Antithrombotic therapy in ventricular assist device (VAD) management: From ancient beliefs to updated evidence. A narrative review

Ponikowski, 2016, Eur. Heart J., 37, 2129, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw128 Redfield, 2003, Burden of systolic and diastolic ventricular dysfunction in the community: appreciating the scope of the heart failure epidemic, JAMA, 289, 194, 10.1001/jama.289.2.194 Maggioni, 2013, EURObservational Research Programme: regional differences and 1-year follow-up results of the Heart Failure Pilot Survey (ESC-HF Pilot), Eur. J. Heart Fail., 15, 808, 10.1093/eurjhf/hft050 Patel, 2014, A contemporary review of mechanical circulatory support, J Heart Lung Transplant, 33, 667, 10.1016/j.healun.2014.02.014 Teuteberg, 2015, The HVAD left ventricular assist device: risk factors for neurological events and risk mitigation strategies, JACC Heart Fail., 3, 818, 10.1016/j.jchf.2015.05.011 Kirklin, 2017, Eighth annual INTERMACS report: special focus on framing the impact of adverse events, J Heart Lung Transplant, 36, 1080, 10.1016/j.healun.2017.07.005 Starling, 2017, Risk assessment and comparative effectiveness of left ventricular assist device and medical management in ambulatory heart failure patients: the ROADMAP study 2-year results, JACC Heart Fail., 5, 518, 10.1016/j.jchf.2017.02.016 Kirklin, 2014, Sixth INTERMACS annual report: a 10,000-patient database, J Heart Lung Transplant, 33, 555, 10.1016/j.healun.2014.04.010 Goldstein, 2015, Gastrointestinal bleeding in recipients of the HeartWare Ventricular Assist System, JACC Heart Fail, 4, 303, 10.1016/j.jchf.2014.11.008 Scandroglio, 2016, Diagnosis and treatment algorithm for blood flow obstructions in patients with left ventricular assist device, J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 67, 2758, 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.03.573 Parikh, 2016, Stroke risk and mortality in patients with ventricular assist devices, Stroke, 47, 2702, 10.1161/STROKEAHA.116.014049 Muthiah, 2013, Thrombolysis for suspected intrapump thrombosis in patients with continuous flow centrifugal left ventricular assist device, Artif. Organs, 37, 313, 10.1111/j.1525-1594.2012.01567.x Aissaoui, 2012, HeartWare continuous-flow ventricular assist device thrombosis: the Bad Oeynhausen experience, J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., 143, e37, 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2011.12.035 Miller, 2018, Evolution of left ventricle assist device therapy for advanced heart failure. A review, JAMA Cardiol., 10.1001/jamacardio.2018.0522 Netuka, 2018, Evaluation of low-intensity anti-coagulation with a fully magnetically levitated centrifugal-flow circulatory pump-the MAGENTUM 1 study, J Heart Lung Transplant, 37, 579, 10.1016/j.healun.2018.03.002 Uriel, 2017, Hemocompatibility-related outcomes in the MOMENTUM 3 trial at 6 months: a randomized controlled study of a fully magnetically levitated pump in advanced heart failure, Circulation, 135, 2003, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.028303 Kroll, 1996, Platelets and shear stress, Blood, 88, 1525, 10.1182/blood.V88.5.1525.1525 Sadler, 1998, Biochemistry and genetics of von Willebrand factor, Annu. Rev. Biochem., 67, 395, 10.1146/annurev.biochem.67.1.395 Starke, 2011, Endothelial von Willebrand factor regulates angiogenesis, Blood, 117, 1071, 10.1182/blood-2010-01-264507 Resnick, 2003, Fluid shear stress and the vascular endothelium: for better and for worse, Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol., 81, 177, 10.1016/S0079-6107(02)00052-4 Siedlecki, 1996, Shear-dependent changes in the three-dimensional structure of human von Willebrand factor, Blood, 88, 2939, 10.1182/blood.V88.8.2939.bloodjournal8882939 White, 2007, Alpha v beta3 and alpha5beta1 integrin recycling pathways dictate downstream Rho kinase signaling to regulate persistent cell migration, J. Cell Biol., 177, 515, 10.1083/jcb.200609004 Lobov, 2002, Angiopoietin-2 displays VEGF-dependent modulation of capillary structure and endothelial cell survival in vivo, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 99, 11205, 10.1073/pnas.172161899 Hashizume, 2010, Complementary actions of inhibitors of angiopoietin-2 and VEGF on tumor angiogenesis and growth, Cancer Res., 70, 2213, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-1977 Thomas, 2010, Angiopoietin-2 stimulation of endothelial cells induces alphavbeta3 integrin internalization and degradation, J. Biol. Chem., 285, 23842, 10.1074/jbc.M109.097543 Liu, 2018, Numerical investigation of the influence of blade radial gap flow on axial blood pump performance, ASAIO J., 10.1097/MAT.0000000000000745 Chua, 2007, Numerical