Annotated Z bibliography

Abowd, 1993, Using style to understand descriptions of software architectures, ACM Software Engineering Notes, Vol 18, 9, 10.1145/167049.167055 Abowd, 1989, User interface languages: a survey of existing methods Abrial, 1988, The B tool, Vol 328, 86 Abrial, 1991, The B method for large software, specification, design and coding (abstract), Vol 552, 398 Abrial, J-R The B-Book. Cambridge University Press (To appear) Ainsworth, 1994, Viewpoint specification and Z, Information and Software Technology, Vol 36, 43, 10.1016/0950-5849(94)90007-8 Alencar, 1991, OOZE: an object-oriented Z environment, Vol 512, 180 Ammann, 1993, Functional and test specifications for the Mistix file system Ammann, 1993, Using formal methods to mechanize category-partition testing Arnold, 1987, An approach to the formal specification of configurable models of graphics systems, 439 Arnold, 1988, Configuring graphics systems components, IEE/BCS Software Engineering Journal, Vol 3, 248, 10.1049/sej.1988.0032 Arthan, 1991, Formal specification of a proof tool, Vol 551, 356 Arthan, 1992, sOn free type definitions in Z, 40 Aujila, 1993, A rigorous review technique: using formal notations within conventional development methods, 247 Austin, 1993, Formal methods: a survey Bailes, 1991, The ecology of class refinement, 185 Bainbridge, 1991, Obtaining structural metrics of Z specifications for systems development, 269 Barden, 1993, Support for using Z, 255 Barden, 1992, The use of Z, 99 Barden, 1994, Z in Practice Barrett, 1989, Formal methods applied to a floating-point number system, IEEE Transactions of Software Engineering, Vol 15, 611, 10.1109/32.24710 Barroca, 1992, Formal methods: use and relevance for the development of safety-critical systems, The Computer Journal, Vol 35, 579, 10.1093/comjnl/35.6.579 Baumann, 1994, Z and natural semantics, 168 Benjamin, 1990, A message passing system: an example of combining CSP and Z, 221 Benveniste, 1991, Writing operational semantics in Z: a structural approach, Vol 551, 164 Bera, 1988, Structuring for the VDM specification language, Vol 328, 2 1990, Vol 428 1990 1988, Vol 328 1988 Bowen, 1987, Formal specification and documentation of microprocessor instruction sets, Microprocessing and Microprogramming, Vol 21, 223, 10.1016/0165-6074(87)90042-1 Bowen, 1987, The formal specification of a microprocessor instruction set Bowen, 1989, Formal specification of window systems Bowen, 1989, POS: Formal specification of a UNIX tool, IEE/BCS Software Engineering Journal, Vol 4, 67, 10.1049/sej.1989.0008 Bowen, 1990, Formal specification of the ProCoS/safemos instruction set, Microprocessors and Microsystems, Vol 14, 631, 10.1016/0141-9331(90)90038-W Shepherd, 1990, Verified microcode design, Microprocessors and Microsystems, Vol 14, 623, 10.1016/0141-9331(90)90037-V Bowen, 1992, X: Why Z?, Vol 11, 221 Bowen, 1993, Formal methods in safety-critical standards, 168 Bowen, 1993, Formal specifications in software maintenance: from code to Z++ and back again, Information and Software Technology, Vol 35, 679, 10.1016/0950-5849(93)90083-F Bowen, 1994, Z and HOL, 141 1994 Bowen, 1994, Formal methods and safety-critical standards, IEEE Computer, Vol 27, 68 Bowen, 1994, Seven more myths of formal methods Bowen, 1994, Seven more myths of formal methods: dispelling industrial prejudices, Vol 873, 105 Bowen, 1994, Ten commandments of formal methods 1995 1993 Bowen, 1993, The industrial take-up of formal methods in safety-critical and other areas: a perspective, Vol 670, 183 Bowen, 1993, Safety-critical systems, formal methods and standards, IEE/BCS Software Engineering Journal, Vol 8, 189, 10.1049/sej.1993.0025 Bowen, 1994, Comp.specification.z and Z FORUM frequently asked questions, 397 Bowen, 1994, Select Z bibliography, 359 Bradley, 1993, Requirements for Defence Standard 00-55, 93 Breuer, 1991, Z! in progress: maintaining Z specifications, 295 Breuer, 1994, Towards correct executable semantics for Z, 185 Brien, 1992, Z base standard Brown, 1987, The Event Queue: an extensible input