Điều Trị Glucocorticoid Prenatal cho Thai Nhi Tăng Trưởng Kém: Lợi hay Hại?

Laws PJ, Sullivan EA. Australia’s mothers and babies 2002. Perinat Stat Ser. 2004 (AIHW cat. no. PER 28):1–93. Antenatal corticosteroids revisited: repeat courses—National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement, August 17–18, 2000. Obstet Gynecol. 2001/7 2001; 98:144–150. Crowley PA. Antenatal corticosteroid therapy: a meta-analysis of the randomized trials, 1972 to 1994. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1995;173:322–335. Elimian A, Verma U, Canterino J, Shah J, Visintainer P, Tejani N. Effectiveness of antenatal steroids in obstetric subgroups. Obstet Gynecol. 1999;93:174–179. Bernstein IM, Horbar JD, Badger GJ, Ohlsson A, Golan A. Morbidity and mortality among very-low-birth-weight neonates with intrauterine growth restriction. The Vermont Oxford Network. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2000;182(1 pt 1): 198–206. Schaap AH, Wolf H, Bruinse HW, Smolders-De Haas H, Van Ertbruggen I, Treffers PE. Effects of antenatal corticosteroid administration on mortality and long-term morbidity in early preterm, growth-restricted infants. Obstet Gynecol. 2001;97:954–960. National Institutes of Health Consensus Development. Effect of corticosteroids for fetal maturation on perinatal outcomes. NIH Consensus Statement; February 28-March 2, 1994;12:1–24. Modi N, Lewis H, Al-Naqeeb N, Ajayi-Obe M, Dore CJ, Rutherford M. The effects of repeated antenatal glucocorticoid therapy on the developing brain. Pediatr Res. 2001;50:581–585. Brocklehurst P, Gates S, McKenzie-McHarg K, Alfirevic Z, Chamberlain G. Are we prescribing multiple courses of antenatal corticosteroids? A survey of practice in the UK. BJOG. 1999;106:977–979. Quinlivan JA, Evans SF, Dunlop SA, Beazley LD, Newnham JP. Use of corticosteroids by Australian obstetricians—a survey of clinical practice. Aust NZJ Obstet Gynaecol. 1998;38:1–7. Crowther CA, Haslam RR, Hiller JE, Doyle LW, Robinson JS. Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome after repeat exposure to antenatal corticosteroids: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2006;367:1913–1919. National Institutes of Health Consensus Development P. Antenatal Corticosteroids Revisited: Repeat Courses— National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement, August 17–18, 2000. Obstet Gynecol. 2001;98:144–150. Roberts D, Dalziel S. Antenatal corticosteroids for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;3:CD004454. Crowther CA, Harding J. Repeat doses of prenatal corticos-teroids for women at risk of preterm birth for preventing neonatal respiratory disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003:CD003935. Morrison JL. Sheep models of intrauterine growth restriction: fetal adaptations and consequences. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2008;35:730–743. McMillen IC, Adams MB, Ross JT, et al. Fetal growth restriction: adaptations and consequences. Reproduction. 2001;122:195–204. Nathanielsz PW, Hanson MA. The fetal dilemma: spare the brain and spoil the liver. J Physiol. 2003;548(pt 2):333. Dubiel M, Gunnarsson GO, Gudmundsson S. Blood redistribution in the fetal brain during chronic hypoxia. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2002;20:117–121. Cheema R, Dubiel M, Gudmundsson S. Fetal brain sparing is strongly related to the degree of increased placental vascular impedance. J Perinat Med. 2006;34:318–322. Schwab M, Roedel M, Anwar MA, et al. Effects of beta-methasone administration to the fetal sheep in late gestation on fetal cerebral blood flow. J Physiol. 2000;528(pt 3):619–632. Spinillo A, Capuzzo E, Ometto A, Stronati M, Baltaro F, Iasci A. Value of antenatal corticosteroid therapy in preterm birth. Early Hum Dev. 1995;42:37–47. Feldman DM, Carbone J, Belden L, Borgida AF, Herson V. Betamethasone vs dexamethasone for the prevention of mor-bidity in very-low-birthweight neonates. