Antimicrobial Peptides: An Emerging Category of Therapeutic Agents

Amblard, 2006, Methods and protocols of modern solid phase Peptide synthesis, Mol. Biotechnol., 33, 239, 10.1385/mb:33:3:239

Andersson, 2016, Mechanisms and consequences of bacterial resistance to antimicrobial peptides, Drug Resist. Updat., 26, 43, 10.1016/j.drup.2016.04.002

Bals, 2000, Epithelial antimicrobial peptides in host defense against infection, Respir. Res., 1, 141, 10.1186/rr25

Bals, 1998, Human beta-defensin 2 is a salt-sensitive peptide antibiotic expressed in human lung, J. Clin. Invest., 102, 874, 10.1172/jci2410

Björn, 2012, Anti-infectious and anti-inflammatory effects of peptide fragments sequentially derived from the antimicrobial peptide centrocin 1 isolated from the green sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, AMB Express, 2, 67, 10.1186/2191-0855-2-67

Björn, 2015, Efficacy and safety profile of the novel antimicrobial peptide PXL150 in a mouse model of infected burn wounds, Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents, 45, 519, 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.12.015

Boge, 2016, Lipid-based liquid crystals as carriers for antimicrobial peptides: phase behavior and antimicrobial effect, Langmuir, 32, 4217, 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b00338

Boman, 1995, Peptide antibiotics and their role in innate immunity, Annu. Rev. Immunol., 13, 61, 10.1146/annurev.iy.13.040195.000425

Braun, 2016, Membrane interactions of mesoporous silica nanoparticles as carriers of antimicrobial peptides, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 475, 161, 10.1016/j.jcis.2016.05.002

Bray, 2003, Large-scale manufacture of peptide therapeutics by chemical synthesis, Nat. Rev. Drug Discov., 2, 587, 10.1038/nrd1133

Briers, 2015, Breaking barriers: expansion of the use of endolysins as novel antibacterials against Gram-negative bacteria, Fut. Microbiol., 10, 377, 10.2217/fmb.15.8

Briers, 2014a, Art-175 is a highly efficient antibacterial against multidrug-resistant strains and persisters of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 58, 3774, 10.1128/AAC.02668-14

Briers, 2014b, Engineered endolysin-based “Artilysins” to combat multidrug-resistant gram-negative pathogens, mBio, 5, e01379, 10.1128/mBio.01379-14

Brinckerhoff, 1999, Terminal modifications inhibit proteolytic degradation of an immunogenic MART-127−35 peptide: implications for peptide vaccines, Int. J. Cancer, 83, 326, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19991029)83:3326::AID-IJC73.0.CO;2-X

Brogden, 2005, Antimicrobial peptides: pore formers or metabolic inhibitors in bacteria?, Nat. Rev. Microbiol., 3, 238, 10.1038/nrmicro1098

Chennupati, 2009, Effects of an LL-37-derived antimicrobial peptide in an animal model of biofilm Pseudomonas sinusitis, Am. J. Rhinol. Allergy, 23, 46, 10.2500/ajra.2009.23.3261

Chertov, 1996, Identification of defensin-1, defensin-2, and CAP37/azurocidin as T-cell chemoattractant proteins released from interleukin-8-stimulated neutrophils, J. Biol. Chem., 271, 2935, 10.1074/jbc.271.6.2935

Ciornei, 2005, Antimicrobial and chemoattractant activity, lipopolysaccharide neutralization, cytotoxicity, and inhibition by serum of analogs of human cathelicidin LL-37, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 49, 2845, 10.1128/aac.49.7.2845-2850.2005

Clifton, 2015, Effect of divalent cation removal on the structure of gram-negative bacterial outer membrane models, Langmuir, 31, 404, 10.1021/la504407v

Czaplewski, 2016, Alternatives to antibiotics-a pipeline portfolio review, Lancet Infect. Dis., 16, 239, 10.1016/s1473-3099(15)00466-1

d'Angelo, 2015, Overcoming barriers in Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infections: engineered nanoparticles for local delivery of a cationic antimicrobial peptide, Colloids Surf. B Biointerf., 135, 717, 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.08.027

