity and dielectric constant of the catalyst on DBD plasma-assisted CO2 hydrogenation into methanol, J. Phys. D Appl. Phys., 54, 10.1088/1361-6463/abfddd Moioli, 2019, Renewable energy storage via CO2 and H2 conversion to methane and methanol: assessment for small scale applications, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 107, 497, 10.1016/j.rser.2019.03.022 Zhong, 2019, Selective conversion of carbon dioxide into methane with a 98% yield on an in situ formed Ni nanoparticle catalyst in water, Chem. Eng. J., 357, 421, 10.1016/j.cej.2018.09.155 Rao, 2017, Visible-light-driven methane formation from CO2 with a molecular iron catalyst, Nature, 548, 74, 10.1038/nature23016 Costentin, 2015, Efficient and selective molecular catalyst for the CO2-to-CO electrochemical conversion in water, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 112, 6882, 10.1073/pnas.1507063112 Bonin, 2017, Molecular catalysis of the electrochemical and photochemical reduction of CO2 with Fe and Co metal based complexes, Recent advances. Coord. Chem. Rev., 334, 184, 10.1016/j.ccr.2016.09.005 Eilert, 2016, Formation of copper catalysts for CO2 reduction with high ethylene/methane product ratio investigated with in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy, J. Phys. Chem. Lett., 7, 1466, 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b00367 Zhang, 2021, Coordination environment dependent selectivity of single-site-Cu enriched crystalline porous catalysts in CO2 reduction to CH4, Nat. Commun., 12 Wang, 2021, Gold-in-copper at low ∗CO coverage enables efficient electromethanation of CO2, Nat. Commun., 12 Shi, 2022, Selective CO2 electromethanation on surface-modified Cu catalyst by local microenvironment modulation, ACS Catal., 12, 8252, 10.1021/acscatal.2c01544 Shen, 2015, Electrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide and methane at an immobilized cobalt protoporphyrin, Nat. Commun., 6, 8177, 10.1038/ncomms9177 Kaneco, 2002, High efficiency electrochemical CO2-to-methane conversion method using methanol with lithium supporting electrolytes, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 41, 5165, 10.1021/ie0200454 Wu, 2014, A carbon-based photocatalyst efficiently converts CO2 to CH4 and C2H2 under visible light, Green Chem., 16, 2142, 10.1039/C3GC42454E Sorcar, 2018, High-rate solar-light photoconversion of CO2 to fuel: controllable transformation from C1 to C2 products, Energy Environ. Sci., 11, 3183, 10.1039/C8EE00983J Hamdy, 2012, Surface Ti3+-containing (blue) titania: a unique photocatalyst with high activity and selectivity in visible light-stimulated selective oxidation, ACS Catal., 2, 2641, 10.1021/cs300593d Park, 2015, Artificial photosynthesis of C1–C3 hydrocarbons from water and CO2 on titanate nanotubes decorated with nanoparticle elemental copper and CdS quantum dots, J. Phys. Chem. A, 119, 4658, 10.1021/jp511329d Mateo, 2018, The mechanism of photocatalytic CO2 reduction by graphene-supported Cu2O probed by sacrificial electron donors, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 17, 829, 10.1039/c7pp00442g Bravo, 2019, Combining CO2 capture and catalytic conversion to methane, Waste Dispos. Sustain. Energy, 1, 53, 10.1007/s42768-019-00004-0 Sun, 2018, Preparation and photocatalytic CO2 reduction performance of silver nanoparticles coated with coal-based carbon dots, Int. J. Energy Res., 42, 4458, 10.1002/er.4191 Luo, 2017, C-H carboxylation of aromatic compounds through CO2 fixation, ChemSusChem, 10, 3317, 10.1002/cssc.201701058 Wei, 2020, Highly selective reduction of CO2 to C2+ hydrocarbons at copper/polyaniline interfaces, ACS Catal., 10, 4103, 10.1021/acscatal.0c00049 Zhong, 2018, Efficient electrochemical transformation of CO2 to C2/C3 chemicals on benzimidazole-functionalized copper surfaces, Chem. Commun., 54, 11324, 10.1039/C8CC04735A Huan, 2019, Low-cost high-efficiency system for solar-driven conversion of CO2 to hydrocarbons, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 116, 9735, 10.1073/pnas.1815412116 Schreier, 2015, Efficient photosynthesis of carbon monoxide from CO2 using perovskite photovoltaics, Nat. Commun., 6, 7326, 10.1038/ncomms8326 White, 2014, Photons to formate: efficient electrochemical solar energy conversion via reduction of carbon dioxide, J. CO2 Util., 7, 1, 10.1016/j.jcou.2014.05.002 Vasileff, 2020, Electrochemical reduction of CO2 to ethane through stabilization of an ethoxy intermediate, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 59, 1 Bridgman, 1925, Certain physical properties of single crystals of tungsten, antimony, bismuth, tellurium, cadmium, zinc, and tin, Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci., 60, 305, 10.2307/25130058 Han, 2017, CO2 reduction selective for C≥2 products on polycrystalline copper with N-substituted pyridinium additives, ACS Cent. Sci., 3, 853, 10.1021/acscentsci.7b00180 Kim, 2017, Copper nanoparticle ensembles for selective electroreduction of CO2 to C2–C3 products, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 114, 10560, 10.1073/pnas.1711493114 Alper, 2017, CO2 utilization: developments in conversion processes, Petroleum, 3, 109, 10.1016/j.petlm.2016.11.003 Schouten, 2011, A new mechanism for the selectivity to C1 and C2 species in the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide on copper electrodes, Chem. Sci., 2, 1902, 10.1039/c1sc00277e Zhu, 2019, Carbon dioxide electroreduction to C2 products over copper-cuprous oxide derived from electrosynthesized copper complex, Nat. Commun., 10, 3851, 10.1038/s41467-019-11599-7 Gao, 2019, Rational catalyst and electrolyte design for CO2 electroreduction towards multicarbon products, Nat. Catal., 2, 198, 10.1038/s41929-019-0235-5 Fischer, 1981, The production of oxalic acid from CO2 and H2O, J. Appl. Electrochem., 11, 743, 10.1007/BF00615179 Pastrana-Martínez, 2016, Photocatalytic reduction of CO2 with water into methanol and ethanol using graphene derivative–TiO2 composites: effect of pH and copper(I) oxide, Top. Catal., 59, 1279, 10.1007/s11244-016-0655-2 Li, 2016, Photocatalytic reduction of CO2 with H2O on CuO/TiO2 catalysts, Energy Sources, Part A Recovery, Util. Environ. Eff., 38 Pougin, 2016, Identification and exclusion of intermediates of photocatalytic CO2 reduction on TiO2 under conditions of highest purity, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 18, 10809, 10.1039/C5CP07148H Zeng, 2018, A review on photocatalytic CO2 reduction using perovskite oxide nanomaterials, Nanotech, 29, 10.1088/1361-6528/aa9fb1 Neațu, 2014, Solar light photocatalytic CO2 reduction: general considerations and selected bench-mark photocatalysts, Int. J. Mol. Sci., 15, 5246, 10.3390/ijms15045246 Jeyalakshmi, 2012, Titania based catalysts for photoreduction of carbon dioxide: role of modifiers, Indian J. Chem., 51A, 1263 Srinivas, 2011, Photocatalytic reduction of CO2 over Cu-TiO2⁄ molecular sieve 5A composite, Photochem. Photobiol., 87, 995, 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2011.00946.x Ishitani, 1993, Photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide to methane and acetic acid by an aqueous suspension of metal-deposited TiO2, J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem, 72, 269, 10.1016/1010-6030(93)80023-3