system for UNIX workstations, 29 Brownbridge, 1990, Using Z to develop a CASE toolset, 142 Bryant, 1990, Structured methodologies and formal notations: developing a framework for synthesis and investigation, 229 Butcher, 1991, A behavioural semantics for Linda-2, IEE/BCS Software Engineering Journal, Vol 6, 196, 10.1049/sej.1991.0023 Butler, 1991, Service extension at the specification level, 319 Carrington, 1992, ZOOM workshop report, 352 Carrington, 1990, Object-Z: an object-oriented extension to Z, 281 Carrington, 1994, A tale of two paradigms: formal methods and software testing, 51 Chalin, 1990, Z specification of an object manager, Vol 428, 41 Chan, 1994, An object-oriented data model supporting multi-methods, multiple inheritance, and static type checking: a specification in Z, 297 Cohen, 1989, Justification of formal methods for system specifications and a rejustification of formal notations, IEE/BCS Software Engineering Journal, Vol 4, 26, 10.1049/sej.1989.0004 Collings, 1991, Introducing formal methods: the CICS experience with Z Coombes, 1991, A tool for defining the architecture of Z specifications, 77 Coombes, 1992, Specifying temporal requirements for distributed real-time systems in Z Coombes, 1993, Using diagrams to give a formal specification of timing constraints in Z, 119 Cooper, 1990, Educating management in Z, 192 Cordeiro, 1994, From MooZ to Eiffel—a rigorous approach to system development, Vol 873, 306 Craig, 1991, The formal specification of advanced AI architectures Craigen, 1993, An international survey of industrial applications of formal methods, 1 Craigen, 1993, Formal methods reality check: industrial usage, Vol 670, 250 Craigen, 1993, An international survey of industrial applications of formal methods, 10.1007/978-1-4471-3556-2_1 Craigen, 1991, EVES: an overview, Vol 551, 389 Cusack, 1991, Inheritance in object oriented Z, Vol 512, 167 Cusack, 1993, Using Z in communications engineering, 196 Cusack, 1993, Deriving tests for objects specified in Z, 180 de Barros, 1994, Deriving relational database programs from formal specifications, Vol 873, 703 de Barros, 1992, A method for the specification of relational database applications, 261 Dehbonei, 1994, Formal methods in the railways signalling industry, Vol 873, 26 Delisle, 1989, Formally specifying electronic instruments Also published in ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes Vol 14 No 3 Delisle, 1990, A formal specification of an oscilloscope, IEEE Software, Vol 7, 29, 10.1109/52.57890 Di Giovanni, 1990, HOOD and Z for the development of complex systems, Vol 428, 262 Dick, 1990, Computer aided transformation of Z into Prolog, 71 Diller, 1992, Z and Hoare logics, 59 Diller, 1994 Diller, 1994, Z and abstract machine notation: a comparison, 250 Dix, 1993 Doma, 1991, EZ: a system for automatic prototyping of Z specifications, Vol 551, 189 Draper, 1993, Practical experiences of Z and SSADM, 240 Duce, 1994, PREMO—an initial approach to a formal definition, Vol 13, C-393 Duke, 1992, Enhancing the structures of Z specifications, 329 Duke, 1990, Towards a semantics for Object-Z, Vol 428, 244 Duke, 1990, Aspects of object-oriented formal specification, 21 Duke, 1988, Protocol specification and verification using Z, 33 Duke, 1991, The Object-Z specification language, 465 Duke, 1991, The Object-Z specification language: Version 1 Duke, 1990, Object-oriented protocol specification, 325 Duke, 1989, Temporal logic and Z specifications, Australian Computer Journal, Vol 21, 62 Engel, 1994, Specifying real-time systems with Z and the Duration Calculus, 282 Evans, 1994, Specifying and verifying concurrent systems using Z, Vol 873, 366 Evans, 1994, Visualizing concurrent Z specifications, 269 Fencott, 1994, Formalizing the semantics of Ward/Mellor SA/RT essential models using a process algebra, Vol 873, 681 Fenton, 1988, A note on the use of Z for flowgraph transformation, Information and Software Technology, Vol 30, 432, 10.1016/0950-5849(88)90040-7 Fergus, 1990, Z specifications and modal logic, Vol 1 Fidge, 