Angiotensin antagonists and renal ischemia/reperfusion: Possible modulation by l-carnitine

Yamashita, 2001, Pre- or post-ischemic treatment with a novel Na+/Ca2+ exchange inhibitor, KB-R7943, shows renal protective effects in rats with ischemic acute renal failure, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 296, 412 Wolf, 2003, The renin–angiotensin system and progression of renal disease: from hemodynamics to cell biology, Nephron Physiol, 93, 3, 10.1159/000066656 De Jong, 1998, Renal injury from angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitors, 239 Lopau, 2001, Haemodynamic effects of valsartan in acute renal ischemia/reperfusion injury, Nephrol Dial Transplant, 16, 1592, 10.1093/ndt/16.8.1592 Treem, 1988, Primary carnitine deficiency due to a failure of carnitine transport in kidney, muscle, and fibroblasts, N Engl J Med, 319, 1331, 10.1056/NEJM198811173192006 Burchill, 2008, Acute kidney injury in the rat causes cardiac remodeling and increases angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 expression, Exp Physiol, 93, 622, 10.1113/expphysiol.2007.040386 Seujang, 2006, Lipid peroxidation and renal injury in renal ischemic reperfusion: effect of angiotensin inhibition, J Med Assoc Thai, 89, 1686 Canbaz, 2007, The effects of exogenous l-carnitine on lipid peroxidation and tissue damage in an experimental warm hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury model, Curr Ther Res, 68, 32, 10.1016/j.curtheres.2007.02.002 Mohamed, 2011, Effects of renal ischemia reperfusion on brain, liver and kidney tissues in adult male rats, Life Sci J, 8, 204 Drury, 1980 Ahmed, 1991, Studies on the mechanism of haloacetonitrile-induced gastrointestinal toxicity: interaction of dibromoacetonitrile with glutathione and glutathione-S-transferase in rats, J Biochem Toxicol, 6, 115, 10.1002/jbt.2570060205 Marklund, 1974, Involvement of the superoxide anion radical in the autoxidation of pyrogallol and a convenient assay for superoxide dismutase, Eur J Biochem, 47, 469, 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1974.tb03714.x Miranda, 2001, A rapid, simple spectrophotometric method for simultaneous detection of nitrate and nitrite, Nitric Oxide, 5, 62, 10.1006/niox.2000.0319 Manktelow, 1986, Lack of correlation between decreases chemotaxis and susceptibility to infection in burned rats, J Trauma, 26, 143, 10.1097/00005373-198602000-00008 Prieto, 2006, Determination of free and total carnitine in plasma by an enzymatic reaction and spectrophotometric quantitation spectrophotometric determination of carnitine, Clin Biochem, 39, 1022, 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2006.06.005 Sener, 2005, Ginkgo biloba extract ameliorates ischemia reperfusion-induced renal injury in rats, Pharmacol Res, 52, 216, 10.1016/j.phrs.2005.03.006 Tugtepe, 2007, The protective effect of oxytocin on renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats, Regul Pept, 140, 101, 10.1016/j.regpep.2006.11.026 Sener, 2006, Resveratrol improves ischemia/reperfusion-induced oxidative renal injury in rats, Arch Med Res, 37, 822, 10.1016/j.arcmed.2006.04.003 Feng, 2011, The protective mechanism of ligustrazine against renal ischemia/reperfusion injury, J Surg Res, 166, 298, 10.1016/j.jss.2009.04.005 Jassem, 2004, The role of mitochondria in ischemia/reperfusion injury in organ transplantation, Kidney Int, 66, 514, 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.761_9.x Awad, 2011, Curcumin immune-mediated and anti-apoptotic mechanisms protect against renal ischemia/reperfusion and distant organ induced injuries, Int Immunopharmacol, 11, 992, 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.02.015 Kim, 2010, Selective renal overexpression of human heat shock protein 27 reduces renal ischemia–reperfusion injury in mice, Am J Physiol Ren Physiol, 299, 347, 10.1152/ajprenal.00194.2010 Dobashi, 2000, Kidney ischemia – reperfusion: modulation of antioxidant defenses, Mol Cell Biochem, 205, 1, 