Antarctic sea ice change and variability – Physical and ecological implications

Polar Science - Tập 4 Số 2 - Trang 149-186 - 2010
RA Massom1,2, Sharon Stammerjohn3
1Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, Private Bag 80, c/o University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
2Australian Antarctic Division, Dept. of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Channel Highway, Kingston, Tasmania 7050, Australia
3Ocean Sciences Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Abram, 2007, Ice core records as sea ice proxies: an evaluation from the Weddell Sea region of Antarctica, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D15101, 10.1029/2006JD008139

Ackley, 2003, Decadal decrease of Antarctic sea ice extent inferred from whaling records revisited on the basis of historical and modern sea ice records, Polar Res., 22, 19, 10.1111/j.1751-8369.2003.tb00091.x

Ainley, 1983, Biomass of birds and mammals in the Ross Sea, 498

Ainley, 2005, Decadal-scale changes in the climate and biota of the biota of the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean, Antartic Sci., 17, 171, 10.1017/S0954102005002567

Ainley, 2007, Paradigm lost, or is top-down forcing no longer significant in the Antarctic marine ecosystem?, Antartic Sci., 19, 283, 10.1017/S095410200700051X

Ainley, 2009, Impacts of cetaceans on the structure of southern ocean food webs, Mar. Mamm. Sci.

Ainley, 2010, Antarctic penguin response to habitat change when Earth’s troposphere reaches 2 °C above pre-industrial levels, Ecol. Monogr., 80, 49, 10.1890/08-2289.1

Allison, 2001

Ancel, 1992, Foraging behaviour of emperor penguins as a resource detector in winter and summer, Nature, 360, 336, 10.1038/360336a0

Andreas, 1981, On the difference in ablation seasons of Arctic and Antarctic sea-ice, J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 440, 10.1175/1520-0469(1982)039<0440:OTDIAS>2.0.CO;2

Armand, 2009, Palaeo sea ice distribution and reconstruction derived from the geological record, 469

Arrigo, 2003, Phytoplankton dynamics within 37 Antarctic coastal polynyas, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 3271, 10.1029/2002JC001739

Arrigo, 2004, Large scale importance of sea ice biology in the Southern Ocean, Antartic Sci., 16, 471, 10.1017/S0954102004002263

Arrigo, 2002, Ecological impact of a large Antarctic iceberg, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 1104, 10.1029/2001GL014160

Arrigo, 2008, Primary production in the Southern Ocean, 1997–2006, J. Geophys. Res., 113, C08004, 10.1029/2007JC004551

Arrigo, 2009, Sea ice algae

Arzel, 2006, Sea ice evolutions over the 20th and 21st centuries as simulated by current AOGCMs, Ocean Model., 12, 401, 10.1016/j.ocemod.2005.08.002

Atkinson, 2004, Long-term decline in krill stock and increase in salps within the Southern Ocean, Nature, 432, 100, 10.1038/nature02996

Barber, 2007, A bi-polar assessment of modes of polynya formation, 1

Barber-Meyer, 2008, Trends in Western Ross Sea emperor penguin chick abundances and their relationships to climate, Antartic Sci., 20, 3, 10.1017/S0954102007000673

Barbraud, 2001, Emperor penguins and climate change, Nature, 11, 183, 10.1038/35075554

Barbraud, 2006, Antarctic birds breed later in response to climate change, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 103, 6248, 10.1073/pnas.0510397103

Behrenfeld, 2006, Climate-driven trends in contemporary ocean productivity, Nature, 444, 752, 10.1038/nature05317

Bentley, 2007, Ice sheets, 99

Bertolin, 2009, Phytoplankton production after the collapse of the Larsen A Ice Shelf, Antarctica, Polar Biol., 32, 1435, 10.1007/s00300-009-0638-x

Bindoff, 2000, Bottom water formation and polynyas in Adélie Land, Antarctica, Pap. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm., 133, 51

Bluhm, 2009, Sea ice meio- and macrofauna

Bracegirdle, 2008, Antarctic climate change over the 21st century, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D03103, 10.1029/2007JD008933

Bricher, 2008, Population trends of Adélie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) breeding colonies: a spatial analysis of the effects of snow accumulation and human activities, Polar Biol., 31, 1397, 10.1007/s00300-008-0479-z