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2007;197:e281–e284. Jobe AH, Soll RF. Choice and dose of corticosteroid for antenatal treatments. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004;190:878–881. Nuyt AM. Mechanisms underlying developmental programming of elevated blood pressure and vascular dysfunction: evidence from human studies and experimental animal models. Clin Sci. 2008;114:1–17. Liggins GC. Premature delivery of foetal lambs infused with glucocorticoids. Endocrinology. 1969;45:515–523. Ikegami M, Polk D, Jobe A. Minimum interval from fetal betamethasone treatment to postnatal lung responses in pre-term lambs. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1996;174:1408–1413. Jobe AH, Ikegami M. Lung development and function in pre-term infants in the surfactant treatment era. Annu Rev Physiol. 2000;62:825–846. Nyirenda MJ, Welberg LA, Seckl JR. Programming hypergly-caemia in the rat through prenatal exposure to glucocorticoids-fetal effect or maternal influence? J Endocrinol. 2001;170:653–660. Dalziel SR, Walker NK, Parag V, et al. Cardiovascular risk factors after antenatal exposure to betamethasone: 30-year follow-up of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005;365:1856–1862. Doyle LW, Ford GW, Davis NM, Callanan C. Antenatal cor-ticosteroid therapy and blood pressure at 14 years of age in preterm children. Clin Sci. 2000;98:137–142. Dalziel SR, Liang A, Parag V, Rodgers A, Harding JE. Blood pressure at 6 years of age after prenatal exposure to betametha-sone: follow-up results of a randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics. 2004;114:e373–e377. Dalziel SR, Lim VK, Lambert A, et al. Antenatal exposure to betamethasone: psychological functioning and health related quality of life 31 years after inclusion in randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2005;331:665. Dalziel SR, Rea HH, Walker NK, et al. Long term effects of antenatal betamethasone on lung function: 30 year follow up of a randomised controlled trial. Thorax. 2006;61:678–683. Crowther CA, Doyle LW, Haslam RR, et al. Outcomes at 2 years of age after repeat doses of antenatal corticosteroids. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:1179–1189. Moss TJM, Harding R, Newnham JP. Lung function, arterial pressure and growth in sheep during early postnatal life following single and repeated prenatal corticosteroid treatments. Early Hum Dev. 2002;66:11–24. Walfisch A, Hallak M, Mazor M. Multiple courses of antenatal steroids: risks and benefits. Obstet Gynecol. 2001;98:491–497. Huang WL, Harper CG, Evans SF, Newnham JP, Dunlop SA. Repeated prenatal corticosteroid administration delays myeli-nation of the corpus callosum in fetal sheep. Int J Dev Neurosci. 2001;19:415–425. Sloboda DM, Newnham JP, Challis JR. Effects of repeated maternal betamethasone administration on growth and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function of the ovine fetus at term. J Endocrinol. 2000;165:79–91. Sloboda DM, Newnham JP, Challis JR. Repeated maternal glucocorticoid administration and the developing liver in fetal sheep. J Endocrinol. 2002;175:535–543. Baud O, Sola A. Corticosteroids in perinatal medicine: how to improve outcomes without affecting the developing brain? Sem Fetal Neonat Med. 2007;12:273–279. Banks BA, Cnaan A, Morgan MA, et al. Multiple courses of antenatal corticosteroids and outcome of premature neonates. Am JObstet Gynecol. 1999;181:709–717. Vermillion ST, Soper DE, Chasedunn-Roark J. Neonatal sepsis after betamethasone administration to patients with preterm premature rupture of membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999;181:320–325. Vermillion ST, Soper DE, Newman RB. Neonatal sepsis and death after multiple courses of antenatal betamethasone therapy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2000;183:810–814. Helal KJ, Gordon MC, Lightner CR, Barth WH. Adrenal suppression induced by betamethasone in women at risk for premature delivery. Obstet Gynecol. 