1992, Specification and verification of real-time behaviour using Z and RTL, 393 Fidge, 1993, Real-time refinement, Vol 670, 314 Fidge, 1994, Adding real-time to formal program development, Vol 873, 618 Fidge, 1994, Proof obligations for real-time refinement, 279 Flynn, 1990, Formalizer—an interactive support tool for Z, 128 Fuchs, 1992, Specifications are (preferably) executable, IEE/BCS Software Engineering Journal, Vol 7, 323, 10.1049/sej.1992.0033 Gardiner, 1991, A simpler semantics for Z, 3 Garlan, 1994, Integrating formal methods into a professional master of software engineering program, 71 Garlan, 1990, Formal specifications as reusable frameworks, Vol 428, 150 Garlan, 1991, Formalizing design spaces: implicit invocation mechanisms, Vol 551, 31 Gerhart, 1990, Applications of formal methods: developing virtuoso software, IEEE Software, Vol 7, 6 Gerhart, 1993, Observations on industrial practice using formal methods Gerhart, 1994, Experience with formal methods in critical systems, IEEE Software, Vol 11, 21, 10.1109/52.251198 Gilmore, 1991, Correctness-oriented approaches to software development Goodman, 1993, Animating Z specifications in Haskell using a monad Gotzhein, 1990, Specifying open distributed systems with Z, Vol 428, 319 Gravell, 1990, Minimization in formal specification and design, 32 Gravell, 1991, What is a good formal specification?, 137 Hall, 1990, Seven myths of formal methods, IEEE Software, Vol 7, 11, 10.1109/52.57887 Hall, 1990, Using Z as a specification calculus for object-oriented systems, Vol 428, 290 Hall, 1994, Specifying and interpreting class hierarchies in Z, 120 Hall, 1994, Towards a Z method: axiomatic specification in Z, 213 Hall, 1988, Towards testing with respect to formal specification, 159 Hammond, 1994, Producing Z specifications from object-oriented analysis, 316 Harrison, 1992, Engineering human-error tolerant software, 191 Hasselbring, 1994, Animation of Object-Z specifications with a set-oriented prototyping language, 337 Haughton, 1991, Using Z to model and analyse safety and liveness properties of communication protocols, Information and Software Technology, Vol 33, 575, 10.1016/0950-5849(91)90116-S Hayes, 1986, Specification directed module testing, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, Vol 12, 124, 10.1109/TSE.1986.6312926 Hayes, 1990, A generalization of bags in Z, 113 Hayes, 1990, Specifying physical limitations: a case study of an oscilloscope Hayes, 1991, Interpretations of Z schema operators, 12 Hayes, 1992, Multi-relations in Z: a cross between multisets and binary relations, Acta Informatica, Vol 29, 33, 10.1007/BF01178565 Hayes, 1992, VDM and Z: a comparative case study, Formal Aspects of Computing, Vol 4, 76, 10.1007/BF01214957 1993 Hayes, 1989, Specifications are not (necessarily) executable, IEE/BCS Software Engineering Journal, Vol 4, 330, 10.1049/sej.1989.0045 Hayes, 1993, 'Understanding the differences between VDM and Z, FACS Europe Series I, Vol 1, 7 1993 Hayes, 1993, Towards libraries for Z, 9 Jifeng, 1994, Provably correct systems, Vol 863, 288 Jifeng, 1986, Data refinement refined, Vol 213, 187 Hepworth, 1990, ZIP: A unification initiative for Z standards, methods and tools, 253 Hepworth, 1991, The ZIP project, 129 Houston, 1991, CICS project report: experiences and results from the use of Z in IBM, Vol 551, 588 Iachini, 1991, Operation schema iterations, 50 Imperato, 1991 Ince, 1993, An introduction to discrete mathematics, formal system specification and Z, 10.1093/oso/9780198538370.001.0001 Jackson, 1994, Abstract model checking of infinite specifications, Vol 873, 519 Jacky, 1990, Formal specifications for a clinical cyclotron control system, ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes, Vol 15, 45, 10.1145/99571.99814 Jacky, 1993, Formal specification and development of control system input/output, 95 Jacky, 1993, Specifying a safety-critical control system in Z, Vol 670, 388 Jacob, 1991, The varieties of refinements, 441 Johnson, 1991, Applying temporal logic to support the specification and