Anti-PD-1 and Anti-CTLA-4 Therapies in Cancer: Mechanisms of Action, Efficacy, and Limitations
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Lawrence, 2013, Mutational heterogeneity in cancer and the search for new cancer-associated genes, Nature, 499, 214, 10.1038/nature12213
Pennock, 2013, T cell responses: naïve to memory and everything in between, Adv Physiol Educ, 37, 273, 10.1152/advan.00066.2013
Teng, 2015, From mice to humans: developments in cancer immunoediting, J Clin Invest, 125, 3338, 10.1172/JCI80004
Otsuka, 2015, Hedgehog pathway inhibitors promote adaptive immune responses in basal cell carcinoma, Clin Cancer Res, 21, 1289, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-14-2110
Otsuka, 2015, Hedgehog signaling in basal cell carcinoma, J Dermatol Sci, 78, 95, 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2015.02.007
Zaretsky, 2016, Mutations associated with acquired resistance to PD-1 blockade in melanoma, N Engl J Med, 375, 819, 10.1056/NEJMoa1604958
Vinay, 2015, Immune evasion in cancer: mechanistic basis and therapeutic strategies, Semin Cancer Biol, 35, S185, 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.03.004
Sarvaria, 2017, B cell regulation in cancer and anti-tumor immunity, Cell Mol Immunol, 14, 662, 10.1038/cmi.2017.35
Parry, 2005, CTLA-4 and PD-1 receptors inhibit T-cell activation by distinct mechanisms, Mol Cell Biol, 25, 9543, 10.1128/MCB.25.21.9543-9553.2005
Blackburn, 2009, Coregulation of CD8+ T cell exhaustion by multiple inhibitory receptors during chronic viral infection, Nat Immunol, 10, 29, 10.1038/ni.1679
Anderson, 2016, Lag-3, Tim-3, and TIGIT: co-inhibitory receptors with specialized functions in immune regulation, Immunity, 44, 989, 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.05.001
Day, 2006, PD-1 expression on HIV-specific T cells is associated with T-cell exhaustion and disease progression, Nature, 443, 350, 10.1038/nature05115
Baitsch, 2011, Exhaustion of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells in metastases from melanoma patients, J Clin Invest, 121, 2350, 10.1172/JCI46102
Jin, 2011, Role of PD-1 in regulating T-cell immunity, Curr Top Microbiol Immunol, 350, 17, 10.1007/82_2010_116
Gardner, 2014, Understanding the CD28/CTLA-4 (CD152) pathway and its implications for costimulatory blockade, Am J Transplant, 14, 1985, 10.1111/ajt.12834
Speiser, 2014, T cell differentiation in chronic infection and cancer: functional adaptation or exhaustion?, Nat Rev Immunol, 14, 768, 10.1038/nri3740
Erickson, 2012, Viral acute lower respiratory infections impair CD8+ T cells through PD-1, J Clin Invest, 122, 2967, 10.1172/JCI62860
Hodi, 2003, Biologic activity of cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 antibody blockade in previously vaccinated metastatic melanoma and ovarian carcinoma patients, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 100, 4712, 10.1073/pnas.0830997100
Phan, 2003, Cancer regression and autoimmunity induced by cytotoxic t lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 blockade in patients with metastatic melanoma, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 100, 8372, 10.1073/pnas.1533209100
Chan, 2014, Differential CTLA-4 expression in human CD4+ versus CD8+ T cells is associated with increased NFAT1 and inhibition of CD4+ proliferation, Genes Immun, 15, 25, 10.1038/gene.2013.57
Leung, 1995, Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated molecule-4, a high avidity receptor for CD80 and CD86, contains an intracellular localization motif in its cytoplasmic tail, J Biol Chem, 270, 25107, 10.1074/jbc.270.42.25107