Brierley, 2002, Ecology of Southern Ocean pack ice, Adv. Mar. Ecol., 2002, 171, 10.1016/S0065-2881(02)43005-2

Brierley, 2002, Antarctic krill under sea ice: elevated abundance in a narrow band just south of ice edge, Science, 295, 1890, 10.1126/science.1068574

Burns, 2001, Habitat use by Weddell seals and Emperor penguins foraging in the Ross Sea, Antarctica, Am. Zool., 41, 90

Caron, 2009, Heterotrophic protists associated with sea ice

Charrassin, 2008, Southern Ocean frontal structure and sea-ice formation rates revealed by elephant seals, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 105, 11634, 10.1073/pnas.0800790105

Clarke, 2007, Climate change and the marine ecosystem of the western Antarctic Peninsula, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci., 362, 149, 10.1098/rstb.2006.1958

Clarke, 2008, Polar and ice-edge marine systems, 319

Comiso, 1999

Comiso, 2003, Large-scale characteristics and variability of the global sea ice cover, 112

Comiso, 2008, Trends in the sea ice cover using enhanced and compatible AMSR-E, SSM/I, and SMMR data, J. Geophys. Res., 113, C02S07, 10.1029/2007JC004257

Convey, 2007, Antarctic climate change and its influences on terrestrial ecosystems, 253

Croxall, 2004, Management of Southern Ocean resources: global forces and future sustainability, Antartic Sci., 16, 569, 10.1017/S0954102004002330

Croxall, 2002, Environmental change and Antarctic seabird populations, Science, 297, 1510, 10.1126/science.1071987

Curran, 2003, Ice core evidence for Antarctic sea ice decline since the 1950s, Science, 302, 1203, 10.1126/science.1087888

de la Mare, 1997, Abrupt mid-twentieth century decline in Antarctic sea ice extent from whaling records, Nature, 389, 57, 10.1038/37956

de la Mare, 2008, Changes in Antarctic sea ice extent from direct historical observations and whaling records, Clim. Change

Delille, 2007, Biogas (CO2, O2, dimethylsulfide) dynamics in spring Antarctic fast ice, Limnol. Oceanogr., 52, 1367, 10.4319/lo.2007.52.4.1367

Deming, 2009, Sea ice bacteria and viruses

Dieckmann, 2009, The importance of sea ice: an overview, 1

Dieckmann, 2008, Calcium carbonate as ikaite crystals in Antarctic sea ice, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L08501, 10.1029/2008GL033540

Dierssen, 2002, Glacial meltwater dynamics in coastal waters West of the Antarctic Peninsula, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 99, 1790, 10.1073/pnas.032206999

Doney, 2009, Surface ocean CO2 variability and vulnerability, Deep Sea Res. II, 56, 504, 10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.12.016

Doney, 2009, Ocean acidification: the other CO2 problem, Ann. Rev. Mar. Sci., 1, 169, 10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163834

Dubischar, 2006, The tunicate Salpa thompsoni ecology in the Southern Ocean II. Proximate and elemental composition, Mar. Biol., 149, 625, 10.1007/s00227-005-0226-8

Ducklow, 2007, Marine pelagic ecosystems: the West Antarctic Peninsula, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci., B362, 67, 10.1098/rstb.2006.1955

Eicken, 1992, The role of sea ice in structuring Antarctic ecosystems, Polar Biol., 12, 3, 10.1007/BF00239960

Eicken, 1995, Effects of the snow cover on Antarctic sea ice and potential modulation of its response to climate change, Ann. Glaciol., 21, 369, 10.1017/S0260305500016086

Emmerson, 2008, Sea ice cover and its influence on Adélie penguin reproductive performance, Ecology, 89, 2096, 10.1890/08-0011.1

Emslie, 1998, Abandoned penguin colonies and environmental change in the Palmer Station area, Anvers Island, Antarctic Peninsula, Antartic Sci., 10, 257, 10.1017/S0954102098000352

Emslie, 2007, Abrupt recent shift in δ13C and δ15N values in Adélie penguin eggshell in Antarctica, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 104, 11666, 10.1073/pnas.0608477104

Fabry, 2009, Ocean acidification at high latitudes: the bellwether, Oceanography, 22, 160, 10.5670/oceanog.2009.105

Fichefet, 2008, On the ability of current atmosphere-ocean general circulation models to predict the evolution of sea ice, Clim. News, 10, 5

