Anthracycline cardiotoxicity in survivors of childhood cancer: Clinical course, protection, and treatment

Jemal, 2010, Cancer statistics, 2010, CA Cancer J Clin, 60, 277, 10.3322/caac.20073 Oeffinger, 2006, Chronic health conditions in adult survivors of childhood cancer, N Engl J Med, 355, 1572, 10.1056/NEJMsa060185 Darzy, 2009, Hypopituitarism following radiotherapy revisited, Endocr Dev, 15, 1, 10.1159/000207607 Lipshultz, 2004, Cardiovascular trials in long-term survivors of childhood cancer, J Clin Oncol, 22, 769, 10.1200/JCO.2004.12.937 Landy, 2013, Cranial irradiation as an additional risk factor for anthracycline cardiotoxicity in childhood cancer survivors: an analysis from the cardiac risk factors in childhood cancer survivors study, Pediatr Cardiol, 34, 826, 10.1007/s00246-012-0539-6 Goorin, 1990, Initial congestive heart failure, six to ten years after doxorubicin chemotherapy for childhood cancer, J Pediatr, 116, 144, 10.1016/S0022-3476(05)81668-3 Lipshultz, 2008, Anthracycline associated cardiotoxicity in survivors of childhood cancer, Heart, 94, 525, 10.1136/hrt.2007.136093 Giantris, 1998, Anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity in children and young adults, Crit Rev Oncol Hematol, 27, 53, 10.1016/S1040-8428(97)10007-5 Barry, 2007, Anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity: course, pathophysiology, prevention and management, Expert Opin Pharmacother, 8, 1039, 10.1517/14656566.8.8.1039 Krischer, 1997, Clinical cardiotoxicity following anthracycline treatment for childhood cancer: the Pediatric Oncology Group experience, J Clin Oncol, 15, 1544, 10.1200/JCO.1997.15.4.1544 Grenier, 1998, Epidemiology of anthracycline cardiotoxicity in children and adults, Semin Oncol, 25, 72 Simbre, 2005, Cardiotoxicity of cancer chemotherapy: implications for children, Paediatr Drugs, 7, 187, 10.2165/00148581-200507030-00005 Adams, 2005, Pathophysiology of anthracycline- and radiation-associated cardiomyopathies: implications for screening and prevention, Pediatr Blood Cancer, 44, 600, 10.1002/pbc.20352 Trachtenberg, 2011, Anthracycline-associated cardiotoxicity in survivors of childhood cancer, Pediatr Cardiol, 32, 342, 10.1007/s00246-010-9878-3 Bristow, 1978, Doxorubicin cardiomyopathy: evaluation by phonocardiography, endomyocardial biopsy, and cardiac catheterization, Ann Intern Med, 88, 168, 10.7326/0003-4819-88-2-168 Lipshultz, 2013, Long-term cardiovascular toxicity in children, adolescents, and young adults who receive cancer therapy: pathophysiology, course, monitoring, management, prevention, and research directions: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association, Circulation, 128, 1927, 10.1161/CIR.0b013e3182a88099 Lipshultz, 2014, Hearts too small for body size after doxorubicin for childhood ALL: Grinch syndrome, J Clin Oncol, 32, 10021, 10.1200/jco.2014.32.15_suppl.10021 Lipshultz, 1995, Female sex and drug dose as risk factors for late cardiotoxic effects of doxorubicin therapy for childhood cancer, N Engl J Med, 332, 1738, 10.1056/NEJM199506293322602 Lipshultz, 1991, Late cardiac effects of doxorubicin therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia in childhood, N Engl J Med, 324, 808, 10.1056/NEJM199103213241205 Lipshultz, 2005, Chronic progressive cardiac dysfunction years after doxorubicin therapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia, J Clin Oncol, 23, 2629, 10.1200/JCO.2005.12.121 Kremer, 2001, Anthracycline-induced clinical heart failure in a cohort of 607 children: long-term follow-up study, J Clin Oncol, 19, 191, 10.1200/JCO.2001.19.1.191 Legha, 1982, Reduction of doxorubicin cardiotoxicity by prolonged continuous intravenous infusion, Ann Intern Med, 96, 133, 10.7326/0003-4819-96-2-133 Lipshultz, 2012, Continuous versus bolus infusion of doxorubicin in children with ALL: long-term cardiac outcomes, Pediatrics, 130, 1003, 10.1542/peds.2012-0727 Levitt, 2004, Does anthracycline administration by infusion in children affect late cardiotoxicity?, Br J Haematol, 