Rudd, 2009, CD28 and CTLA-4 coreceptor expression and signal transduction, Immunol Rev, 229, 12, 10.1111/j.1600-065X.2009.00770.x
Qureshi, 2011, Trans-endocytosis of CD80 and CD86: a molecular basis for the cell-extrinsic function of CTLA-4, Science, 332, 600, 10.1126/science.1202947
Wing, 2008, CTLA-4 control over Foxp3+ regulatory T cell function, Science, 322, 271, 10.1126/science.1160062
Waterhouse, 1995, Lymphoproliferative disorders with early lethality in mice deficient in Ctla-4, Science, 270, 985, 10.1126/science.270.5238.985
Gough, 2005, CTLA4 gene polymorphism and autoimmunity, Immunol Rev, 204, 102, 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2005.00249.x
Nakamoto, 2009, Synergistic reversal of intrahepatic HCV-specific CD8 T cell exhaustion by combined PD-1/CTLA-4 blockade, PLoS Pathog, 5, e1000313, 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000313
Curran, 2010, PD-1 and CTLA-4 combination blockade expands infiltrating T cells and reduces regulatory T and myeloid cells within B16 melanoma tumors, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 107, 4275, 10.1073/pnas.0915174107
Ishida, 1992, Induced expression of PD-1, a novel member of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily, upon programmed cell death, EMBO J, 11, 3887, 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05481.x
Nishimura, 1999, Development of lupus-like autoimmune diseases by disruption of the PD-1 gene encoding an ITIM motif-carrying immunoreceptor, Immunity, 11, 141, 10.1016/S1074-7613(00)80089-8
Sage, 2013, The receptor PD-1 controls follicular regulatory T cells in the lymph nodes and blood, Nat Immunol, 14, 152, 10.1038/ni.2496
Agata, 1996, Expression of the PD-1 antigen on the surface of stimulated mouse T and B lymphocytes, Int Immunol, 8, 765, 10.1093/intimm/8.5.765
Kinter, 2008, The common gamma-chain cytokines IL-2, IL-7, IL-15, and IL-21 induce the expression of programmed death-1 and its ligands, J Immunol, 181, 6738, 10.4049/jimmunol.181.10.6738
Peña-Cruz, 2010, PD-1 on immature and PD-1 ligands on migratory human Langerhans cells regulate antigen-presenting cell activity, J Invest Dermatol, 130, 2222, 10.1038/jid.2010.127
Thibult, 2013, PD-1 is a novel regulator of human B-cell activation, Int Immunol, 25, 129, 10.1093/intimm/dxs098
Lim, 2016, PD-1 expression on dendritic cells suppresses CD8+ T cell function and antitumor immunity, Oncoimmunology, 5, e1085146, 10.1080/2162402X.2015.1085146
Rodrigues, 2016, Tolerogenic IDO+ dendritic cells are induced by PD-1-expressing mast cells, Front Immunol, 7, 9, 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00009
Latchman, 2001, PD-L2 is a second ligand for PD-1 and inhibits T cell activation, Nat Immunol, 2, 261, 10.1038/85330
Freeman, 2006, Reinvigorating exhausted HIV-specific T cells via PD-1–PD-1 ligand blockade, J Exp Med, 203, 2223, 10.1084/jem.20061800
Brown, 2003, Blockade of programmed death-1 ligands on dendritic cells enhances T cell activation and cytokine production, J Immunol, 170, 1257, 10.4049/jimmunol.170.3.1257
Patsoukis, 2012, Selective effects of PD-1 on Akt and Ras pathways regulate molecular components of the cell cycle and inhibit T cell proliferation, Sci Signal, 5, ra46, 10.1126/scisignal.2002796
Chemnitz, 2004, SHP-1 and SHP-2 associate with immunoreceptor tyrosine-based switch motif of programmed death 1 upon primary human T cell stimulation, but only receptor ligation prevents T cell activation, J Immunol, 173, 945, 10.4049/jimmunol.173.2.945
Sheppard, 2004, PD-1 inhibits T-cell receptor induced phosphorylation of the ZAP70/CD3ζ signalosome and downstream signaling to PKCθ, FEBS Lett, 574, 37, 10.1016/j.febslet.2004.07.083