Fogt, 2006, Decadal variability of the ENSO teleconnection to the high latitude South Pacific governed by coupling with the southern annular mode, J. Clim., 19, 979, 10.1175/JCLI3671.1

Forcada, 2009, Penguin responses to climate change in the Southern Ocean, Global Change Biol., 15, 1618, 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01909.x

Forcada, 2006, Contrasting population changes in sympatric penguin species with climate warming, Global Change Biol., 12, 411, 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01108.x

Foster, 2006, Covariation of sea ice and methane sulphonic acid in Wilhelm II Land, Antarctica, Ann. Glaciol., 44, 429, 10.3189/172756406781811394

Fox, 2001, Ocean wave speed in the Antarctic marginal ice zone, Ann. Glaciol., 33, 350, 10.3189/172756401781818941

Fraser, 2009, A method for compositing polar MODIS images to remove cloud cover for landfast sea-ice detection, IEEE Trans. Geosc. Rem. Sens., 47, 3272, 10.1109/TGRS.2009.2019726

Fraser, A.D., Massom, R.A., Michael, K.J. High-resolution East Antarctic landfast sea-ice maps from cloud-free MODIS satellite composite imagery. Rem. Sens. Environ., in preparation.

Fraser, 2003, A predator’s perspective on causal links between climate change, physical forcing and ecosystem response, Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser., 265, 1, 10.3354/meps265001

Fraser, 1996, 257

Fraser, 1997, Human disturbance and long-term changes in Adelie penguin populations: a natural experiment at Palmer Station, Antarctic Peninsula, 445

Frazer, 1997, Abundance and distribution of larval krill, Euphausia superba, associated with annual sea ice in winter, 107

Fritsen, 1998, Flood-freeze cycles and algal dynamics in Antarctic pack ice, 1

Fyfe, 2007, The role of poleward – intensifying winds on Southern Ocean warming, J. Clim., 20, 5391, 10.1175/2007JCLI1764.1

Garibotti, 2003, Composition and biomass of phytoplankton assemblages in coastal Antarctic waters: a comparison of chemotaxonomic and microscopic analyses, Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser., 247, 27, 10.3354/meps247027

Garrison, 1983, A physical mechanism for establishing algal populations in frazil ice, Nature, 306, 363, 10.1038/306363a0

Giles, 2008, Fast ice distribution in East Antarctica during 1997 and 1999 determined using Radarsat data, J. Geophys. Res. (Oceans), 113, C02S14, 10.1029/2007JC004139

Giles, 2008, Antarctic sea ice elevation from satellite radar altimetry, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L03503, 10.1029/2007GL031572

Gillet, 2003, Simulation of recent Southern Hemisphere climate change, Science, 302, 273, 10.1126/science.1087440

Gloersen, 1992

Golden, 1998, The percolation phase transition in sea ice, Science, 282, 2238, 10.1126/science.282.5397.2238

Goodison, 1999, Cryospheric systems, 261

Goosse, 2005, A simulated reduction in Antarctic sea-ice area since 1750: implications of the long memory of the ocean, Int. J. Climatol., 25, 569, 10.1002/joc.1139

Gruber, 2009, Oceanic sources, sinks, and transport of atmospheric CO2, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 23, GB1005, 10.1029/2008GB003349

Gutt, 2001, Quantification of iceberg impact and benthic recolonisation patterns in the Weddell Sea (Antarctica), Polar Biol., 24, 615, 10.1007/s003000100263

Haas, 2009, Dynamics versus thermodynamics: the sea ice thickness distribution, 114

Hadley, 2007, Influence of maternal characteristics and oceanographic conditions on survival and recruitment probabilities of Weddell seals, Oikos, 116, 601, 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2007.15528.x

Harangozo, 2006, Atmospheric circulation impacts on winter maximum sea ice extent in the west Antarctic Peninsula region (1979–2001), Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L02502, 10.1029/2005GL024978

Heil, 2006, Atmospheric conditions and fast ice at Davis, East Antarctica: a case study, J. Geophys. Res., 111, C05009, 10.1029/2005JC002904

Heil, 1999, The pattern and variability of Antarctic sea-ice drift in the Indian Ocean and western Pacific sectors, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 15789, 10.1029/1999JC900076