124, 463, 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2004.04803.x Gupta, 2003, Late cardiotoxicity after bolus versus infusion anthracycline therapy for childhood cancers, Med Pediatr Oncol, 40, 343, 10.1002/mpo.10298 Lipshultz, 2002, Doxorubicin administration by continuous infusion is not cardioprotective: the Dana–Farber 91-01 Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia protocol, J Clin Oncol, 20, 1677, 10.1200/JCO.20.6.1677 Tukenova, 2010, Role of cancer treatment in long-term overall and cardiovascular mortality after childhood cancer, J Clin Oncol, 28, 1308, 10.1200/JCO.2008.20.2267 Armstrong, 2013, Modifiable risk factors and major cardiac events among adult survivors of childhood cancer, J Clin Oncol, 31, 3673, 10.1200/JCO.2013.49.3205 Rodvold, 1988, Doxorubicin clearance in the obese, J Clin Oncol, 6, 1321, 10.1200/JCO.1988.6.8.1321 Zhang, 2014, Sex-related differences in mast cell activity and doxorubicin toxicity: a study in spontaneously hypertensive rats, Toxicol Pathol, 42, 361, 10.1177/0192623313482778 Mulrooney, 2009, Cardiac outcomes in a cohort of adult survivors of childhood and adolescent cancer: retrospective analysis of the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study cohort, BMJ, 339, b4606, 10.1136/bmj.b4606 Ness, 2009, Predictors of inactive lifestyle among adult survivors of childhood cancer: a report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study, Cancer, 115, 1984, 10.1002/cncr.24209 Miller, 2010, Characteristics and determinants of adiposity in pediatric cancer survivors, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 19, 2013, 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-10-0163 Landy, 2012, Aggregating traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors to assess the cardiometabolic health of childhood cancer survivors: an analysis from the Cardiac Risk Factors in Childhood Cancer Survivors Study, Am Heart J, 163, 295, 10.1016/j.ahj.2011.11.008 Miller, 2013, Exercise capacity in long-term survivors of pediatric cancer: an analysis from the Cardiac Risk Factors in Childhood Cancer Survivors Study, Pediatr Blood Cancer, 60, 663, 10.1002/pbc.24410 Meacham, 2010, Cardiovascular risk factors in adult survivors of pediatric cancer—a report from the childhood cancer survivor study, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 19, 170, 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-09-0555 Messiah, 2013, Ethnic group differences in cardiometabolic disease risk factors independent of body mass index among American youth, Obesity (Silver Spring), 21, 424, 10.1002/oby.20343 Razzouk, 2007, Obesity in survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia and lymphoma, J Clin Oncol, 25, 1183, 10.1200/JCO.2006.07.8709 Landy, 2013, Dietary quality, caloric intake, and adiposity of childhood cancer survivors and their siblings: an analysis from the cardiac risk factors in childhood cancer survivors study, Nutr Cancer, 65, 547, 10.1080/01635581.2013.770042 Link, 1996, Role of iron in the potentiation of anthracycline cardiotoxicity: identification of heart cell mitochondria as a major site of iron–anthracycline interaction, J Lab Clin Med, 127, 272, 10.1016/S0022-2143(96)90095-5 Lipshultz, 2013, Impact of hemochromatosis gene mutations on cardiac status in doxorubicin-treated survivors of childhood high-risk leukemia, Cancer, 119, 3555, 10.1002/cncr.28256 Blanco, 2008, Genetic polymorphisms in the carbonyl reductase 3 gene CBR3 and the NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 gene NQO1 in patients who developed anthracycline-related congestive heart failure after childhood cancer, Cancer, 112, 2789, 10.1002/cncr.23534 Blanco, 2012, Anthracycline-related cardiomyopathy after childhood cancer: role of polymorphisms in carbonyl reductase genes—a report from the Children's Oncology Group, J Clin Oncol, 30, 1415, 10.1200/JCO.2011.34.8987 Cheitlin, 2003, J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 16, 1091 Lipshultz, 1994, Monitoring for