Antispasmodic, cardioprotective and blood-pressure lowering properties of Gomphrena perennis L. and its mechanisms of action

Alonso, 2009, Flora de un área de la Sierra La Barrosa (Balcarce) y fenología de especies con potential ornamental, Rev. FCA UNCuyo., XLI, 23 Marinho, 2022, Phytochemical profile and antiproliferative activity of human lymphocytes of Gomphrena virgata Mart. (Amaranthaceae), Nat Prod Res, 36, 1641, 10.1080/14786419.2021.1895151 Pomilio, 1994, Antitumor and cytotoxic screen of 5,6,7-trisubstituted flavones from Gomphrena martiana, J Ethnopharmacol, 44, 25, 10.1016/0378-8741(94)90095-7 Salvador, 2012, Bioactive chemical constituents and biotechnological production of secondary metabolites in Amaranthaceae plants, gomphreneae, 124 de Paula Vasconcelos, 2017, Mechanisms underlying the diuretic effect of Gomphrena celosioides Mart. (Amaranthaceae), J Ethnopharmacol, 202, 85, 10.1016/j.jep.2017.03.007 de Paula Vasconcelos, 2018, Diuretic herb Gomphrena celosioides Mart. (Amaranthaceae) promotes sustained arterial pressure reduction and protection from cardiac remodeling on rats with renovascular hypertension, J Ethnopharmacol, 224, 126, 10.1016/j.jep.2018.05.036 Silva, 2012, Phytochemical investigations and biological potential screening with cellular and non-cellular models of globe amaranth (Gomphrena globosa L.) inflorescences, Food Chem, 135, 756, 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.05.015 Drobnicka, 2020, Phytochemical molecules from the decarboxylation of gomphrenins in violet Gomphrena globosa L.-Floral infusions from functional food, Int J Mol Sci, 21, 8834, 10.3390/ijms21228834 Olutola Dosumu, 2014, Isolation of aurantiamides from gomphrena celosioides C. Mart, Iran J Pharm Res (IJPR), 13, 143 Saqib, 2016, Rationalizing ethnopharmacological uses of Alternanthera sessilis: a folk medicinal plant of Pakistan to manage diarrhea, asthma and hypertension, J Ethnopharmacol, 182, 110, 10.1016/j.jep.2016.02.017 Lans, 2006, Ethnomedicines used in Trinidad and Tobago for urinary problems and diabetes mellitus, J Ethnobiol Ethnomed, 2, 45, 10.1186/1746-4269-2-45 Nogata, 1994, High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of naturally occurring flavonoids in Citrus with a photodiodearray detector, J Chromatogr A, 667, 59, 10.1016/0021-9673(94)89051-X Campos, 2007, Structure information from HPLC and on-line measured absorption spectra – flavone, Flavonols Phenolic Acids Ragone, 2007, The spasmolytic effect of Aloysia citriodora, Palau (South American cedrón) is partially due to its vitexin but not isovitexin on rat duodenums, J Ethnopharmacol, 113, 258, 10.1016/j.jep.2007.06.003 Blanco, 2013, Antispasmodic effects and composition of the essential oils from two South American chemotypes of Lippia alba, J Ethnopharmacol, 149, 803, 10.1016/j.jep.2013.08.007 Bernatova, 1996, Captopril prevents NO-deficient hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy without affecting nitric oxide synthase activity in rats, Physiol Res, 45, 311 Aslam, 2017, Antispasmodic and bronchorelaxant activities of Salsola imbricata are mediated through dual Ca(+2) antagonistic and beta-adrenergic agonistic effects, Pharm Biol, 55, 1131, 10.1080/13880209.2017.1291691 Mendel, 2016, Antispasmodic effect of selected Citrus flavonoids on rat isolated jejunum specimens, Eur J Pharmacol, 791, 640, 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.10.006 Kenakin, 1984, The classification of drugs and drug receptors in isolated tissues, Pharmacol Rev, 36, 165 Consolini, 1999, Pharmacological basis for the empirical use of Eugenia uniflora L. (Myrtaceae) as antihypertensive, J Ethnopharmacol, 66, 33, 10.1016/S0378-8741(98)00194-9 Păltinean, 2017, Evaluation of polyphenolic content, antioxidant and diuretic activities of six Fumaria species, Molecules, 22, 639, 10.3390/molecules22040639 Dhein, 2005, The Langendorff heart, 155 Ragone, 2020, Cardioprotective mechanisms of hypothyroidism on ischemia/reperfusion in rats and effects of carvedilol: energetic study, J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Therapeut, 25, 72, 10.1177/1074248419872957 Gilani, 2010, Antispasmodic and vasodilator activities of Morinda citrifolia root extract are mediated through blockade of voltage dependent calcium channels, BMC Compl Alternative Med, 10, 2, 10.1186/1472-6882-10-2 