prototyping of concurrent multiuser interfaces, 145 Johnson, 1991, Declarative graphics and dynamic interaction, 195 Johnson, 1990, From Z specifications to functional implementations, 86 Jones, 1991, Interference revisited, 58 1992 Jones, 1992, ICL ProofPower, BCS FACS FACTS, Series III, Vol 1, 10 Jordan, 1991, CADiZ—computer aided design in Z, 93 Josephs, 1988, The data refinement calculator for Z specifications, Information Processing Letters, Vol 27, 29, 10.1016/0020-0190(88)90078-6 Josephs, 1988, A state-based approach to communicating processes, Distributed Computing, Vol 3, 9, 10.1007/BF01788563 Josephs, 1991, Specifying reactive systems in Z Josephs, 1991, Entity-relationship models expressed in Z: a synthesis of structured and formal methods Kemp, 1988, Specification of Viper 1 in Z Kemp, 1988, Specification of Viper 2 in Z King, 1990 King, 1990, Z and the refinement calculus, Vol 428, 164 King, 1990 King, 1989, Specification and design of a library system Knight, 1993, Preliminary experience using Z to specify a safety-critical system, 109 Knight, 1994, Critical task of writing dependable software, IEEE Software, Vol 11, 16, 10.1109/52.251196 Lamport, 1986 Lamport, 1994, TLZ, 267 Lano, 1991, Z++, an object-orientated extension to Z, 151 Lano, 1994, Refinement in object-oriented specification languages, 236 Lano, 1990, From programs to Z specifications, 46 Lano, 1992, An algebraic semantics for the specification language Z++, Lano, 1992, Reasoning and refinement in object-oriented specification languages, Vol 615, 78 1993 Lano, 1993, Reuse and adaptation of Z specifications, 62 Lightfoot, 1991 Lindsay, 1993, Reasoning about Z specifications: a VDM perspective Lindsay, 1994, On transferring VDM verification techniques to Z, Vol 873, 190 Lindsay, 1994 Lindsay, 1994, Case studies in the verification of specifications in VDM and Z Love, 1993, Animating Z specifications in SQL∗Forms 3.0, 294 Lupton, 1991, Promoting forward simulation, 27 Macdonald, 1991, Z usage and abusage Mahony, 1991, A case-study in timed refinement: a central heater, 138 Mahony, 1992, A case-study in timed refinement: a mine pump, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, Vol 18, 817, 10.1109/32.159841 Mahony, 1993, A boiler control system: a case-study in timed refinement Martin, 1993, Encoding W: a logic for Z in 2OBJ, Vol 670, 462 Mataga, 1994, Formal specification of telephone features, 29 Maung, 1993, Introducing Hyper-Z—a new approach to object orientation in Z, 149 May, 1990, Use of formal methods by a silicon manufacturer, 107 May, 1992, Designing chips that work, 3 May, 1987, Verification of the IMS T800 microprocessor, 605 McDermid, 1989, Special section on Z, IEE/BCS Software Engineering Journal, Vol 4, 25, 10.1049/sej.1989.0003 1989 McDermid, 1993, Formal methods: use and relevance for the development of safety critical systems McMorran, 1993 Meira, 1991, Modular objectoriented Z specifications, 173 Meyer, 1985, On formalism in specifications, IEEE Software, Vol 2, 6, 10.1109/MS.1985.229776 Moffett, 1991, A case study representing a model: to Z or not to Z?, 254 Monahan, 1991, Model-based specifications, 10.1016/B978-0-7506-0813-8.50028-9 Morgan, 1994, Programming from specifications, Prentice-Hall International Series in Computer Science Morgan, 1989, Laws of the logical calculi Morgan, 1984, Specification of the Unix filing system, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, Vol 10, 128, 10.1109/TSE.1984.5010215 1994 1991 The workshop was held at the IBM Laboratories, Hursley Park, UK, 9–11 January 1990. See258 1991 1994, Vol 873 Narayana, 1990, Formal specification of a look manager, IEEE Transactions of Software Engineering, Vol 16, 1089, 10.1109/32.58792 Narayana, 1990, Invariant properties in a dialog system, ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes, Vol 15, 67, 10.1145/99571.99818 Nash, 1990, Using Z to describe large systems, 150 Nehlig, 1994, GKS-9x: the design output primitive, an approach to specification, Vol 13, C-381 Neilson, 1989, Hierarchical refinement of a Z