Hui, 2017, T cell costimulatory receptor CD28 is a primary target for PD-1–mediated inhibition, Science, 355, 1428, 10.1126/science.aaf1292
Carter, 2002, PD-1:PD-L inhibitory pathway affects both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and is overcome by IL-2, Eur J Immunol, 32, 634, 10.1002/1521-4141(200203)32:3<634:AID-IMMU634>3.0.CO;2-9
Nurieva, 2006, T-cell tolerance or function is determined by combinatorial costimulatory signals, EMBO J, 25, 2623, 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601146
Freeman, 2000, Engagement of the Pd-1 immunoinhibitory receptor by a novel B7 family member leads to negative regulation of lymphocyte activation, J Exp Med, 192, 1027, 10.1084/jem.192.7.1027
Nishimura, 1998, Immunological studies on PD-1 deficient mice: implication of PD-1 as a negative regulator for B cell responses, Int Immunol, 10, 1563, 10.1093/intimm/10.10.1563
Salama, 2003, Critical role of the programmed death-1 (PD-1) pathway in regulation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, J Exp Med, 198, 71, 10.1084/jem.20022119
Nielsen, 2003, Association of a putative regulatory polymorphism in the PD-1 gene with susceptibility to type 1 diabetes, Tissue Antigens, 62, 492, 10.1046/j.1399-0039.2003.00136.x
Velázquez-Cruz, 2007, Association of PDCD1 polymorphisms with childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus, Eur J Hum Genet, 15, 336, 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201767
Salvi, 2012, Evaluation of CTLA-4 expression and relevance as a novel prognostic factor in patients with non-small cell lung cancer, Cancer Immunol Immunother, 61, 1463, 10.1007/s00262-012-1211-y
Huang, 2016, Tumor CTLA-4 overexpression predicts poor survival in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Oncotarget, 7, 13060, 10.18632/oncotarget.7421
Ahmadzadeh, 2009, Tumor antigen–specific CD8 T cells infiltrating the tumor express high levels of PD-1 and are functionally impaired, Blood, 114, 1537, 10.1182/blood-2008-12-195792
Chapon, 2011, Progressive upregulation of PD-1 in primary and metastatic melanomas associated with blunted TCR signaling in infiltrating T lymphocytes, J Invest Dermatol, 131, 1300, 10.1038/jid.2011.30
Saito, 2013, Increased PD-1 expression on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells is involved in immune evasion in gastric cancer, J Surg Oncol, 107, 517, 10.1002/jso.23281
Xiao, 2016, PD-1hi identifies a novel regulatory b-cell population in human hepatoma that promotes disease progression, Cancer Discov, 6, 546, 10.1158/2159-8290.CD-15-1408
Gordon, 2017, PD-1 expression by tumour-associated macrophages inhibits phagocytosis and tumour immunity, Nature, 545, 495, 10.1038/nature22396
Honda, 2016, Infiltration of PD-1-positive cells in combination with tumor site PD-L1 expression is a positive prognostic factor in cutaneous angiosarcoma, Oncoimmunology, 6, e1253657, 10.1080/2162402X.2016.1253657
Hino, 2010, Tumor cell expression of programmed cell death-1 ligand 1 is a prognostic factor for malignant melanoma, Cancer, 116, 1757, 10.1002/cncr.24899
Hamanishi, 2015, Safety and antitumor activity of anti–PD-1 antibody, nivolumab, in patients with platinum-resistant ovarian cancer, J Clin Oncol, 33, 4015, 10.1200/JCO.2015.62.3397
Inman, 2007, PD-L1 (B7-H1) expression by urothelial carcinoma of the bladder and BCG-induced granulomata, Cancer, 109, 1499, 10.1002/cncr.22588
Kim, 2016, Prognostic implications of immunosuppressive protein expression in tumors as well as immune cell infiltration within the tumor microenvironment in gastric cancer, Gastric Cancer, 19, 42, 10.1007/s10120-014-0440-5