Davidson, 2004, The cationic antimicrobial peptide LL-37 modulates dendritic cell differentiation and dendritic cell-induced T cell polarization, J. Immunol., 172, 1146, 10.4049/jimmunol.172.2.1146

Defraine, 2016, Efficacy of artilysin Art-175 against resistant and persistent Acinetobacter baumannii, Antimicrob. Chemother., 60, 3480, 10.1128/AAC.00285-16

Dorschner, 2006, The mammalian ionic environment dictates microbial susceptibility to antimicrobial defense peptides, FASEB J., 20, 35, 10.1096/fj.05-4406com

Dorschner, 2001, Cutaneous injury induces the release of cathelicidin anti-microbial peptides active against group A Streptococcus, J. Invest. Dermatol., 117, 91, 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2001.01340.x

Dryden, 2010, Complicated skin and soft tissue infection, J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 65, iii35, 10.1093/jac/dkq302

Ebenhan, 2014, Antimicrobial peptides: their role as infection-selective tracers for molecular imaging, BioMed Res. Int., 2014, 867381, 10.1155/2014/867381

Eckert, 2011, Road to clinical efficacy: challenges and novel strategies for antimicrobial peptide development, Fut. Microbiol., 6, 635, 10.2217/fmb.11.27

Edsfeldt, 2016, PXL01 in Sodium Hyaluronate results in increased PRG4 expression: a potential mechanism for anti-adhesion, Ups. J. Med. Sci, 10.1080/03009734.2016.1230157

Epand, 1999, Diversity of antimicrobial peptides and their mechanisms of action, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1462, 11, 10.1016/S0005-2736(99)00198-4

Falagas, 2005, Colistin: the revival of polymyxins for the management of multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacterial infections, Clin. Infect. Dis., 40, 1333, 10.1086/429323

Falagas, 2006, Toxicity of polymyxins: a systematic review of the evidence from old and recent studies, Crit. Care, 10, R27, 10.1186/cc3995

Fjell, 2012, Designing antimicrobial peptides: form follows function, Nat. Rev. Drug Discov., 11, 37, 10.1038/nrd3591

Fox, 2013, Antimicrobial peptides stage a comeback, Nat. Biotechnol., 31, 379, 10.1038/nbt.2572

Giuliani, 2007, Antimicrobial peptides: an overview of a promising class of therapeutics, Cent. Eur. J. Biol., 2, 1, 10.2478/s11535-007-0010-5

Goldman, 1997, Human β-defensin-1 is a salt-sensitive antibiotic in lung that is inactivated in cystic fibrosis, Cell, 88, 553, 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81895-4

Grönberg, 2014, Treatment with LL-37 is safe and effective in enhancing healing of hard-to-heal venous leg ulcers: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial, Wound Repair Regen., 22, 613, 10.1111/wrr.12211

Hancock, 1997, Peptide antibiotics, Lancet, 349, 418, 10.1016/s0140-6736(97)80051-7

Hancock, 2000, Cationic antimicrobial peptides: towards clinical applications, Expert Opin. Invest. Drugs, 9, 1723, 10.1517/13543784.9.8.1723

Hancock, 1999, Peptide antibiotics, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 43, 1317, 10.1128/AAC.43.6.1317

Hancock, 2012, Modulating immunity as a therapy for bacterial infections, Nat. Rev. Microbiol., 10, 243, 10.1038/nrmicro2745

Hancock, 2006, Antimicrobial and host-defense peptides as new anti-infective therapeutic strategies, Nat. Biotechnol., 24, 1551, 10.1038/nbt1267

Hancock, 2000, The role of cationic antimicrobial peptides in innate host defences, Trends Microbiol., 8, 402, 10.1016/S0966-842X(00)01823-0

