Appraisal of spatial–temporal variation and pollution source estimation of Ganga River system through pollution indices and environmetrics in Upper Ganga basin

Ahmad AB (2014) Evaluation of Groundwater Quality Index for drinking purpose from some villages around Darbandikhan district, Kurdistan Region-Iraq. IOSR J Agric Veterinary Sci 7:34–41 American Public Health Association (APHA) (2012) Standard methods of water and wastewater analysis, 22nd edn. American Public Health Association, Washington DC Banerjee T, Srivastava RK (2009) Water quality index for surface water quality assessment. Water Sci Technol 60:8 Bhardwaj V, Singh DS, Singh AK (2010) Water quality of the Chhoti Gandak River using principal component analysis, Ganga Plain, India. J Earth Syst Sci 119(1):117–127 BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards) (1972) (2012) Specification for drinking water IS 10500: 2012, New Delhi, India Brown RM, McLellend NI, Deininger RA, O’Connor MFA (1972) Water quality index crashing the psychological barrier. Indic Environ Quality 1:173–182 Central Water Commission (CWC) (2012) Environmental evaluation study of Ramganga major irrigation project. Central Water Comm 1:16 Daphne LHX, Utoma HD, Kenneth LZH (2011) Correlation between turbidity and total suspended solids in Singapore canals. J Water Sust 1:313–322 Dhawde R, Surve N, Macaden R (2018) Physicochemical and bacteriological analysis of water quality in drought prone areas of Pune and Satara Districts of Maharashtra, India. Environments. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments5050061 Environment Protection Agency (EPA) (2012) A report on Water: Monitoring and Assessment”. United states Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved from USEPA website http://water.epa.gov/type/rsl/monitoring/vms55.cfm Finnveden G, Hauschild MZ, Ekvall T, Guinee J, Heijungs R, Hellweg S, Koehler A, Pennington D, Suh S (2009) Recent developments in life cycle assessment. J Environ Manag 91(1):1–21 Gautam M, Singh AK (2015) Impact of climate change on water resources. In: Singh A, Dagar J, Arunachalam A, Gopichandran R, Shelat K (eds) Climate change modelling, planning and policy for agriculture. Springer, New Delhi Herojeet RK, Rishi MS, Lata R, Sharma R (2016) Application of environmetrics statistical models and water quality index for groundwater quality characterization of alluvial aquifer of Nalagarh Valley, Himachal Pradesh. India Sustain Water Resour Manag 2:39–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-015-0039-y Khan MYA, Gani KM, Chakrapani GJ (2017) Spatial and temporal variations of physicochemical and heavy metal pollution in Ramganga River—a tributary of River Ganges, India. Environ Earth Sci 76:231. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-017-6547-3 Kumar A, Taxak AK, Sharma MP (2017) Analysis of water environment changing trend in Bhagirathi tributary of Ganges in India. Desalin Water Treat 63:55–62 Kumar A, Mishra S, Taxak AK, Pandey R, Yu Z-G (2020) Nature rejuvenation: long-term (1989–2016) vs short-term memory approach based appraisal of water quality of the upper part of Ganga River, India. Environ Technol Innov 20:101164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2020.101164 Kumar A, Taxak AK, Mishra S, Pandey R (2021) Long term trend analysis and suitability of water quality of River Ganga at Himalayan hills of Uttarakhand, India. Environ Technol Innov 22:101405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2021.101405 Kumar A, Matta G, Bhatnagar S (2021a) A coherent approach of water quality indices and multivariate statistical models to estimate the water quality and pollution source apportionment of River Ganga System in Himalayan region, Uttarakhand, India. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28:42837–42852. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13711-1 Kumar A, Jigyasu DK, Kumar A, Subrahmanyam G, Mondal R et al (2021b) Nickel in terrestrial biota: comprehensive review on contamination, toxicity, tolerance and its remediation approaches. Chemosphere. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129996 Kumar A, Kumar M, Pandey R, ZhiGuo Y, Cabral-Pinto M (2021c) Forest soil nutrient stocks along altitudinal range of Uttarakhand Himalayas: An aid to Nature Based Climate Solutions. CATENA 207:105667. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2021.105667 Lionard M, Muylaert K, Gansbeke DV, Vyverman W (2005) Influence of changes in salinity and light intensity on growth of phytoplankton communities from the Schelde river and estuary (Belgium/The Netherlands). Hydrobiologia 540:105–115 Matta G (2020) Science communication as a preventative tool in the COVID19 pandemic. Humanit Soc Sci Commun 2020(7):159. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-020-00645-1 Matta G, Kumar A (2017a) Health risk water hygiene, science and communication. Essence Int J Environ Conserv Rehab VIII 1:179–186 Matta G, Kumar A (2017b) Role of Science and Communication in health and hygiene: a case Study. Essence Int J Environ Conserv Rehab 8(2):95–101 Matta G, Uniyal DP (2017) Assessment of species diversity and impact of pollution on limnological conditions of River Ganga. Int J Water 11(2):87–102. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJW.2017.083759 Matta G, Srivastava S, Pandey RR, Saini KK (2015a) Assessment of physicochemical characteristics of Ganga Canal water quality in Uttarakhand. Environ Dev Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-015-9735-x Matta G, Kumar A, Kumar A, Naik PK, Kumar A (2018a) Applicability of heavy metal indexing on Ganga River System assessing heavy metals toxicity and ecological impact on river water quality. INAE Lett off J Indian Natl Acad Eng. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41403-018-0041-4 Matta G, Kumar A, Tiwari AK, Naik PK, Berndtsson R (2018b) HPI appraisal of concentrations of heavy metals in Dynamic and static flow of Ganga River System. Environ Dev Sustain. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-018-01182-3 Matta G, Naik PK, Machell J, Kumar A, Gjyli L, Tiwari AK, Kumar A (2018c) Comparative study on seasonal variation in hydro-chemical parameters of Ganga river water using comprehensive pollution index (CPI) at Rishikesh, (Uttarakhand) India. Desalin Water Treat 118:87–95. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2018.22487 Matta G, Kumar A, Naik PK, Tiwari AK, Berndtsson R (2018d) Ecological analysis of nutrient dynamics and phytoplankton assemblage in the Ganga River System, Uttarakhand. Taiwan Water Conserv 66(1):1–12 Matta G, Nayak A, Kumar A, Kumar P (2020a) Water quality assessment using NSFWQI, OIP and multivariate techniques of Ganga River system, Uttarakhand, India. Appl Water Sci 10:206. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-020-01288-y Matta G, Nayak A, Kumar A, Kumar P (2020b) Evaluation of heavy metals contamination with calculating the pollution index for Ganga River System. Taiwan Water Conserv. https://doi.org/10.6937/TWC.202009/PP_68(3).0005 Matta G, Nayak A, Kumar A, Kumar P (2020c) Determination of water quality of Ganga River System in Himalayan region, referencing indexing techniques. Arab J Geosci 13:1027. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-020-05999-z McCarthy MF (2004) Should we restrict chloride rather than sodium? Med Hypotheses 63(1):138–148 Mishra A (2010) Assessment of water quality using principal component analysis: a case study of the river Ganges. J Water Chem Technol 32:227–234. https://doi.org/10.3103/S1063455X10040077 Mishra S, Kumar A, Shukla P (2015) Study of water quality in Hindon River using pollution index and environmetrics, India. Desalin Water Treat. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2015.1098570 Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF) (2009) Status paper on River Ganga, State of Environment and Water Quality, National River Conservation Directorate Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India National River Conservation Directorate (NRCD) (2009) Status paper on River Ganga: State of Environment and Water Quality. Ministry of Environment and Forests, New Delhi Osei J, Nyame F, Armah T, Osae S, Dampare S, Fianko J, Adomako D, Bentil N (2010) Application of multivariate analysis for identification of pollution sources in the Densu Delta Wetland in the Vicinity of a Landfill Site in Ghana. J Water Resour Prot 2(12):1020–1029 Pathak H, Limaye SN (2011) Study of seasonal variation in groundwater quality of sagar city (India) by principal component analysis. J Chem 8:2000–2009 Poonam T, Tanushree B, Sukalyan C (2013) Water quality indices-important tools for water quality assessment: a review. Int J Adv Chem IJAC 1(1):15–28 Report on Water Sector for Uttarakhand (2018) http://nwm.gov.in/sites/default/files/Report_Draft-SSAP_Uttarakhand.pdf Sargaonkar A, Deshpande V (2003) Development of an overall index of pollution for surface water based on a general classification scheme in Indian context. Environ Monit Assess 89(1):43–67 Sharma M, Kansal A, Jain S (2015) Application of multivariate statistical techniques in determining the spatial temporal water quality variation of Ganga and Yamuna Rivers present in Uttarakhand State, India. Water Qual Expo Health 7:567–581. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-015-0173-7 Shukla AK, Ojha CSP, Garg RD (2017) Application of Overall Index of Pollution (OIP) for the assessment of the Surface Water Quality in the Upper Ganga River Basin, India. Development of Water Resources in India. Springer, Cham, Switzerland, pp 135–149 Simeonov VJ, Stratis CJ, Samara GJ, Zachariadis D, Voutsa A, Anthemidis M, Sofriniou T, Koumtzis T (2003) Assessment of the surface water quality in Northern Greece. Water Res 37(17):4119–4124 Simeonov V, Simeonova P, Tsitouridou R (2004) Chemometric quality assessment of surface waters: two case studies. Ecol Chem Eng 11:449–469 Singh KP, Malik AD, Mohan S, Sinha S (2004) Multivariate statistical techniques for the evaluation of spatial and temporal variations in water quality of Gomti River (India)—a case study. Water Res 38(18):3980–3992 Singh KP, Malik A, Sinha S (2005) Water quality assessment and apportionment of pollution sources of Gomti river (India) using multivariate statistical techniques: a case study. Anal Chim Acta 538:355–374 Singh P, Kumar A, Mishra S (2021) Performance evaluation of conservation plan for freshwater lakes in India through a scoring methodology. Environ Dev Sustain 23:3787–3810. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-020-00744-8 Stoate C, Baldi A, Beja P, Boatman ND, Herzon I, Van DA, De Snoo GR, Rakosy L, Ramwell C (2009) Recent developments in life cycle assessment ecological impacts of early 21st century agricultural change in Europe—a review. J Environ Manag 91(1):22–46 Tare V, Yadav ASV, Purnendu B (2003) Analysis of photosynthetic activity in the most polluted stretch of river Ganga. Water Res 37:67–77 Tiemeyer B, Kahle P, Lennartz B (2006) Nutrient losses from artificially drained catchments in North-Eastern Germany at different scales. Agric Water Manag 85(1):47–57 Trikoilidou E, Samiotis G, Trikritzis L (2017) Evaluation of water quality indices adequacy in characterizing the physico-chemical water quality of lakes. Environ Process 4(1):35–46 Tyagi S, Sharma B, Singh P, Dobhal R (2013a) Water quality assessment in terms of water quality index. Am J Water Resour 1(3):34–38 Tyagi VK, Bhatia A, Gaur RZ, Khan AA, Ali M, Khursheed A, Kazmi AA (2013b) Impairment in water quality of Ganges River and consequential health risks on account of mass ritualistic bathing. Desalin Water Treatment 51(10–12):2121–2129 United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) (2000) Newport Bay Toxics TMDL Freshwater Flow and Seasonal Variation. Technical Support Document, Part B, 1–6 Vieira JS, Pires JCM, Martins FG, Vilar VJP, Boaventura RAR, Botelho CMS (2012) Surface water quality assessment of Lis River using multivariate statistical methods. Water Air Soil Pollution. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-012-1267-5 World Health Organization (WHO) (2011) Guidelines for drinking-water quality, 4th edn. World Health Organization, Geneva WRI Aqueduct, WHO Global Health (2019) Observatory. Retrieved from World Resources Institute website: https://www.wri.org/aqueduct.