Hibler, 1986, Ice dynamics, 577

Hinke, 2007, Divergent responses of Pygoscelis penguins reveal a common environmental driver, Oecologia, 153, 845, 10.1007/s00442-007-0781-4

Horner, 1992, Ecology of sea ice biota. 1. Habitat, terminology and methodology, Polar Biol., 12, 417, 10.1007/BF00243113

IPCC, 2007, Summary for Policymakers

Jacobs, 2006, Observations of change in the Southern Ocean, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. A, 364, 1657, 10.1098/rsta.2006.1794

Jacobs, 2002, Freshening of the Ross Sea during the late 20th century, Science, 297, 386, 10.1126/science.1069574

Jenouvrier, 2005, Evidence of a shift in the cyclicity of Antarctic seabird dynamics linked to climate, Proc. Roy. Soc. B, 272, 887, 10.1098/rspb.2004.2978

Jenouvrier, 2005, Long-term contrasted responses to climate of two Antarctic seabird species, Ecology, 86, 2889, 10.1890/05-0514

Jenouvrier, 2009, Demographic models and IPCC climate projections predict the decline of an emperor penguin population, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 10.1073/pnas.0806638106

Kalnay, 1996, The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project, Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc., 77, 437, 10.1175/1520-0477(1996)077<0437:TNYRP>2.0.CO;2

Kern, 2009, Wintertime Antarctic coastal polynya area: 1992–2008, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L14501, 10.1029/2009GL038062

Kirkwood, 1997, Seasonal change in the foraging ecology of emperor penguins on the Mawson Coast, Antarctica, Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser., 156, 205, 10.3354/meps156205

Klinck, 2004, Water-mass properties and circulation on the west Antarctic Peninsula continental shelf in austral fall and winter 2001, Deep Sea Res. II, 51, 1925, 10.1016/j.dsr2.2004.08.001

Kooyman, 1993, Breeding habitats of Emperor penguins in the western Ross Sea, Antartic Sci., 5, 143, 10.1017/S0954102093000203

Kooyman, 2007, Effects of giant icebergs on two emperor penguin colonies in the Ross Sea, Antarctica, Antartic Sci., 19, 31, 10.1017/S0954102007000065

Kushner, 2001, Southern Hemisphere atmospheric circulation response to global warming, J. Clim., 14, 2238, 10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<0001:SHACRT>2.0.CO;2

Kwok, 2002, Southern Ocean climate and sea ice anomalies associated with the Southern Oscillation, J. Clim., 15, 487, 10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<0487:SOCASI>2.0.CO;2

Langhorne, 2001, Lifetime estimation for a land-fast ice sheet subjected to ocean swell, Ann. Glaciol., 33, 333, 10.3189/172756401781818419

Lannuzel, 2007, Distribution and biogeochemical behaviour of iron in East Antarctic sea ice, Mar. Chem., 106, 18, 10.1016/j.marchem.2006.06.010

Le Quéré, 2007, Saturation of the Southern Ocean CO2 sink due to recent climate change, Science, 316, 1735, 10.1126/science.1136188

Ledley, 1991, Snow on sea ice: competing effects in shaping climate, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 17195, 10.1029/91JD01439

Lefebvre, 2008, Analysis of the projected regional sea ice changes in the Southern Ocean during the twenty-first century, Clim. Dynam., 30, 59, 10.1007/s00382-007-0273-6

Lefebvre, 2004, Influence of the southern annular mode on the sea-ice–ocean system, J. Geophys. Res., 109, C090005, 10.1029/2004JC002403

Leppäranta, 2005

Liu, 2004, Interpretation of recent Antarctic sea ice variability, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L02205, 10.1029/2003GL018732

Lizotte, 2003, Microbiology of sea ice, 184

Loeb, 1997, Effects of sea‑ice extent and salp or krill dominance on the Antarctic food web, Nature, 387, 897, 10.1038/43174

Lovenduski, 2007, Enhanced CO2 outgassing in the Southern Ocean from a positive phase of the southern annular mode, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 21, GB2026, 10.1029/2006GB002900

Lovenduski, 2008, Toward a mechanistic understanding of the decadal trends in the Southern Ocean carbon sink, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 22, GB3016, 10.1029/2007GB003139

Lubin, 2006, Polar Remote Sensing, vol. I

Lubin, 2008, Antarctic Peninsula mesoscale cyclone variability and climatic impacts influenced by the SAM, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L02808, 10.1029/2007GL032170