Hassan, 2012, Natural antimicrobial peptides from bacteria: characteristics and potential applications to fight against antibiotic resistance, J. Appl. Microbiol., 113, 723, 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05338.x

Håversen, 2002, Lactoferrin down-regulates the LPS-induced cytokine production in monocytic cells via NF-κB, Cell. Immunol., 220, 83, 10.1016/S0008-8749(03)00006-6

Hayashi, 2013, The effect of lubricin on the gliding resistance of mouse intrasynovial tendon, PLoS ONE, 8, e83836, 10.1371/journal.pone.0083836

Hunter, 2005, Human lactoferricin is partially folded in aqueous solution and is better stabilized in a membrane mimetic solvent, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 49, 3387, 10.1128/aac.49.8.3387-3395.2005

Izquierdo-Barba, 2009, Incorporation of antimicrobial compounds in mesoporous silica film monolith, Biomaterials, 30, 5729, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.07.003

Jenssen, 2006, Peptide antimicrobial agents, Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 19, 491, 10.1128/cmr.00056-05

Kosikowska, 2016, Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) as drug candidates: a patent review (2003-2015), Expert Opin. Ther. Pat., 26, 689, 10.1080/13543776.2016.1176149

Lai, 2009, AMPed up immunity: how antimicrobial peptides have multiple roles in immune defense, Trends Immunol., 30, 131, 10.1016/j.it.2008.12.003

Lamb, 1998, Pexiganan acetate, Drugs, 56, 1047, 10.2165/00003495-199856060-00011

Landman, 2008, Polymyxins revisited, Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 21, 449, 10.1128/cmr.00006-08

Lee, 2008, F2L, a peptide derived from heme-binding protein, inhibits LL-37-induced cell proliferation and tube formation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells, FEBS Lett., 582, 273, 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.12.015

Legrand, 2005, Lactoferrin: a modulator of immune and inflammatory responses, Cell. Mol. Life Sci., 62, 2549, 10.1007/s00018-005-5370-2

Lin, 2016, Organization and function of anionic phospholipids in bacteria, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 100, 4255, 10.1007/s00253-016-7468-x

Lipsky, 2008, Topical versus systemic antimicrobial therapy for treating mildly infected diabetic foot ulcers: a randomized, controlled, double-blinded, multicenter trial of pexiganan cream, Clin. Infect. Dis., 47, 1537, 10.1086/593185

Lofton, 2013, Mechanisms and fitness costs of resistance to antimicrobial peptides LL-37, CNY100HL and wheat germ histones, PLoS ONE, 8, e68875, 10.1371/journal.pone.0068875

Maiti, 2014, Effective control of Salmonella infections by employing combinations of recombinant antimicrobial human beta-defensins hBD-1 and hBD-2, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 58, 6896, 10.1128/aac.03628-14

Malmsten, 2011, Antimicrobial and antiviral hydrogels, Soft Matter, 7, 8725, 10.1039/C1SM05809F

Malmsten, 2016, Interactions of antimicrobial peptides with bacterial membranes and membrane components, Curr. Top. Med. Chem., 16, 16, 10.2174/1568026615666150703121518

Malmsten, 2011, Highly selective end-tagged antimicrobial peptides derived from PRELP, PLoS ONE, 6, e16400, 10.1371/journal.pone.0016400

Marr, 2006, Antibacterial peptides for therapeutic use: obstacles and realistic outlook, Curr. Opin. Pharmacol., 6, 468, 10.1016/j.coph.2006.04.006

Matsuzaki, 2009, Control of cell selectivity of antimicrobial peptides, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1788, 1687, 10.1016/j.bbamem.2008.09.013

Mattsby-Baltzer, 1996, Lactoferrin or a fragment thereof inhibits the endotoxin-induced interleukin-6 response in human monocytic cells, Pediatr. Res., 40, 257, 10.1203/00006450-199608000-00011

McGregor, 2008, Discovering and improving novel peptide therapeutics, Curr. Opin. Pharmacol., 8, 616, 10.1016/j.coph.2008.06.002