Zhang, 2015, Prognostic significance of programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) or PD-1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in epithelial-originated cancer: a meta-analysis, Medicine, 94, e515, 10.1097/MD.0000000000000515
Ribas, 2016, Association of pembrolizumab with tumor response and survival among patients with advanced melanoma, JAMA, 315, 1600, 10.1001/jama.2016.4059
Larkin, 2015, Combined nivolumab and ipilimumab or monotherapy in untreated melanoma, N Engl J Med, 373, 23, 10.1056/NEJMoa1504030
Motzer, 2015, Nivolumab versus everolimus in advanced renal-cell carcinoma, N Engl J Med, 373, 1803, 10.1056/NEJMoa1510665
Ansell, 2015, PD-1 blockade with nivolumab in relapsed or refractory Hodgkin’s lymphoma, N Engl J Med, 372, 311, 10.1056/NEJMoa1411087
Ferris, 2016, Nivolumab for recurrent squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck, N Engl J Med, 375, 1856, 10.1056/NEJMoa1602252
Borghaei, 2015, Nivolumab versus docetaxel in advanced nonsquamous non-small-cell lung cancer, N Engl J Med, 373, 1627, 10.1056/NEJMoa1507643
Brahmer, 2015, Nivolumab versus docetaxel in advanced squamous-cell non–small-cell lung cancer, N Engl J Med, 373, 123, 10.1056/NEJMoa1504627
Robert, 2015, Pembrolizumab versus ipilimumab in advanced melanoma, N Engl J Med, 372, 2521, 10.1056/NEJMoa1503093
Nghiem, 2016, PD-1 Blockade with pembrolizumab in advanced Merkel-cell carcinoma, N Engl J Med, 374, 2542, 10.1056/NEJMoa1603702
Garon, 2015, Pembrolizumab for the treatment of non–small-cell lung cancer, N Engl J Med, 372, 2018, 10.1056/NEJMoa1501824
Reck, 2016, Pembrolizumab versus chemotherapy for PD-L1–positive non–small-cell lung cancer, N Engl J Med, 375, 1823, 10.1056/NEJMoa1606774
Herbst, 2016, Pembrolizumab versus docetaxel for previously treated, PD-L1-positive, advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (KEYNOTE-010): a randomised controlled trial, Lancet, 387, 1540, 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01281-7
Le, 2015, PD-1 blockade in tumors with mismatch-repair deficiency, N Engl J Med, 372, 2509, 10.1056/NEJMoa1500596
Armand, 2013, Disabling immune tolerance by programmed death-1 blockade with pidilizumab after autologous hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: results of an international phase II trial, J Clin Oncol, 31, 4199, 10.1200/JCO.2012.48.3685
Westin, 2014, Safety and activity of PD1 blockade by pidilizumab in combination with rituximab in patients with relapsed follicular lymphoma: a single group, open-label, phase 2 trial, Lancet Oncol, 15, 69, 10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70551-5
Rittmeyer, 2016, Atezolizumab versus docetaxel in patients with previously treated non-small-cell lung cancer (OAK): a phase 3, open-label, multicentre randomised controlled trial, Lancet, 389, 255, 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32517-X
Balar, 2017, Atezolizumab as first-line treatment in cisplatin-ineligible patients with locally advanced and metastatic urothelial carcinoma: a single-arm, multicentre, phase 2 trial, Lancet, 389, 67, 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32455-2
Robert, 2011, Ipilimumab plus dacarbazine for previously untreated metastatic melanoma, N Engl J Med, 364, 2517, 10.1056/NEJMoa1104621
Ribas, 2013, Phase III randomized clinical trial comparing tremelimumab with standard-of-care chemotherapy in patients with advanced melanoma, J Clin Oncol, 31, 616, 10.1200/JCO.2012.44.6112
Antonia, 2016, Nivolumab alone and nivolumab plus ipilimumab in recurrent small-cell lung cancer (CheckMate 032): a multicentre, open-label, phase 1/2 trial, Lancet Oncol, 17, 883, 10.1016/S1470-2045(16)30098-5