anthracycline cardiotoxicity, Pediatrics, 93, 433, 10.1542/peds.93.3.433 Altena, 2009, Cardiovascular toxicity caused by cancer treatment: strategies for early detection, Lancet Oncol, 10, 391, 10.1016/S1470-2045(09)70042-7 Jurcut, 2008, Detection and monitoring of cardiotoxicity—what does modern cardiology offer?, Support Care Cancer, 16, 437, 10.1007/s00520-007-0397-6 Bu'Lock, 1999, Left ventricular diastolic filling patterns associated with progressive anthracycline-induced myocardial damage: a prospective study, Pediatr Cardiol, 20, 252, 10.1007/s002469900459 Geyer, 2010, Assessment of myocardial mechanics using speckle tracking echocardiography: fundamentals and clinical applications, J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 23, 351, 10.1016/j.echo.2010.02.015 Cooper, 2007, Eur Heart J, 28, 3076, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehm456 Lipshultz, 1997, Predictive value of cardiac troponin T in pediatric patients at risk for myocardial injury, Circulation, 96, 2641, 10.1161/01.CIR.96.8.2641 Cardinale, 2004, Prognostic value of troponin I in cardiac risk stratification of cancer patients undergoing high-dose chemotherapy, Circulation, 109, 2749, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000130926.51766.CC Cardinale, 2000, Left ventricular dysfunction predicted by early troponin I release after high-dose chemotherapy, J Am Coll Cardiol, 36, 517, 10.1016/S0735-1097(00)00748-8 Herman, 1999, Correlation between serum levels of cardiac troponin-T and the severity of the chronic cardiomyopathy induced by doxorubicin, J Clin Oncol, 17, 2237, 10.1200/JCO.1999.17.7.2237 Lipshultz, 2004, The effect of dexrazoxane on myocardial injury in doxorubicin-treated children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, N Engl J Med, 351, 145, 10.1056/NEJMoa035153 Dolci, 2008, Biochemical markers for prediction of chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity: systematic review of the literature and recommendations for use, Am J Clin Pathol, 130, 688, 10.1309/AJCPB66LRIIVMQDR Martinez-Rumayor, 2008, Biology of the natriuretic peptides, Am J Cardiol, 101, 3, 10.1016/j.amjcard.2007.11.012 Wang, 2004, Plasma natriuretic peptide levels and the risk of cardiovascular events and death, N Engl J Med, 350, 655, 10.1056/NEJMoa031994 Kragelund, 2005, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide and long-term mortality in stable coronary heart disease, N Engl J Med, 352, 666, 10.1056/NEJMoa042330 Grewal, 2008, Usefulness of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic Peptide and brain natriuretic peptide to predict cardiovascular outcomes in patients with heart failure and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction, Am J Cardiol, 102, 733, 10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.04.048 Ratnasamy, 2008, Associations between neurohormonal and inflammatory activation and heart failure in children, Am Heart J, 155, 527, 10.1016/j.ahj.2007.11.001 Trachtenberg, 2009, Biomarkers of oxidative stress in heart failure, Heart Fail Clin, 5, 561, 10.1016/j.hfc.2009.04.003 Minotti, 2004, Anthracyclines: molecular advances and pharmacologic developments in antitumor activity and cardiotoxicity, Pharmacol Rev, 56, 185, 10.1124/pr.56.2.6 Schorin, 1994, Treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: results of Dana–Farber Cancer Institute/Children's Hospital Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Consortium Protocol 85-01, J Clin Oncol, 12, 40, 10.1200/JCO.1994.12.4.740 Nysom, 1998, Relationship between cumulative anthracycline dose and late cardiotoxicity in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia, J Clin Oncol, 16, 545, 10.1200/JCO.1998.16.2.545 Lipshultz, 2010, Assessment of dexrazoxane as a cardioprotectant in doxorubicin-treated children with high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: long-term follow-up of a prospective, randomised, multicentre trial, Lancet Oncol, 11, 950, 10.1016/S1470-2045(10)70204-7 Wouters, 2005, Protecting