Mookherjee, 2006, Modulation of the TLR-mediated inflammatory response by the endogenous human host defense peptide LL-37, J. Immunol., 176, 2455, 10.4049/jimmunol.176.4.2455

Mygind, 2005, Plectasin is a peptide antibiotic with therapeutic potential from a saprophytic fungus, Nature, 437, 975, 10.1038/nature04051

Myhrman, 2013, The novel antimicrobial peptide PXL150 in the local treatment of skin and soft tissue infections, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 97, 3085, 10.1007/s00253-012-4439-8

Nguyen, 2011, The expanding scope of antimicrobial peptide structures and their modes of action, Trends Biotechnol., 29, 464, 10.1016/j.tibtech.2011.05.001

Nilsson, 2015, LTX-109 is a novel agent for nasal decolonization of methicillin-resistant and -sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 59, 145, 10.1128/aac.03513-14

Nilsson, 2009, A novel polypeptide derived from human lactoferrin in sodium hyaluronate prevents postsurgical adhesion formation in the rat, Ann. Surg., 250, 1021, 10.1097/SLA.0b013e3181b246a7

Niyonsaba, 2005, The human β-defensins (−1, −2, −3, −4) and cathelicidin LL-37 induce IL-18 secretion through p38 and ERK MAPK activation in primary human keratinocytes, J. Immunol., 175, 1776, 10.4049/jimmunol.175.3.1776

Nizet, 2001, Innate antimicrobial peptide protects the skin from invasive bacterial infection, Nature, 414, 454, 10.1038/35106587

Ong, 2002, Endogenous antimicrobial peptides and skin infections in atopic dermatitis, N. Engl. J. Med., 347, 1151, 10.1056/NEJMoa021481

Pasupuleti, 2012, Antimicrobial peptides: key components of the innate immune system, Crit. Rev. Biotechnol., 32, 143, 10.3109/07388551.2011.594423

Peschel, 2006, The co-evolution of host cationic antimicrobial peptides and microbial resistance, Nat. Rev. Microbiol., 4, 529, 10.1038/nrmicro1441

Powers, 2003, The relationship between peptide structure and antibacterial activity, Peptides, 24, 1681, 10.1016/j.peptides.2003.08.023

Pränting, 2008, Mechanism and fitness costs of PR-39 resistance in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium LT2, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 52, 2734, 10.1128/aac.00205-08

Raibaut, 2015, Solid phase protein chemical synthesis, Top. Curr. Chem., 363, 103, 10.1007/128_2014_609

Reddy, 2004, Antimicrobial peptides: premises and promises, Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents, 24, 536, 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2004.09.005

Rink, 2010, To protect peptide pharmaceuticals against peptidases, J. Pharmacol. Toxicol. Methods, 61, 210, 10.1016/j.vascn.2010.02.010

Rivas-Santiago, 2013, Activity of LL-37, CRAMP and antimicrobial peptide-derived compounds E2, E6 and CP26 against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents, 41, 143, 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2012.09.015

Rodríguez-Martínez, 2008, LL-37 regulates the overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and c-IAP-2 in human keratinocytes, Int. J. Dermatol., 47, 457, 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2008.03340.x

Sandreschi, 2016, Perspectives on polymeric nanostructures for the therapeutic application of antimicrobial peptides, Nanomedicine, 11, 1729, 10.2217/nnm-2016-0057

Scott, 2002, The human antimicrobial peptide LL-37 is a multifunctional modulator of innate immune responses, J. Immunol., 169, 3883, 10.4049/jimmunol.169.7.3883

Shaykhiev, 2005, Human endogenous antibiotic LL-37 stimulates airway epithelial cell proliferation and wound closure, Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol., 289, L842, 10.1152/ajplung.00286.2004

Silva, 2016, Delivery of LLKKK18 loaded into self-assembling hyaluronic acid nanogel for tuberculosis treatment, J. Control. Release, 235, 112, 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.05.064