simulation of an axial blood pump, Artif. Organs, 31, 560, 10.1111/j.1525-1594.2007.00422.x Herbig, 2015, Pathological von Willebrand factor fibers resist tissue plasminogen activator and ADAMTS13 while promoting the contact pathway and shear-induced platelet activation, J. Thromb. Haemost., 13, 1699, 10.1111/jth.13044 Vroman, 1962, Effect of adsorbed proteins on the wettability of hydrophilic and hydrophobicsolids, Nature, 196, 476, 10.1038/196476a0 Bartoli, 2015, Pathologic von Willebrand factor degradation with a left ventricular assist device occurs via two distinct mechanisms: mechanical demolition and enzymatic cleavage, J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., 149, 281, 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2014.09.031 Dassanayaka, 2013, Mechanistic pathway(s) of acquired von Willebrand syndrome with a continuous-flow ventricular assist device: in vitro findings, ASAIO J., 59, 123, 10.1097/MAT.0b013e318283815c Eckman, 2012, Bleeding and thrombosis in patients with continuous-flow ventricular assist devices, Circulation, 125, 3038, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.040246 Valerio, 2018, Routine clinical antiplatelet agents have limited efficacy in modulating hypershear-mediated platelet activation associated with mechanical circulatory support, Thromb. Res., 163, 162, 10.1016/j.thromres.2017.12.001 Nielsen, 2008, Mechanical circulatory device thrombosis: a new paradigm linking hypercoagulation and hypofibrinolysis, ASAIO J., 54, 351, 10.1097/MAT.0b013e31817f3e03 Federici, 1992, Proteolysis of von Willebrand factor after thrombolytic therapy in patients with acute myocardial infarction, Blood, 79, 3844, 10.1182/blood.V79.1.38.38 Stricker, 1986, Activation of plasminogen by tissue plasminogen activator on normal and thrombasthenic platelets: effects on surface proteins and platelet aggregation, Blood, 68, 275280, 10.1182/blood.V68.1.275.275 Goto, 2002, Functional significance of adenosine 5′-diphosphate receptor (P2Y(12)) in platelet activation initiated by binding of von Willebrand factor to platelet GP Ibalpha induced by conditions of high shear rate, Circulation, 105, 2531, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000016703.93845.AF Yoshida, 2011, Shear-dependent suppression of platelet thrombus formation by phosphodiesterase 3 inhibition requires low levels of concomitant Gs-coupled receptor stimulation, Thromb. Haemost., 105, 487, 10.1160/TH10-07-0439 Yagi, 2012, Cilostazol down-regulates the height of mural platelet thrombi formed under a high-shear rate flow in the absence of ADAMTS13 activity, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 691, 151, 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.07.001 Chi, 2008, Safety and efficacy of cilostazol in the management of intermittent claudication, Vasc. Health Risk Manag., 4, 1197, 10.2147/VHRM.S3160 FDA Sumann, 2007, Blood coagulation activation and fibrinolysis during a downhill marathon run, Blood Coagul. Fibrinolysis, 18, 435, 10.1097/MBC.0b013e328136c19b Elwood, 2009, Aspirin, salicylates, and cancer, Lancet, 373, 1301, 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60243-9 Feng, 2007, Impaired pericyte recruitment and abnormal retinal angiogenesis as a result of angiopoietin-2 overexpression, Thromb. Haemost., 97, 99, 10.1160/TH06-05-0277 Redondo, 2007, Active angiogenesis in an extensive arteriovenous vascular malformation: a possible therapeutic target?, Arch. Dermatol., 143, 1043, 10.1001/archderm.143.8.1043 Welsby, 2007, ABO blood group and bleeding after coronary artery bypass graft surgery, Blood Coagul. Fibrinolysis, 18, 781, 10.1097/MBC.0b013e3282f1029c Esmaeilzadeh, 2016, Effects of HeartWare ventricular assist device on the von Willebrand factor: results of an academic Belgian center, BMC Cardiovasc. Disord., 16, 155, 10.1186/s12872-016-0334-z Goldstein, 2013, Algorithm for the diagnosis and management of suspected pump thrombus, J Heart Lung Transplant, 32, 667, 10.1016/j.healun.2013.05.002 Feldman, 2013, The 2013 International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation Guidelines for mechanical circulatory support: executive summary, J Heart Lung Transplant, 32, 157, 10.1016/j.healun.2012.09.013 Peura, 2012, Recommendations for the use of mechanical circulatory support: device strategies and patient selection: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association, Circulation, 126, 2648, 10.1161/CIR.0b013e3182769a54 Rossi, 2012, What is the optimal anticoagulation in patients with a left ventricular assist device?, Interact. Cardiovasc. Thorac. Surg., 15, 733, 10.1093/icvts/ivs297 Baumann Kreuziger, 2015, Antithrombotic therapy for left ventricular