10.1023/A:1007047505107 Gurela, 2004, Protective role of α-tocopherol and caffeic acid phenethyl ester on ischemia–reperfusion injury via nitric oxide and myeloperoxidase in rat kidneys, Clin Chim Acta, 339, 33, 10.1016/j.cccn.2003.09.013 Lieberthal, 1989, Renal ischemia and reperfusion impair endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation, Am J Physiol, 256, 894 Vallance, 1992, Accumulation of an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide synthesis in chronic renal failure, Lancet, 339, 572, 10.1016/0140-6736(92)90865-Z Radermacher, 1992, Importance of NO/EDRF for glomerular and tubular function: studies in the isolated perfused rat kidney, Kidney Int, 41, 1549, 10.1038/ki.1992.225 Aleisa, 2007, Reversal of cisplatin-induced carnitine deficiency and energy starvation by propionyl-l-carnitine in rat kidney tissues, Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol, 34, 1252, 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2007.04714.x Venkatachalam, 1978, Ischemic damage and repair in the rat proximal tubule: differences among the S1, S2 and S3 segments, Kidney Int, 14, 31, 10.1038/ki.1978.87 Heuberger, 1998, Increased urinary excretion of carnitine in patients treated with cisplatin, Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 54, 503, 10.1007/s002280050504 Demeilliers, 1995, Renal function in one kidney, one clip Na+ restricted rats: influence of enalapril and losartan, J Hypertens, 13, 1764, 10.1097/00004872-199512010-00047 Helmchen, 1982, Contrasting renal effects of different antihypertensive agents in hypertensive rats with bilaterally constricted renal arteries, Kidney Int, 198 Mii, 2009, Angiotensin II receptor blockade inhibits acute glomerular injuries with the alteration of receptor expression, Lab Invest, 89, 164, 10.1038/labinvest.2008.128 Jaimes, 1998, Angiotensin II induces superoxide anion production by mesangial cells, Kidney Int, 54, 775, 10.1046/j.1523-1755.1998.00068.x Kupatt, 1997, ACE-inhibition prevents postischemic coronary leukocyte adhesion and leukocyte-dependent reperfusion injury, Cardiovasc Res, 36, 386, 10.1016/S0008-6363(97)00191-0 Krámer, 2002, Angiotensin II receptor-Independent anti-inflammatory and antiaggregatory properties of losartan, Circ Res, 90, 770, 10.1161/01.RES.0000014434.48463.35 Cachofeiro, 1992, Kinins, nitric oxide, and the hypotensive effect of captopril and ramiprilat in hypertension, Hypertension, 19, 138, 10.1161/01.HYP.19.2.138 Gonzalez, 2001, Effect of chronic angiotensin II inhibition on the nitric oxide synthase in the normal rat during aging, J Hypertens, 19, 1403, 10.1097/00004872-200108000-00008 Nakayama, 2005, Increased expression of NAD(P)H oxidase in islets of animal models of type 2 diabetes and its improvement by an AT1 receptor antagonist, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 332, 927, 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.05.065 Gryglewski, 1986, Superoxide anion is involved in the breakdown of endothelium-derived vascular relaxing factor, Nature, 320, 454, 10.1038/320454a0 Mister, 2002, Propionyl-l-carnitine prevents renal function deterioration due to ischemia/reperfusion, Kidney Int, 61, 1064, 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2002.00212.x Ahmad, 1990, Multicenter trial of l-carnitine in maintenance hemodialysis patients. II. Clinical and biochemical effects, Kidney Int, 38, 912, 10.1038/ki.1990.290 Chang, 2002, l-carnitine inhibits cisplatin-induced injury of the kidney and small intestine, Arch Biochem Biophys, 405, 55, 10.1016/S0003-9861(02)00342-9 Stanley, 2004, Carnitine deficiency disorders in children, Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1033, 42, 10.1196/annals.1320.004 Gorur, 2005, Protective effect of l-carnitine on renal ischemia reperfusion injury in the rat, Cell Biochem Funct, 23, 151, 10.1002/cbf.1159 Landmesser, 2001, Oxidant stress as a marker for cardiovascular events. Ox marks the spot, Circulation, 104, 2638, 10.1161/circ.104.22.2638