2000;96:287–290. McKenna DS, Wittber GM, Nagaraja HN, Samuels P. The effects of repeat doses of antenatal corticosteroids on maternal adrenal function. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2000;183:669–673. Fisher JE, Smith RS, Lagrandeur R, Lorenz RP. Gestational diabetes mellitus in women receiving beta-adrenergics and corticosteroids for threatened preterm delivery. Obstet Gyne-col. 1997;90:880–883. Abbasi S, Hirsch D, Davis J, et al. Effect of single versus multiple courses of antenatal corticosteroids on maternal and neonatal outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2000;182:1243–1249. McEvoy C, Bowling S, Williamson K, et al. The effect of a single remote course versus weekly courses of antenatal corti-costeroids on functional residual capacity in preterm infants: a randomized trial. Pediatrics. 2002;110:280–284. Schwab M, Coksaygan T, Nathanielsz PW. Betamethasone effects on ovine uterine and umbilical placental perfusion at the dose used to enhance fetal lung maturation. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006;194:572–579. Huang WL, Beazley LD, Quinlivan JA, Evans SF, Newnham JP, Dunlop SA. Effect of corticosteroids on brain growth in fetal sheep. Obstet Gynecol. 1999;94:213–218. Anwar MA, Schwab M, Poston L, Nathanielsz PW. Betamethasone-mediated vascular dysfunction and changes in hematological profile in the ovine fetus. Am J Physiol. 1999;276(4 pt 2):H1137–H1143. Fletcher AJ, McGarrigle HH, Edwards CM, Fowden AL, Giussani DA. Effects of low dose dexamethasone treatment on basal cardiovascular and endocrine function in fetal sheep during late gestation. J Physiol. 2002;545(pt 2):649–660. Bennet L, Kozuma S, McGarrigle HH, Hanson MA. Temporal changes in fetal cardiovascular, behavioural, metabolic and endocrine responses to maternally administered dexa-methasone in the late gestation fetal sheep. BJOG. 1999;106:331–339. Tangalakis K, Lumbers ER, Moritz KM, Towstoless MK, Wintour EM. Effect of cortisol on blood pressure and vascular reactivity in the ovine fetus. Exp Physiol. 1992;77:709–717. Forhead AJ, Broughton Pipkin F, Fowden AL. Effect of cor-tisol on blood pressure and the renin-angiotensin system in fetal sheep during late gestation. J Physiol. 2000;526(pt 1): 167–176. Forhead AJ, Fowden AL. Role of angiotensin II in the pressor response to cortisol in fetal sheep during late gestation. Exp Physiol. 2004;89:323–329. Derks JB, Giussani DA, Jenkins SL, et al. A comparative study of cardiovascular, endocrine and behavioural effects of beta-methasone and dexamethasone administration to fetal sheep. J Physiol. 1997;499(pt 1):217–226. Polglase GR, Nitsos I, Jobe AH, Newnham JP, Moss TJ. Maternal and intra-amniotic corticosteroid effects on lung morphometry in preterm lambs. Pediatr Res. 2007;62:32–36. Ueda T, Ikegami M, Polk D, Mizuno K, Jobe A. Effects of fetal corticosteroid treatments on postnatal surfactant function in preterm lambs. J Appl Physiol. 1995;79:846–851. Ballard PL, Ning Y, Polk D, Ikegami M, Jobe AH. Glucocor-ticoid regulation of surfactant components in immature lambs. Am J Physiol. 1997;17:L1048–L1057. Bunton TE, Plopper CG. Triamcinolone-induced structural alterations in the development of the lung of the fetal rhesus macaque. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1984;148:203–215. Willet KE, Jobe AH, Ikegami M, Kovar J, Sly PD. Lung mor-phometry after repetitive antenatal glucocorticoid treatment in preterm sheep. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;163:1437–1443. Tan RC, Ikegami M, Jobe AH, Yao LY, Possmayer F, Ballard PL. Developmental and glucocorticoid regulation of surfactant protein mRNAs in preterm lambs. Am J Physiol. 