assist devices in adults: a systematic review, J. Thromb. Haemost., 13, 946, 10.1111/jth.12948 Birschmann, 2014, Ambient hemolysis and activation of coagulation is different between HeartMate II and HeartWare left ventricular assist devices, J Heart Lung Transplant, 33, 80, 10.1016/j.healun.2013.11.010 Mehra, 2017, A fully magnetically levitated circulatory pump for advanced heart failure, N. Engl. J. Med., 376, 440, 10.1056/NEJMoa1610426 Szefner, 1995, Control and treatment of hemostasis in cardiovascular surgery. The experience of La Pitié Hospital with patients on total artificial heart, Int. J. Artif. Organs, 18, 633, 10.1177/039139889501801016 Houël, 2004, Platelet activation and aggregation profile in prolonged external ventricular support, J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., 128, 197, 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2003.11.059 Zimmerman, 2001, Aspirin resistance after coronary artery bypass grafting, J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., 121, 982, 10.1067/mtc.2001.111416 Weber, 1999, Cyclooxygenase-2 in human platelets as a possible factor in aspirin resistance, Lancet, 353, 900, 10.1016/S0140-6736(99)00498-5 Parker, 1989, Effect of aspirin on platelet-von Willebrand factor surface expression on thrombin and ADP-stimulated platelets, Blood, 74, 2016, 10.1182/blood.V74.6.2016.2016 Ensor, 2011, Pharmacotherapy for mechanical circulatory support: a comprehensive review, Ann. Pharmacother., 45, 60, 10.1345/aph.1P459 Jennings, 2015, Thrombosis in continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices: pathophysiology, prevention, and pharmacologic management, Pharmacotherapy, 35, 79, 10.1002/phar.1501 Oliveira, 2015, Platelet inhibition with ticagrelor for left ventricular assist device thrombosis, Circ. Heart Fail., 8, 649, 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.115.002096 Morici, 2016, Ticagrelor for left ventricular assist device thrombosis: a new therapeutic option to be evaluated with caution, Int. J. Cardiol., 15, 58, 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.06.304 Dang, 2017, Medical management of pump related thrombosis in patients with continuous flow left ventricular assist devices: a systematic review and metaanalysis, ASIAO J., 63, 373, 10.1097/MAT.0000000000000497 Najjar, 2014, An analysis of pump thrombus events in patients in the HeartWare ADVANCE bridge to transplant and continued access protocol trial, J Heart Lung Transplant, 33, 23, 10.1016/j.healun.2013.12.001 Bellumkonda, 2014, Left ventricular assist device pump thrombosis: is there a role for glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors?, ASAIO J., 60, 134, 10.1097/MAT.0000000000000028 Savonitto, 2011, Bivalirudin as an anticoagulant during percutaneous coronary interventions in acute coronary syndromes: strengths and doubts, Rev. Esp. Cardiol., 64, 361, 10.1016/j.recesp.2011.02.005 Ibanez, 2018, Eur. Heart J., 39, 119, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx393 Salter, 2016, Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a comprehensive clinical review, J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 67, 2519, 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.02.073 Mueller, 2009, Prefilter bivalirudin for preventing hemofilter occlusion in continuous renal replacement therapy, Ann. Pharmacother., 43, 1360, 10.1345/aph.1M179 Pieri, 2014, Primary anticoagulation with bivalirudin for patients with implantable ventricular assist devices, Artif. Organs, 38, 342, 10.1111/aor.12168 Kantorovich, 2016, Comparison of anticoagulation strategies after left ventricular assist device implantation, ASAIO J., 62, 123, 10.1097/MAT.0000000000000317 Sylvia, 2014, Bivalirudin for treatment of LVAD thrombosis: a case series, ASAIO J., 60, 744, 10.1097/MAT.0000000000000122 Badiye, 2014, Argatroban as novel therapy for suspected thrombosis in patients with continuous-flow left ventricle assist device and hemolysis, ASAIO J., 60, 361, 10.1097/MAT.0000000000000067 Terrovitis, 2015, Dabigatran etexilate as second-line therapy in patients with a left ventricular assist device, Hell. J. Cardiol., 56, 20 Andreas, 2017, Increased thromboembolic events with dabigatran compared with vitamin K antagonism in left ventricular assist device patients: a randomized controlled pilot trial, Circ. Heart Fail., 10, 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.116.003709 Gibson, 2016, Prevention of bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing PCI, N. Engl. J. Med., 375, 2423, 10.1056/NEJMoa1611594 Cannon, 2017, Dual antithrombotic therapy with dabigatran after PCI in atrial fibrillation, N. Engl. J. Med., 377, 1513, 10.1056/NEJMoa1708454