specification Neilson, D S ‘From Z to C: illustration of a rigorous development method’ Neilson, 1990 Neilson, 1991, Machine support for Z: the zedB tool, 105 Neilson, 1992, zedB: a proof tool for Z built on B, 243 1990 Nicholls, 1991, A survey of Z courses in the UK, 343 1991 Nicholls, 1992, Domains of application for formal methods, 145 1992 Nicholls, 1993, Plain guide to the Z base standard, 52 Nix, 1988, The use of software engineering, including the Z notation, in the development of CICS, Quality Assurance, Vol 14, 103 Norcliffe, 1991, Mathematics for software construction Norcliffe, 1991, A video-based training course in reading Z specifications, 337 Norcliffe, 1992, Z readers video course Normington, 1993, Cleanroom and Z, 281 Oakley, 1990, The state of use of formal methods, 1 Parker, 1991, Z tools catalogue Phillips, 1990, CICS/ESA 3.1 experiences, 179 Pilling, 1990, Formal specifications and proofs of inheritance protocols for real-time scheduling, IEE/BCS Software Engineering Journal, Vol 5, 263, 10.1049/sej.1990.0029 Place, 1993, Safety-critical software: status report and annotated bibliography, 10.21236/ADA266993 Polack, 1994, Software quality assurance using the SAZ method, 230 Polack, 1992, Structured analysis—a draft method for writing Z specifications, 261 Polack, 1990, The SAZ project: integrating SSADM and Z, 541 Potter, 1991, An introduction to formal specification and Z, Prentice-Hall International Series in Computer Science 1991, Vol 551 1991, Vol 552 1991, Vol 552 1991, Vol 551 Rafsanjani, 1993, From Object-Z to C++: a structural mapping, 166 Randell, 1991, Data flow diagrams and Z, 216 Randell, 1992, Improving the translation from data flow diagrams into Z by incorporating the data dictionary Ratcliff, 1994, Introducing specification using Z: a practical case study approach Reizer, 1994, Using formal methods for requirements specification of a proposed POSIX standard Ritchie, 1994, Experiences in using the abstract machine notation in a GKS case study, Vol 873, 93 Ruddle, 1993, Formal methods in the specification of real-time, safety-critical control systems, 131 Saaltink, 1992, Z and Eves, 223 Saiedian, 1992, The mathematics of computing, Journal of Computer Science Education, Vol 3, 203, 10.1080/0899340920030302 Sampaio, 1990, Modular extensions to Z, Vol 428, 211 Schuman, 1987, Object-oriented subsystem specification, 313 Schuman, 1990, Object-oriented process specification, 21, 10.1007/978-1-4471-3534-0_2 Semmens, 1991, Using Yourdon and Z: an approach to formal specification, 228 Semmens, 1992, Integrated structured analysis and formal specification techniques, The Computer Journal, Vol 35, 600, 10.1093/comjnl/35.6.600 Sennett, 1991, Using refinement to convince: lessons learned from a case study, 172 Sennett, 1992, Demonstrating the compliance of Ada programs with Z specifications Shepherd, 1990, Verified microcode design, Microprocessors and Microsystems, Vol 14, 623, 10.1016/0141-9331(90)90037-V Bowen, 1990, Formal specification of the ProCoS/safemos instruction set, Microprocessors and Microsystems, Vol 14, 631, 10.1016/0141-9331(90)90038-W Shepherd, 1989, Making chips that work, New Scientist, 1664, 61 Smith, 1990, The Knuth-Bendix completion algorithm and its specification in Z, 195 Smith, 1992, On recursive free types in Z, 3 Smith, 1992, An object-oriented approach to formal specification Smith, 1994, An object-oriented development framework for Z, 89 Smith, 1990, Modelling a cache coherence protocol using Object-Z, 352 Smith, 1991, The formal development of a secure transaction mechanism, Vol 551, 457 Spivey, 1988, Understanding Z: a specification language and its formal semantics, Vol 3 Spivey, 1989, An introduction to Z and formal specifications, IEE/BCS Software Engineering Journal, Vol 4, 40, 10.1049/sej.1989.0006 Spivey, 1990 Spivey, 1990, Specifying a real-time kernel, IEEE Software, Vol 7, 21, 10.1109/52.57889 Spivey, 1992 Spivey, 1992, The Z Notation: A Reference Manual, Prentice-Hall International Series in Computer Science Brien, 1992, Z base