Taguchi, 2009, Lubricin surface modification improves tendon gliding after tendon repair in a canine model in vitro, J. Orthop. Res., 27, 257, 10.1002/jor.20731

Takahashi, 2010, Structural determinants of host defense peptides for antimicrobial activity and target cell selectivity, Biochimie, 92, 1236, 10.1016/j.biochi.2010.02.023

Toke, 2005, Antimicrobial peptides: new candidates in the fight against bacterial infections, Biopolymers, 80, 717, 10.1002/bip.20286

Tokumaru, 2005, Induction of keratinocyte migration via transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor by the antimicrobial peptide LL-37, J. Immunol., 175, 4662, 10.4049/jimmunol.175.7.4662

Umerska, 2016a, Antibacterial action of lipid nanocapsules containing fatty acids or monoglycerides as co-surfactants, Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., 108, 100, 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.09.001

Umerska, 2016b, Understanding the adsorption of salmon calcitonin, antimicrobial peptide AP114 and polymyxin B onto lipid nanocapsules, Int. J. Pharm., 506, 191, 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.04.028

Vallet-Regí, 2007, Mesoporous materials for drug delivery, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 46, 7548, 10.1002/anie.200604488

van der Does, 2010, Antimicrobial peptide hLF1-11 directs granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-driven monocyte differentiation toward macrophages with enhanced recognition and clearance of pathogens, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 54, 811, 10.1128/aac.00652-09

Velden, 2009, Safety and tolerability of the antimicrobial peptide human lactoferrin 1-11 (hLF1-11), BMC Med., 7, 44, 10.1186/1741-7015-7-44

Vlieghe, 2010, Synthetic therapeutic peptides: science and market, Drug Disc. Today, 15, 40, 10.1016/j.drudis.2009.10.009

Wang, 2015, Improved methods for classification, prediction, and design of antimicrobial peptides, Methods Mol. Biol., 1268, 43, 10.1007/978-1-4939-2285-7_3

Wang, 2004, Cutting edge: 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is a direct inducer of antimicrobial peptide gene expression, J. Immunol., 173, 2909, 10.4049/jimmunol.173.5.2909

Weber, 2005, Vitamin D induces the antimicrobial protein hCAP18 in human skin, J. Invest. Dermatol., 124, 1080, 10.1111/j.0022-202X.2005.23687.x

Wiig, 2014, PXL01 in sodium hyaluronate for improvement of hand recovery after flexor tendon repair surgery: randomized controlled trial, PLoS ONE, 9, e110735, 10.1371/journal.pone.0110735

Witting, 2015, Recent advances in topical delivery of proteins and peptides mediated by soft matter nanocarriers, Biotechnol. Adv., 33, 1355, 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.01.010

Yamshchikov, 2009, Vitamin D for treatment and prevention of infectious diseases: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials, Endocr. Pract., 15, 438, 10.4158/ep09101.orr

Yeaman, 2003, Mechanisms of antimicrobial peptide action and resistance, Pharmacol. Rev., 55, 27, 10.1124/pr.55.1.2

Yeung, 2011, Multifunctional cationic host defence peptides and their clinical applications, Cell. Mol. Life Sci., 68, 2161, 10.1007/s00018-011-0710-x

Yount, 2006, Advances in antimicrobial peptide immunobiology, Biopolymers, 84, 435, 10.1002/bip.20543

Zasloff, 2002, Antimicrobial peptides of multicellular organisms, Nature, 415, 389, 10.1038/415389a

Zavascki, 2007, Polymyxin B for the treatment of multidrug-resistant pathogens: a critical review, J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 60, 1206, 10.1093/jac/dkm357

Zhang, 2000, Interactions of bacterial cationic peptide antibiotics with outer and cytoplasmic membranes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 44, 3317, 10.1128/AAC.44.12.3317-3321.2000

Zhang, 2010, Development of nanoparticles for antimicrobial drug delivery, Curr. Med. Chem., 17, 585, 10.2174/092986710790416290