Lytle, 2000, Wintertime heat flux to the underside of East Antarctic pack ice, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 28759, 10.1029/2000JC900099

Maksym, 2008, Antarctic sea ice thickness and snow-to-ice conversion from atmospheric reanalysis and passive microwave snow depth, J. Geophys. Res., 113, C02S12, 10.1029/2006JC004085

Marshall, 2004, Causes of exceptional atmospheric circulation changes in the Southern Hemisphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L14205, 10.1029/2004GL019952

Marschall, 1988, The overwintering strategy of Antarctic krill under the pack ice of the Weddell Sea, Polar Biol., 2, 245, 10.1007/BF00263631

Marsland, 2004, Modelling water mass formation in the Mertz Glacier Polynya and Adélie Depression, East Antarctica, J. Geophys. Res., 109, C11003, 10.1029/2004JC002441

Martin, 2007, The areas and ice production of the western and central Ross Sea polynyas, 1991–2002 and their relation to the B-15 and C-19 iceberg events of 2000 and 2002, J. Mar. Syst., 68, 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2006.11.008

Martinson, 2008, Palmer, Antarctica, Long-Term Ecological Research program first 12 years: physical oceanography, spatio-temporal variability, Deep Sea Res. II, 55, 10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.04.038

Massom, 1997, Winter snow cover on sea ice in the Weddell Sea, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 1101, 10.1029/96JC02992

Massom, 1998, The distribution and formative processes of latent heat polynyas in East Antarctica, Ann. Glaciol., 27, 420, 10.3189/1998AoG27-1-420-426

Massom, 1999, Regional classes of sea ice cover in the East Antarctic pack from satellite and in situ data during the winter time period, Rem. Sens. Environ., 68, 61, 10.1016/S0034-4257(98)00100-X

Massom, 2001, Effects of regional fast-ice and iceberg distributions on the behaviour of the Mertz Glacier polynya, East Antarctica, Ann. Glaciol., 33, 391, 10.3189/172756401781818518

Massom, 2001, Snow on Antarctic sea ice, Rev. Geophys., 39, 413, 10.1029/2000RG000085

Massom, 2006, Extreme anomalous atmospheric circulation in the West Antarctic Peninsula region in austral spring and summer 2001/2, and its profound impact on sea ice and biota, J. Clim., 19, 3544, 10.1175/JCLI3805.1

Massom, 2008, West Antarctic Peninsula sea ice in 2005: extreme ice compaction and ice edge retreat due to strong anomaly with respect to climate, J. Geophys. Res., 113, C02S20, 10.1029/2007JC004239

Massom, 2009, Fast ice distribution in Adélie Land, East Antarctica: interannual variability and implications for emperor penguins (Aptenodytes forsteri), Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser., 374, 243, 10.3354/meps07734

Massom, R.A., O’Farrell, S., Adams, N., Armand, L., Meiners, K., Arrigo, K., Curran, M., Heil, P., Pasquer, B. Observing and modelling Antarctic sea ice habitats. Progr. Oceanogr., in preparation.

Mayewski, 2009, State of the Antarctic and Southern Ocean climate system, Rev. Geophys., 47, RG1003, 10.1029/2007RG000231

Maykut, 1986, The surface heat and mass balance, vol. 146, 395

Maykut, 1971, Some results from a time-dependent thermodynamic model of sea ice, J. Geophys. Res., 76, 1550, 10.1029/JC076i006p01550

McClintock, 2008, Ecological impacts of climate change on the Antarctic Peninsula, Am. Sci., 96, 302, 10.1511/2008.73.3844

McMahon, 2002, Winter distribution and abundance of Crabeater seals off George V Land, East Antarctica, Antartic Sci., 14, 128, 10.1017/S0954102002000688

McMinn, 2000, In situ primary production of an Antarctic fast ice bottom algal community, Aquat. Microb. Ecol., 21, 177, 10.3354/ame021177

McNeil, 2008, Southern Ocean acidification: a tipping point at 450-ppm atmospheric CO2, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 105, 18860, 10.1073/pnas.0806318105

Meredith, 2005, Rapid climate change in the ocean west of the Antarctic Peninsula during the second half of the 20th century, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L19604, 10.1029/2005GL024042