Rizvi, 2015, Mutational landscape determines sensitivity to PD-1 blockade in non–small cell lung cancer, Science, 348, 124, 10.1126/science.aaa1348
Snyder, 2014, Genetic basis for clinical response to CTLA-4 blockade in melanoma, N Engl J Med, 371, 2189, 10.1056/NEJMoa1406498
Tumeh, 2014, PD-1 blockade induces responses by inhibiting adaptive immune resistance, Nature, 515, 568, 10.1038/nature13954
Peng, 2012, PD-1 blockade enhances T-cell migration to tumors by elevating IFN-γ inducible chemokines, Cancer Res, 72, 5209, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-12-1187
Anegawa, 2016, Upregulation of granzyme B and interferon-γ MRNA in responding lesions by treatment with nivolumab for metastatic melanoma: a case report, J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol, 30, e231, 10.1111/jdv.13567
Nonomura, 2017, ADAMTSL5 Is upregulated in melanoma tissues in patients with idiopathic psoriasis vulgaris induced by nivolumab, J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol, 31, e100, 10.1111/jdv.13818
Nonomura, 2016, Peripheral blood Th9 cells are a possible pharmacodynamic biomarker of nivolumab treatment efficacy in metastatic melanoma patients, Oncoimmunology, 5, e1248327, 10.1080/2162402X.2016.1248327
Appay, 2008, Phenotype and function of human T lymphocyte subsets: consensus and issues, Cytometry A, 73, 975, 10.1002/cyto.a.20643
Im, 2016, Defining CD8+ T cells that provide the proliferative burst after PD-1 therapy, Nature, 537, 417, 10.1038/nature19330
Kamphorst, 2017, Rescue of exhausted CD8 T cells by PD-1–targeted therapies Is CD28-dependent, Science, 355, 1423, 10.1126/science.aaf0683
Hugo, 2017, Genomic and transcriptomic features of response to anti-PD-1 therapy in metastatic melanoma, Cell, 168, 542, 10.1016/j.cell.2017.01.010
Vétizou, 2015, Anticancer immunotherapy by CTLA-4 blockade relies on the gut microbiota, Science, 350, 1079, 10.1126/science.aad1329
Routy, 2018, Gut microbiome influences efficacy of PD-1–based immunotherapy against epithelial tumors, Science, 359, 91, 10.1126/science.aan3706
Abdel-Rahman, 2016, A network meta-analysis of the risk of immune-related renal toxicity in cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors, Immunotherapy, 8, 665, 10.2217/imt-2015-0020
Kato, 2016, Exacerbation of psoriasis vulgaris during nivolumab for oral mucosal melanoma, J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol, 30, e89, 10.1111/jdv.13336
Chae, 2016, A case of pembrolizumab-induced type-1 diabetes mellitus and discussion of immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced type 1 diabetes, Cancer Immunol Immunother, 66, 25, 10.1007/s00262-016-1913-7
Zou, 2016, PD-L1 (B7-H1) and PD-1 pathway blockade for cancer therapy: mechanisms, response biomarkers, and combinations, Sci Transl Med, 8, 328rv4, 10.1126/scitranslmed.aad7118
Freeman-Keller, 2016, Nivolumab in resected and unresectable metastatic melanoma: characteristics of immune-related adverse events and association with outcomes, Clin Cancer Res, 22, 886, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-15-1136
Diem, 2016, Serum lactate dehydrogenase as an early marker for outcome in patients treated with anti-PD-1 therapy in metastatic melanoma, Br J Cancer, 114, 256, 10.1038/bjc.2015.467
Sharma, 2017, Primary, adaptive, and acquired resistance to cancer immunotherapy, Cell, 168, 707, 10.1016/j.cell.2017.01.017
Calapre, 2017, Circulating tumour DNA (CtDNA) as a liquid biopsy for melanoma, Cancer Lett, 404, 62, 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.06.030