against anthracycline-induced myocardial damage: a review of the most promising strategies, Br J Haematol, 131, 561, 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2005.05759.x Fulbright, 2010, Can anthracycline therapy for pediatric malignancies be less cardiotoxic?, Curr Oncol Rep, 12, 411, 10.1007/s11912-010-0129-9 Gabizon, 2004, Cardiac safety of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (Doxil/Caelyx) demonstrated by endomyocardial biopsy in patients with advanced malignancies, Cancer Investig, 22, 663, 10.1081/CNV-200032899 Safra, 2000, Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (doxil): reduced clinical cardiotoxicity in patients reaching or exceeding cumulative doses of 500mg/m2, Ann Oncol, 11, 1029, 10.1023/A:1008365716693 van Dalen, 2010, Different anthracycline derivates for reducing cardiotoxicity in cancer patients, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, CD005006 Marina, 2002, Dose escalation and pharmacokinetics of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (Doxil) in children with solid tumors: a pediatric oncology group study, Clin Cancer Res, 8, 413 Greenlee, 2009, Use of antioxidant supplements during breast cancer treatment: a comprehensive review, Breast Cancer Res Treat, 115, 437, 10.1007/s10549-008-0193-0 Unverferth, 1983, Attempt to prevent doxorubicin-induced acute human myocardial morphologic damage with acetylcysteine, J Natl Cancer Inst, 71, 917 Ladas, 2004, Antioxidants and cancer therapy: a systematic review, J Clin Oncol, 22, 517, 10.1200/JCO.2004.03.086 Lyu, 2007, Topoisomerase IIbeta mediated DNA double-strand breaks: implications in doxorubicin cardiotoxicity and prevention by dexrazoxane, Cancer Res, 67, 8839, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-1649 Tebbi, 2007, Dexrazoxane-associated risk for acute myeloid leukemia/myelodysplastic syndrome and other secondary malignancies in pediatric Hodgkin's disease, J Clin Oncol, 25, 493, 10.1200/JCO.2005.02.3879 Lipshultz, 2007, Dexrazoxane-associated risk for secondary malignancies in pediatric Hodgkin's disease: a claim without compelling evidence, J Clin Oncol, 25, 3179, 10.1200/JCO.2007.11.8778 Hellmann, 2007, Dexrazoxane-associated risk for secondary malignancies in pediatric Hodgkin's disease: a claim without evidence, J Clin Oncol, 25, 4689, 10.1200/JCO.2007.12.6888 van Dalen, 2005, Cardioprotective interventions for cancer patients receiving anthracyclines, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, CD003917 Barry, 2008, Absence of secondary malignant neoplasms in children with high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with dexrazoxane, J Clin Oncol, 26, 1106, 10.1200/JCO.2007.12.2481 Asselin, 2012, Cardioprotection and safety of dexrazoxane (DRZ) in children treated for newly diagnosed T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) or advanced stage lymphoblastic leukemia (T-LL), J Clin Oncol, 30, 9504, 10.1200/jco.2012.30.15_suppl.9504 Ebb, 2012, Phase II trial of trastuzumab in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapy for treatment of metastatic osteosarcoma with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 overexpression: a report from the children's oncology group, J Clin Oncol, 30, 2545, 10.1200/JCO.2011.37.4546 Wexler, 1996, Randomized trial of the cardioprotective agent ICRF-187 in pediatric sarcoma patients treated with doxorubicin, J Clin Oncol, 14, 362, 10.1200/JCO.1996.14.2.362 Thompson, 2009, Impact of body composition on pharmacokinetics of doxorubicin in children: a Glaser Pediatric Research Network study, Cancer Chemother Pharmacol, 64, 243, 10.1007/s00280-008-0854-z Calabro-Jones, 1988, Uptake of WR-2721 derivatives by cells in culture: identification of the transported form of the drug, Cancer Res, 48, 3634 Dragojevic-Simic, 2004, Amifostine protection against doxorubicin cardiotoxicity in rats, Anticancer Drugs, 15, 169, 10.1097/00001813-200402000-00011 Herman, 2000, Comparison of the protective effects of amifostine and dexrazoxane