standard Spivey, 1990, Type inference in Z, 6 Spivey, 1990, Type inference in Z, Vol 428, 426 Stepney, 1993 Stepney, 1993, Annotated Z bibliography, Bulletin of the European Association of Theoretical Computer Science, Vol 50, 280 1992 Stepney, 1992, A survey of object orientation in Z, IEE/BCS Software Engineering Journal, Vol 7, 150, 10.1049/sej.1992.0016 Stepney, 1987, Formal specification of an access control system, Software—Practice and Experience, Vol 17, 575, 10.1002/spe.4380170903 Stocks, 1993, Applying formal methods to software testing Stocks, 1991, Deriving software test cases from formal specifications, 327 Stocks, 1993, Test template framework: a specification-based testing case study, 11 Stocks, 1993, Test templates: a specification-based testing framework, 405 Storey, 1994, A strategy for the production of verifiable code using the B method, Vol 873, 346 Sufrin, 1986, Formal methods and the design of effective user interfaces Sufrin, 1986, Formal specification of a display-oriented editor, 223 Sufrin, 1982, Science of Computer Programming, Vol 1, 157, 10.1016/0167-6423(82)90014-4 Sufrin, 1989, Effective industrial application of formal methods, 61 Sufrin, 1990, Specification, analysis and refinement of interactive processes, Vol 2, 153 Swatman, 1993, Using formal specification in the acquisition of information systems: educating information systems professionals, 205 Swatman, 1992, Extending the useful application domain for formal methods, 125 1994 Till, 1987, The specification in Z of gateway functions within a communications network Took, 1986, The presenter—a formal design for an autonomous display manager, 151 Toyn, 1993, CADiZ: an architecture for Z tools and its implementation Valentine, 1992, Z--, an executable subset of Z, 157 Valentine, 1993, Putting numbers into the mathematical toolkit, 9 van Diepen, 1990, A formal semantics for Z and the link between Z and the relational algebra, Vol 428, 526 van Hee, 1991, Z and high level Petri nets, Vol 551, 204 West, 1992, Software development: two approaches to animation of Z specifications using Prolog, IEE/BCS Software Engineering Journal, Vol 7, 264, 10.1049/sej.1992.0027 Wezeman, 1994, Z for managed objects, 108 Whitty, 1990, Structural metrics for Z specifications, 186 Whysall, 1991, An approach to object-oriented specification using Z, 193 Whysall, 1991, Object-oriented specification and refinement, 151 Wing, 1990, A specifier's introduction to formal methods, IEEE Computer, Vol 23, 8, 10.1109/2.58215 Wing, 1991, Unintrusive ways to integrate formal specifications in practice, Vol 551, 545 Wood, 1991, The elusive software refinery: a case study in program development, 281 Wood, 1993, A practical approach to software engineering using Z and the refinement calculus, ACM Software Engineering Notes, Vol 18, 79, 10.1145/167049.167068 Woodcock, 1989, Calculating properties of Z specifications, ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes, Vol 14, 43, 10.1145/71633.71634 Woodcock, 1989, Mathematics as a management tool: proof rules for promotion Woodcock, 1989, Structuring specifications in Z, IEE/BCS Software Engineering Journal, Vol 4, 51, 10.1049/sej.1989.0007 Woodcock, 1991, Implementing promoted operations in Z, 366 Woodcock, 1991, A tutorial on the refinement calculus, Vol 552, 79 Woodcock, 1992, W: a logic for Z, 77 Woodcock, 1994, The formal specification in Z of Defence Standard 00-56, 9 1993, Vol 670 Woodcock, 1988 Woodcock, 1990, Refinement of state-based concurrent systems, Vol 428, 340 Worden, 1994, Fermenting and distilling, 1 Wordsworth, 1991, The CICS application programming interface definition, 285 Wordsworth, 1992 Xiaoping, 1994 Zave, 1991, Techniques for partial specification and specification of switching systems, Vol 551, 511 Zave, 1992, Techniques for partial specification and specification of switching systems, 205 Zhang, 1991, EMS: case study in methodology for designing knowledge-based systems and information systems, Information and Software Technology, Vol 33, 518, 10.1016/0950-5849(91)90096-T