Lee, 2017, Circulating tumour DNA predicts response to anti-PD1 antibodies in metastatic melanoma, Ann Oncol, 28, 1130, 10.1093/annonc/mdx026
Topalian, 2012, Safety, activity, and immune correlates of anti–PD-1 antibody in cancer, N Engl J Med, 366, 2443, 10.1056/NEJMoa1200690
Weide, 2016, Baseline biomarkers for outcome of melanoma patients treated with pembrolizumab, Clin Cancer Res, 22, 5487, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-16-0127
Giacomo, 2013, Long-term survival and immunological parameters in metastatic melanoma patients who responded to ipilimumab 10 Mg/Kg within an expanded access programme, Cancer Immunol Immunother, 62, 1021, 10.1007/s00262-013-1418-6
Ishida, 2017, HLA-A*26 is correlated with response to nivolumab in Japanese melanoma patients, J Invest Dermatol, 137, 2443, 10.1016/j.jid.2017.06.023
Gao, 2017, VISTA is an inhibitory immune checkpoint that is increased after ipilimumab therapy in patients with prostate cancer, Nat Med, 23, 551, 10.1038/nm.4308
Koyama, 2016, Adaptive resistance to therapeutic PD-1 blockade is associated with upregulation of alternative immune checkpoints, Nat Commun, 7, 10501, 10.1038/ncomms10501
Arlauckas, 2017, In vivo imaging reveals a tumor-associated macrophage–mediated resistance pathway in anti–PD-1 therapy, Sci Transl Med, 9, eaal3604, 10.1126/scitranslmed.aal3604
Lines, 2014, VISTA is a novel broad-spectrum negative checkpoint regulator for cancer immunotherapy, Cancer Immunol Res, 2, 510, 10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-14-0072
Blake, 2016, Molecular pathways: targeting CD96 and TIGIT for cancer immunotherapy, Clin Cancer Res, 22, 5183, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-16-0933
Glen, 2016, TIGIT marks exhausted T cells, correlates with disease progression, and serves as a target for immune restoration in HIV and SIV infection, PLoS Pathog, 12, e1005349, 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005349
Spranger, 2014, Mechanism of tumor rejection with doublets of CTLA-4, PD-1/PD-L1, or IDO blockade involves restored IL-2 production and proliferation of CD8(+) T cells directly within the tumor microenvironment, J Immunother Cancer, 2, 3, 10.1186/2051-1426-2-3
Antonios, 2017, Immunosuppressive tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells mediate adaptive immune resistance via a PD-1/PD-L1 mechanism in glioblastoma, Neuro Oncol, 19, 796, 10.1093/neuonc/now287
Chamoto, 2017, Mitochondrial activation chemicals synergize with surface receptor PD-1 blockade for T cell-dependent antitumor activity, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 114, E761, 10.1073/pnas.1620433114
Quezada, 2006, CTLA4 blockade and GM-CSF combination immunotherapy alters the intratumor balance of effector and regulatory T cells, J Clin Invest, 116, 1935, 10.1172/JCI27745
Sorensen, 2010, Adenoviral vaccination combined with CD40 stimulation and CTLA-4 blockage can lead to complete tumor regression in a murine melanoma model, Vaccine, 28, 6757, 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.07.066
Chesney, 2016, Interim safety and efficacy of a randomized (1:1), open-label phase 2 study of talimogene laherparepvec (T) and ipilimumab (I) vs I alone in unresected, stage IIIB-IV melanoma, Ann Oncol, 27, 379, 10.1093/annonc/mdw379.04
Ribas, 2017, Oncolytic virotherapy promotes intratumoral T cell infiltration and improves anti-PD-1 immunotherapy, Cell, 170, 1109.e, 10.1016/j.cell.2017.08.027
Sivan, 2015, Commensal Bifidobacterium promotes antitumor immunity and facilitates anti–PD-L1 efficacy, Science, 350, 1084, 10.1126/science.aac4255