against the toxicity of doxorubicin in spontaneously hypertensive rats, Cancer Chemother Pharmacol, 45, 329, 10.1007/s002800050048 De Flora, 1991, Antioxidant activity and other mechanisms of thiols involved in chemoprevention of mutation and cancer, Am J Med, 91, 122S, 10.1016/0002-9343(91)90295-9 Myers, 1983, A randomized controlled trial assessing the prevention of doxorubicin cardiomyopathy by N-acetylcysteine, Semin Oncol, 10, 53 Feuerstein, 1995, Carvedilol, a novel multiple action antihypertensive agent with antioxidant activity and the potential for myocardial and vascular protection, Eur Heart J, 16, 38, 10.1093/eurheartj/16.suppl_F.38 Matsui, 1999, Protective effects of carvedilol against doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy in rats, Life Sci, 65, 1265, 10.1016/S0024-3205(99)00362-8 Spallarossa, 2004, Carvedilol prevents doxorubicin-induced free radical release and apoptosis in cardiomyocytes in vitro, J Mol Cell Cardiol, 37, 837, 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2004.05.024 Silber, 2004, Enalapril to prevent cardiac function decline in long-term survivors of pediatric cancer exposed to anthracyclines, J Clin Oncol, 22, 820, 10.1200/JCO.2004.06.022 Lipshultz, 2002, Long-term enalapril therapy for left ventricular dysfunction in doxorubicin-treated survivors of childhood cancer, J Clin Oncol, 20, 4517, 10.1200/JCO.2002.12.102 Cardinale, 2010, Anthracycline-induced cardiomyopathy: clinical relevance and response to pharmacologic therapy, J Am Coll Cardiol, 55, 213, 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.03.095 Bruns, 2001, Carvedilol as therapy in pediatric heart failure: an initial multicenter experience, J Pediatr, 138, 505, 10.1067/mpd.2001.113045 Rusconi, 2004, Carvedilol in children with cardiomyopathy: 3-year experience at a single institution, J Heart Lung Transplant, 23, 832, 10.1016/j.healun.2003.07.025 Williams, 2002, Intermediate effects of treatment with metoprolol or carvedilol in children with left ventricular systolic dysfunction, J Heart Lung Transplant, 21, 906, 10.1016/S1053-2498(02)00384-4 Bristow, 1997, Mechanism of action of beta-blocking agents in heart failure, Am J Cardiol, 80, 26L, 10.1016/S0002-9149(97)00846-1 Shaddy, 1999, Beta-blocker treatment of dilated cardiomyopathy with congestive heart failure in children: a multi-institutional experience, J Heart Lung Transplant, 18, 269, 10.1016/S1053-2498(98)00030-8 Shaddy, 1995, Efficacy and safety of metoprolol in the treatment of doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy in pediatric patients, Am Heart J, 129, 197, 10.1016/0002-8703(95)90061-6 Tallaj, 2005, Response of doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy to the current management strategy of heart failure, J Heart Lung Transplant, 24, 2196, 10.1016/j.healun.2004.12.108 Lipshultz, 2005, Cardiac changes associated with growth hormone therapy among children treated with anthracyclines, Pediatrics, 115, 1613, 10.1542/peds.2004-1004 Zerra, 2013, An expert opinion on pharmacologic approaches to reducing the cardiotoxicity of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia therapies, Expert Opin Pharmacother, 14, 1497, 10.1517/14656566.2013.804911 Adams, 2004, Cardiovascular status in long-term survivors of Hodgkin's disease treated with chest radiotherapy, J Clin Oncol, 22, 3139, 10.1200/JCO.2004.09.109 Miller, 2013, Exercise capacity in long-term survivors of pediatric cancer: an analysis from the Cardiac Risk Factors in Childhood Cancer Survivors Study, Pediatr Blood Cancer, 60, 663, 10.1002/pbc.24410 Lipshultz, 2012, Cardiovascular status of childhood cancer survivors exposed and unexposed to cardiotoxic therapy, J Clin Oncol, 30, 1050, 10.1200/JCO.2010.33.7907 Franco, 2011, Cardiovascular effects in childhood cancer survivors treated with anthracyclines, Cardiol Res Pract, 134679 Lipshultz, 2000, Ventricular dysfunction clinical research in infants, children and adolescents, Prog Pediatr Cardiol, 12, 1, 10.1016/S1058-9813(00)00076-X