Moline, 2004, Alteration of the food web along the Antarctic Peninsula in response to a regional warming trend, Global Change Biol., 10, 1973, 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00825.x

Moline, 2008, High latitude changes in ice dynamics and their impact on polar marine ecosystems, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 1134, 267, 10.1196/annals.1439.010

Monaghan, 2006, Insignificant change in Antarctic snowfall since the International Geophysical Year, Science, 313, 827, 10.1126/science.1128243

Montes-Hugo, 2009, Recent changes in phytoplankton communities associated with rapid regional climate change along the western Antarctic Peninsula, Science, 323, 1470, 10.1126/science.1164533

Moy, 2009, Reduced calcification in modern Southern Ocean planktonic foraminifera, Nat. Geosci., 2, 276, 10.1038/ngeo460

Murphy, 1995, Temporal variation in Antarctic sea-ice: analysis of a long term fast-ice record from the South Orkney Islands, Deep Sea Res. I, 42, 1045, 10.1016/0967-0637(95)00057-D

Murphy, 1988, Scales of interaction between Antarctic krill and the environment, 120

Murphy, 2007, Climatically driven fluctuations in Southern Ocean ecosystems, Proc. Roy. Soc. B, 274, 3057, 10.1098/rspb.2007.1180

2008, 68

Nicol, 2006, Krill, currents, and sea ice: Euphausia superba and its changing environment, Bioscience, 56, 111, 10.1641/0006-3568(2006)056[0111:KCASIE]2.0.CO;2

Nicol, 2000, Ocean circulation off East Antarctica affects ecosystem structure and sea–ice extent, Nature, 406, 504, 10.1038/35020053

Nicol, 2008, Changes in the Antarctic sea-ice ecosystem: potential effect on krill and baleen whales, Mar. Freshwat. Res., 59, 361, 10.1071/MF07161

Olivier, 2004, Breeding performance variability of snow petrels Pagodroma nivea at Casey (East Antarctica) in relation to large scale environmental factors, Polar Biol., 28, 687, 10.1007/s00300-005-0734-5

Parkinson, 1990, Search for Little Ice Age in Southern Ocean sea-ice records, Ann. Glaciol., 14, 221, 10.1017/S0260305500008624

Parkinson, 2002, Trends in the length of the Southern Ocean sea ice season, 1979–1999, Ann. Glaciol., 34, 435, 10.3189/172756402781817482

Parkinson, 2006, Evaluation of the simulation of the annual cycle of Arctic and Antarctic sea ice coverages by 11 major global climate models, J. Geophys. Res., 111, C07012

Patterson, 2003, The effects of human activity and environmental variability on long-term changes in Adélie penguin populations at Palmer Station, Antarctica, 301

Peck, 2009, Negative feedback in the cold: ice retreat produces new carbon sinks in Antarctica, Global Change Biol.

Perovich, 2001, UV radiation and optical properties of sea ice and snow, 73

Perovich, 2009, Loss of sea ice in the Arctic, Ann. Rev. Mar. Sci., 1, 417, 10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163805

Petrich, 2009, Growth, structure and properties of sea ice, 23

Proffitt, 2007, Exploring linkages between abiotic oceanographic processes and a top-trophic predator in an Antarctic ecosystem, Ecosystems, 10, 119, 10.1007/s10021-006-9003-x

Quetin, 2003, Episodic recruitment in Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba in the Palmer LTER study region, Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser., 259, 185, 10.3354/meps259185

Quetin, 2007, Ecological responses of Antarctic krill to environmental variability: can we predict the future?, Antartic Sci., 19, 1, 10.1017/S0954102007000363

Quetin, 2009, Life under Antarctic pack ice: a krill perspective, 285

Raphael, 2007, The influence of atmospheric zonal wave three on Antarctic sea ice variability, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D12112, 10.1029/2006JD007852

Raymond, 2009, Cumulative solar irradiance and potential large-scale sea ice algae distribution off East Antarctica (30°E–150°E), Polar Biol., 32, 443, 10.1007/s00300-008-0538-5

Rhodes, 2009, Sea ice variability and primary productivity in the Ross Sea, Antarctica, from methylsulphonate snow record, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L10704, 10.1029/2009GL037311

Ribic, 2008, Top predators in relation to bathymetry, ice, and krill during austral winter in Marguerite Bay, Antarctica, Deep Sea Res. II, 55, 485, 10.1016/j.dsr2.2007.11.006

