Applications of the Equivalent Gap Fraction Criterion Method for Fire Whirl Risk Evaluation and Prevention in a Real Fire Disaster
Tóm tắt
In this paper, a method is proposed for spontaneous fire whirl analysis and prediction due to non-regularly or randomly distributed flame sources, by defining an equivalent gap fraction and providing an adapted criterion. The topological structure of the flame source configuration, the eccentric direction of each equivalent gap and the integrated effect of all the gaps are considered. By the application of the equivalent gap fraction criterion, predictions can be made in a real fire disaster for the likelihood, the rotating direction and the rough intensity of the swirl and then suggestions can be provided for configuration design to prevent fire whirls or to reduce the damage.
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Graham HE (1952) A fire-whirlwind of tornadic violence. Fire Control Notes 13:22–24
Graham HE (1957) Fire whirlwind formation as favored by topography and upper winds. Fire Control Notes 18:20–24
Emmons HW, Ying SJ (1967) The fire whirl. In proceedings of the 11th international symposium on combustion. Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, pp 475–488
Chigier NA, Beer JM, Grecov D, Bassindale K (1970) Jet flames in rotating flow fields. Combust Flame 14(1–3):171–180
Satoh K, Yang KT (1996) Experimental observations of swirling fires. ASME HTD 335(4):393–400
Satoh K, Yang KT (1999) Measurements of fire whirls from a single flame in a vertical square channel with symmetrical corner gaps. ASME HTD 364(4):167–173
Satoh K, Yang KT (1998) Experiments and numerical simulations of swirling fires due to 2 × 2 flames in a channel with single corner gap. ASME HTD 361(2):49–56
Farouk B, McGrattan KB, Rehm RG (2000) Large eddy simulation of naturally induced fire whirls in a vertical square channel with corner gaps. ASME HTD 366(5):73–80
Battaglia F, McGrattan KB, Rehm RG et al (2000) Simulating fire whirls. Combust Theor Model 4(2):123–138
Satoh K., Liu N, Zhu JP, Yang KT (2005) Experiments and analysis of interaction among multiple fires in equidistant fire arrays. In Proceedings of ASME summer heat transfer conference, pp 709–712
Emori RI, Saito K (1982) Model experiment of hazardous forest fire whirl. Fire Technol 18(4):319–327
Soma S, Saito K (1991) Reconstruction of fire whirls using scale models. Combust Flame 86(3):269–284
Liu NA, Liu Q, Deng ZH et al (2007) Burn-out time data analysis on interaction effects among multiple fires in fire arrays. Proc Combust Inst 31:2589–2597
Kuwana K, Sekimoto K, Saio K et al (2007) Can we predict the occurrence of extreme fire whirls? AIAA J 45(1):16–19
Kuwana K, Sekimoto K, Saito K et al (2008) Scaling fire whirls. Fire Saf J 43(4):252–257
Zhou R, Wu ZN (2007) Fire whirls due to surrounding flame sources and the influence of the rotation speed on the flame height. J Fluid Mech 583:313–345
McGrattan KB, Baum HR, Rehm RG et al (2004) Fire dynamics simulator (version 4)-technical reference guide. NIST Special Publication 1018, Building and Fire Research Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899