Koga, 1989, Relaxation of airway smooth muscle induced by potassium in the presence of Ca-antagonists, Jpn J Pharmacol, 50, 387, 10.1016/S0021-5198(19)42421-9 Berridge, 2008, Smooth muscle cell calcium activation mechanisms, J Physiol, 586, 5047, 10.1113/jphysiol.2008.160440 Gu, 1992, A primary role for protein kinase A in smooth muscle relaxation induced by adrenergic agonists and neuropeptides, Am J Physiol, 263, G360 Spicuzza, 2001, Evidence that the anti-spasmogenic effect of the beta-adrenoceptor agonist, isoprenaline, on Guinea-pig trachealis is not mediated by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, Br J Pharmacol, 133, 1201, 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704213 Ventura‐Martínez, 2018, Spasmolytic effect of aqueous extract of Tagetes erecta L. flowers is mediated through calcium channel blockade on the Guinea‐pig ileum, Biomed Pharmacother, 103, 1552, 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.04.166 Nigusse, 2019, Flavonoids in a crude extract of Catha edulis inhibit rat intestinal contraction via blocking Ca2+ channels, Neuro Gastroenterol Motil, 31 Van Den Broucke, 1983, Spasmolytic activity of the flavonoids from Thymus vulgaris, Pharm World Sci, 5, 9 Saima, 2023, Spasmolytic and uroprotective effects of apigenin by downregulation of TGF-β and iNOS pathways and upregulation of antioxidant mechanisms: in vitro and in silico analysis, Pharmaceuticals, 16, 811, 10.3390/ph16060811 Occhiuto, 1990, Comparative haemodynamic effects of the flavonoids rhoifolin and vitexin in the dog, Phytother Res, 4, 118, 10.1002/ptr.2650040310 Refaat, 2015, Rhoifolin: a review of sources and biological activities, Int J Pharmacogn, 2, 102 Miyake, 2000, Identification and antioxidant activity of flavonoid metabolites in plasma and urine of eriocitrin-treated rats, J Agric Food Chem, 48, 3217, 10.1021/jf990994g Silambarasan, 2012, Diosmin, a bioflavonoid reverses alterations in blood pressure, nitric oxide, lipid peroxides and antioxidant status in DOCA-salt induced hypertensive rats, Eur J Pharmacol, 679, 81, 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.12.040 Ajay, 2003, Effects of flavonoids on vascular smooth muscle of the isolated rat thoracic aorta, Life Sci, 74, 603, 10.1016/j.lfs.2003.06.039 Tirloni, 2019, Influence of Luehea divaricata Mart. extracts on peripheral vascular resistance and the role of nitric oxide and both Ca+2-sensitive and Kir6.1 ATP-sensitive K+ channels in the vasodilatory effects of isovitexin on isolated perfused mesenteric beds, Phytomedicine, 56, 74, 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.08.014 Annapurna, 2009, Cardioprotective actions of two bioflavonoids, quercetin and rutin, in experimental myocardial infarction in both normal and streptozotocin-induced type I diabetic rats, J Pharm Pharmacol, 61, 1365, 10.1211/jpp.61.10.0014 Ferlinz, 1979, Effects of verapamil on myocardial performance in coronary disease, Circulation, 59, 313, 10.1161/01.CIR.59.2.313 Gutiérrez-Venegas, 2014, Flavonoids inhibit iNOS production via mitogen activated proteins in lipoteichoic acid stimulated cardiomyoblasts, Int Immunopharm, 21, 320, 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.04.010 Punithavathi, 2010, Pretreatment with a combination of quercetin and alpha-tocopherol ameliorates adenosine triphosphatases and lysosomal enzymes in myocardial infarcted rats, Life Sci, 86, 178, 10.1016/j.lfs.2009.11.021 de Almeida, 2020, Post-ischemic reperfusion with diosmin attenuates myocardial injury through a nitric oxidase synthase-dependent mechanism, Life Sci, 258, 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118188 Senthamizhselvan, 2014, Diosmin pretreatment improves cardiac function and suppresses oxidative stress in rat heart after ischemia/reperfusion, Eur J Pharmacol, 736, 131, 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.04.026 Yao, 2022, Eriocitrin: a review of pharmacological effects, Biomed Pharmacother, 154, 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113563 Gabriele, 2017, Citrus bergamia powder: antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties, J Funct Foods, 31, 255, 10.1016/j.jff.2017.02.007 Yamuna, 2017, Qualitative phytochemical analysis of Gomphrena globosa Linn, and Gomphrena decumbens Jacq International Journal of Biology Research, 2, 20