Rignot, 2008, Recent Antarctic ice mass loss from radar interferometry and regional climate modelling, Nat. Geosci., 1, 106, 10.1038/ngeo102

Rintoul, 1998, On the origin and influence of Adélie Land Bottom Water, 151

Rintoul, 2007, Rapid freshening of Antarctic bottom water formed in the Indian and Pacific oceans, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L06606, 10.1029/2006GL028550

Ross, 2004, Growth and behavior of larval krill (Euphausia superba) under the ice in late winter 2001 west of the Antarctic Peninsula, Deep Sea Res. II, 51, 2169, 10.1016/j.dsr2.2004.07.001

Ross, 2008, Palmer LTER: patterns of distribution of 5 dominant zooplankton species in the epipelagic zone west of the Antarctic Peninsula, 1993–2004, Deep Sea Res. II, 55, 10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.04.037

Satoh, 1988, Primary productivity in the fast ice area near Syowa Station, Antarctica, during spring and summer 1983/84, J. Oceanogr. Soc. Jpn, 44, 287, 10.1007/BF02302571

Scambos, 2009, Ice shelf disintegration by plate bending and hydro-fracture: satellite observations and model results of the 2008 Wilkins Ice Shelf break-ups, Earth Planet Sci. Lett., 280, 51, 10.1016/j.epsl.2008.12.027

Scambos, 2003, Climate-induced ice shelf disintegration in the Antarctic Peninsula, 79

Shindell, 2004, Southern Hemisphere climate response to ozone changes and greenhouse gas increases, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, 10.1029/2004GL020724

Simmonds, 1995, Relationships between the interannual variability of Antarctic sea ice and the Southern Oscillation, J. Clim., 8, 637, 10.1175/1520-0442(1995)008<0637:RBTIVO>2.0.CO;2

Simmonds, 2009, Climate change and cetaceans: concerns and recent developments, J. Marine Biol. Assoc. UK, 89, 203, 10.1017/S0025315408003196

Siniff, 2008, Projecting the effects of environmental change on Antarctic seals, Antartic Sci., 20, 425, 10.1017/S0954102008001351

Smale, 2007, The influence of depth, site exposure and season on the intensity of iceberg scouring in nearshore Antarctic waters, Polar Biol., 30, 769, 10.1007/s00300-006-0236-0

Smetacek, 1990, Seasonal and regional variation in the pelagial and its relationship to the life history cycle of krill, 103

Smetacek, 2005, Polar ocean ecosystems in a changing world, Nature, 437, 362, 10.1038/nature04161

Smith, 2003, Climate variability and ecological response of the marine ecosystem in the western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) region, 158

Smith, 2003, Palmer Long-Term Ecological Research on the Antarctic marine ecosystem, 131

Smith, 2008, Influence of sea ice on primary production in the Southern Ocean: a satellite perspective, J. Geophys. Res., 113, C05S93, 10.1029/2007JC004251

Smith, 2007, Trophic interactions within the Ross Sea continental shelf ecosystem, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. B, 362, 95, 10.1098/rstb.2006.1956

Southwell, 2008, Taking account of dependent species in management of the Southern Ocean krill fishery: estimating crabeater seal abundance off East Antarctica, J. Appl. Ecol., 45, 622, 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2007.01399.x

Squire, 2007, Of ocean waves and sea-ice revisited, Cold Regions Sci. Technol., 49, 110, 10.1016/j.coldregions.2007.04.007

Squire, 1986, Surface gravity wave processes in the winter Weddell Sea, Eos Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, 67, 1005

Stammerjohn, 2003, Ice–atmosphere interactions during sea-ice advance and retreat in the western Antarctic Peninsula region, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 10.1029/2002JC001543

Stammerjohn, 2008, Trends in Antarctic annual sea ice retreat and advance and their relation to El Niño–southern oscillation and southern annular mode variability, J. Geophys. Res., 113, C03S90, 10.1029/2007JC004269

Stammerjohn, 2008, Sea ice in the western Antarctic Peninsula region: spatio-temporal variability from ecological and climate change perspectives, Deep Sea Res. II, 55, 10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.04.026

Steig, 2009, Warming of the Antarctic ice-sheet surface since the 1957 International Geophysical Year, Nature, 10.1038/nature07669