1999;277(6 pt 1):L1142–L1148. Jobe AH. Glucocorticoids, inflammation and the perinatal lung. Sem Neonat. 2001;6:331–342. Newnham JP, Evans SF, Godfrey M, Huang W, Ikegami M, Jobe A. Maternal, but not fetal, administration of corticoster-oids restricts fetal growth. J Matern Fetal Med. 1999;8:81–87. Newnham JP, Moss TJ. Antenatal glucocorticoids and growth: single versus multiple doses in animal and human studies. Semin Neonatol. 2001;6:285–292. Jobe AH, Moss TJ, Nitsos I, Ikegami M, Kallapur SG, Newnham JP. Betamethasone for lung maturation: testing dose and formulation in fetal sheep. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2007;197:e521–e526. Jobe AH, Wada N, Berry LM, Ikegami M, Ervin MG. Single and repetitive maternal glucocorticoid exposures reduce fetal growth in sheep. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1998;178:880–885. Alexander G. Studies on the placenta of the sheep (Ovis aries L.). Effect of surgical reduction in the number of caruncles. J Reprod Fertil. 1964;30:307–322. Regnault TR, Friedman JE, Wilkening RB, Anthony RV, Hay WW Jr. Fetoplacental transport and utilization of amino acids in IUGR—a review. Placenta. 2005;26(suppl A):S52–S62. Walker DW, Davies AN, McMillen IC. Effect of hyperther-mia on the plasma concentrations of prolactin and cortisol in the fetal lamb and pregnant ewe during late gestation. J Dev Physiol. 1990;13:173–177. Miller SL, Chai M, Loose J, et al. The effects of maternal beta-methasone administration on the intrauterine growth-restricted fetus. Endocrinology. 2007;148:1288–1295. Supramaniam VG, Jenkin G, Loose J, Wallace EM, Miller SL. Chronic fetal hypoxia increases activin A concentrations in the late-pregnant sheep. BJOG. 2006;113:102–109. Wallace JM, Aitken RP, Milne JS, Hay WW Jr. Nutritionally mediated placental growth restriction in the growing adolescent: consequences for the fetus. Biol Reprod. 2004;71:1055–1062. Wallace JM, Milne JS, Aitken RP. Maternal growth hormone treatment from day 35 to 80 of gestation alters nutrient partitioning in favor of uteroplacental growth in the overnourished adolescent sheep. Biol Reprod. 2004;70:1277–1285. Robinson JS, Kingston EJ, Jones CT, Thornburn GD. Studies on experimental growth retardation in sheep. The effect of removal of endometrial caruncles on fetal size and metabolism. J Dev Physiol. 1979;1:379–398. Morrison JL, Botting KJ, Dyer JL, Williams SJ, Thornburg KL, McMillen IC. Restriction of placental function alters heart development in the sheep fetus. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2007;293:R306–R313. Danielson L, McMillen IC, Dyer JL, Morrison JL. Restriction of placental growth results in greater hypotensive response to alpha-adrenergic blockade in fetal sheep during late gestation. J Physiol. 2005;563(pt 2):611–620. Robinson JS, Owens JA, Owens PC. Fetal growth and fetal growth retardation. In: Thorburn GD, Harding R, eds. Textbook of Fetal Physiology. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1994:83–94. Edwards LJ, Simonetta G, Owens JA, Robinson JS, McMillen IC. Restriction of placental and fetal growth in sheep alters fetal blood pressure responses to angiotensin II and captopril. J Physiol. 