Stroeve, 2007, Arctic sea ice decline: faster than forecast, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L09501, 10.1029/2007GL029703

Sturm, 2009, Snow and sea ice, 153

Tamura, 2008, Mapping of sea ice production for Antarctic coastal polynyas, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L07606, 10.1029/2007GL032903

Thomas, 2009, The biogeochemistry of sea ice, 267

Thomas, 1983, Parameters affecting survival of Weddell seal pups (Leptonychotes weddelli) to weaning, Can. J. Zool., 61, 2078, 10.1139/z83-272

Thompson, 2002, Interpretation of recent Southern Hemisphere climate change, Science, 296, 895, 10.1126/science.1069270

Trathan, 2007, Environmental forcing and Southern Ocean marine predator populations: effects of climate change and variability, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. B, 362, 2351, 10.1098/rstb.2006.1953

Tréguer, 2002, Climatic changes and the carbon cycle in the Southern Ocean: a step forward, Deep Sea Res. II, 49, 1597, 10.1016/S0967-0645(02)00002-4

Tremblay, 2007, Phytoplankton processes in polynyas, 239

Turner, 2004, The El Niño Southern Oscillation and Antarctica, Int. J. Climatol., 24, 1, 10.1002/joc.965

2009, 526

Turner, 2009, Non-annular atmospheric circulation change induced by stratospheric ozone depletion and its role in the recent increase of Antarctic sea ice extent, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L08502, 10.1029/2009GL037524

Tynan, 1998, Ecological importance of the southern boundary of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, Nature, 392, 708, 10.1038/33675

Tynan, 2009, Sea ice: A critical habitat for polar marine mammals and birds

Vacchi, 2004, Early life stages in the life cycle of Antarctic silverfish, Pleuragramma antarcticum in Terra Nova Bay, Ross Sea, Antartic Sci., 16, 299, 10.1017/S0954102004002135

van den Broeke, 2006, Snowfall in coastal West Antarctica much greater than previously assumed, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L02505, 10.1029/2005GL025239

Vaughan, 2003, Recent rapid regional climate warming on the Antarctic Peninsula, Clim. Change, 60, 243, 10.1023/A:1026021217991

Vernet, 2008, Primary production within the sea-ice zone west of the Antarctic Peninsula: sea ice, summer mixed layer, and irradiance, Deep Sea Res. II, 55, 10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.05.021

Wadhams, 2000

Weeks, 1986, Growth, structure and properties of sea ice, vol. 146, 9

Weimerskirch, 2003, Trends in bird and seal populations as indicators of a system shift in the Southern Ocean, Antartic Sci., 15, 249, 10.1017/S0954102003001202

Wilson, 2001, Adélie penguin population change in the Pacific sector of Antarctica: relation to sea-ice extent and the Antarctic circumpolar current, Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser., 213, 301, 10.3354/meps213301

Woehler, 1994, Impacts of human visitors on breeding success and long-term population trends in Adélie penguins at Casey, Antarctica, Polar Biol., 14, 269, 10.1007/BF00239175

Worby, 2004, Studies of the Antarctic sea ice edge and ice extent from satellite and ship observations, Rem. Sens. Environ., 92, 98, 10.1016/j.rse.2004.05.007

Worby, 2008, Evaluation of AMSR-E snow depth product over East Antarctic sea ice using in situ measurements and aerial photography, J. Geophys. Res., 113, C05S94, 10.1029/2007JC004181

Wu, 1999, Simulations of southern hemisphere warming and Antarctic sea-ice changes using global climate models, Ann. Glaciol., 29, 61, 10.3189/172756499781821517

Wu, 1999, The effect of snow on Antarctic sea ice simulations in a coupled atmosphere-sea ice model, Clim. Dynam., 15, 127, 10.1007/s003820050272

Yuan, 2004, ENSO-related impacts on Antarctic sea ice: a synthesis of phenomenon and mechanisms, Antartic Sci., 16, 415, 10.1017/S0954102004002238

Zhang, 2007, Increasing Antarctic sea ice under warming atmospheric and oceanic conditions, J. Clim., 20, 2515, 10.1175/JCLI4136.1

Zwally, 2008, ICESat measurements of sea ice freeboard and estimates of sea ice thickness in the Weddell Sea, J. Geophys. Res., 113, C02S15, 10.1029/2007JC004284