1999;515(pt 3):897–904. McMillen IC, Robinson JS. Developmental origins of the metabolic syndrome: prediction, plasticity, and programming. Physiol Rev. 2005;85:571–633. Economides DL, Nicolaides KH, Linton EA, Perry LA, Chard T. Plasma cortisol and adrenocorticotropin in appropriate and small for gestational age fetuses. Fetal Ther. 1988;3:158–164. Economides DL, Nicolaides KH, Campbell S. Metabolic and endocrine findings in appropriate and small for gestational age fetuses. J Perinat Med. 1991;19:97–105. Simonetta G, Rourke AK, Owens JA, Robinson JS, McMillen IC. Impact of placental restriction on the development of the sympathoadrenal system. Pediatr Res. 1997;42:805–811. Phillips ID, Simonetta G, Owens JA, Robinson JS, Clarke IJ, McMillen IC. Placental restriction alters the functional development of the pituitary-adrenal axis in the sheep fetus during late gestation. Pediatr Res. 1996;40:861–866. Mildenhall LF, Battin MR, Morton SM, Bevan C, Kuschel CA, Harding JE. Exposure to repeat doses of antena-tal glucocorticoids is associated with altered cardiovascular status after birth. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2006;91: F56–F60. Lipsett J, Tamblyn M, Madigan K, et al. Restricted fetal growth and lung development: a morphometric analysis of pulmonary structure. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2006;41:1138–1145. Lechner AJ. Perinatal age determines the severity of retarded lung development induced by starvation. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1985;131:638–643. Chen CM, Wang LF, Su B. Effects of maternal undernutrition during late gestation on the lung surfactant system and mor-phometry in rats. Pediatr Res. 2004;56:329–335. Gross TL, Sokol RJ, Wilson MV, Kuhnert PM, Hirsch V. Amniotic fluid phosphatidylglycerol: a potentially useful predictor of intrauterine growth retardation. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1981;140:277–281. Tyson JE, Kennedy K, Broyles S, Rosenfeld CR. The small for gestational age infant: accelerated or delayed pulmonary maturation? Increased or decreased survival? Pediatrics. 1995; 95:534–538. Torrance HL, Mulder EJ, Brouwers HA, van Bel F, Visser GH. Respiratory outcome in preterm small for gesta-tional age fetuses with or without abnormal umbilical artery Doppler and/or maternal hypertension. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2007;20:613–621. Rees S, Ng J, Dickson K, Nicholas T, Harding R. Growth retardation and the development of the respiratory system in fetal sheep. Early Hum Dev. 1991;26:13–27. Lechner AJ, Winston DC, Bauman JE. Lung mechanics, cel-lularity, and surfactant after prenatal starvation in guinea pigs. J Appl Physiol. 1986;60:1610–1614. Lin Y, Lechner AJ. Surfactant content and type II cell development in fetal guinea pig lungs during prenatal starvation. Pediatr Res. 1991;29:288–291. Braems GA, Yao LJ, Inchley K, et al. Ovine surfactant protein cDNAs: use in studies on fetal lung growth and maturation after prolonged hypoxemia. Am J Physiol. 2000;278:L754–L764. Gagnon R, Langridge J, Inchley K, Murotsuki J, Possmayer F. Changes in surfactant-associated protein mRNA profile in growth-restricted fetal sheep. Am J Physiol. 1999;276(3 pt 1): L459–L465. Cock ML, Albuquerque CA, Joyce BJ, Hooper SB, Harding R. Effects of intrauterine growth restriction on lung liquid dynamics and lung development in fetal sheep. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001;184:209–216. Nardo L, Hooper SB, Harding R. Lung hypoplasia can be reversed by short-term obstruction of the trachea in fetal sheep. Pediatr Res. 1995;38:690–696. Orgeig S, Daniels CB. Effects of aging, disease and the environment on the pulmonary surfactant system. In: Harding R, Pinkerton K, Plopper C, eds. The Lung: Development, Aging and the Environment. London: Academic Press; 2004:363–375. Orgeig S, Daniels CB, Sullivan LC. Development of the pulmonary surfactant system. In: Harding R, Pinkerton K, Plopper C, eds. The Lung: Development, Aging and the Environment. London: Academic Press; 2004:149–167. Polyakov A, Cohen S, Baum M, Trickey D, Jolley D, Wallace EM. Patterns of antenatal corticosteroid prescribing 1998–2004. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2007;47:42–45. Laws PJ, Hilder L. Australia’s Mothers and Babies 2006.Sydney: Australian Institute of Health & Welfare; 2006 (no. 22, Cat. no. PER 46).