Analysis of an automotive coil spring fracture

Bartolozzi, 2011, Stiffness and strength aspects in the design of automotive coil springs for McPherson front suspensions: a case study, Proc. Instit. Mech. Engineers, Part D: J. Automobile Eng., 225, 1377 Yamada, 2007 Goto, 2011, Aluminum Sheet Material Technology Supporting the Weight Reduction of a Car Body, Int. J. Automotive Eng., 2, 81, 10.20485/jsaeijae.2.3_81 Copeland, 2013, Weight reduction and improved performance in automotive applications, Plast. Eng., 69, 44, 10.1002/j.1941-9635.2013.tb01090.x Wang, 2018, Structure-material-performance integration lightweight optimisation design for frontal bumper system, Int. J. Crashworthiness, 23, 311, 10.1080/13588265.2017.1317468 Malnati, 2016, Automotive composites: mass reduction for mass production: reinforced plastics lower weight, improve handling and performance, and boost safety on passenger cars, Plast. Eng., 72, 22, 10.1002/j.1941-9635.2016.tb01583.x Prawoto, 2008, Design and failure modes of automotive suspension springs, Eng. Fail. Anal., 15, 1155, 10.1016/j.engfailanal.2007.11.003 Kosec, 2015, Failure analysis of a motor-car coil spring, Case Stud. Eng. Fail. Anal., 4, 100, 10.1016/j.csefa.2013.12.004 Vukelic, 2016, Failure analysis of a motor vehicle coil spring, Procedia Struct. Integrity, 2, 2944, 10.1016/j.prostr.2016.06.368 Pastorcic, 2019, Coil spring failure and fatigue analysis, Eng. Fail. Anal., 99, 310, 10.1016/j.engfailanal.2019.02.017 Maciejewski, 2014, Spring Fatigue Fractures Due to Microstructural Changes in Service, J. Fail. Anal. Prev., 14, 148, 10.1007/s11668-014-9783-9 Schroeder, 2013, Metallurgical Failure Analysis of a Fractured Sleet Scraper Spring, J. Fail. Anal. Preven., 13, 555, 10.1007/s11668-013-9716-z Rocha, 2021, Fracture failure analysis in compression spring of a wagon torpedo, Eng. Fail. Anal., 122, 10.1016/j.engfailanal.2021.105245 Das, 2018, Breakage of Automotive Spring Washer During Twist Test: A Metallurgical Analysis, J. Fail. Anal. Preven., 18, 241, 10.1007/s11668-018-0410-z Bo-Chao, 2016, Failure Analysis of Shock Absorption Spring in Motorcycle, J. Fail. Anal. Preven., 16, 337, 10.1007/s11668-016-0112-3 Valles González, 2019, Study of a torsion spring fracture, Eng. Fail. Anal., 98, 150, 10.1016/j.engfailanal.2019.01.075 Yan, 2019, Failure Analysis of an Automobile Coil Spring in High-Stress State, J. Fail. Anal. Preven., 19, 361, 10.1007/s11668-019-00607-z R. McSwain, Photography in Failure Analysis, in: ASM (Ed.), ASM Handbook, vol. 11 Failure Analysis and Prevention, 9th ed., ASM International, Ohio, 2003. G. Vander Voort, Visual Examination and Light Microscopy, in: ASM (Ed.), ASM Handbook, vol. 12 Fractography, 9th ed., ASM International, Ohio, 2003. B. Gabriel, Scanning Electron Microscopy, in: ASM (Ed.), ASM Handbook, vol. 12 Fractography, 9th ed., ASM International, Ohio, 2003. J.I. Goldstein, D.E. Newbury, J.R. Michael, N.W.M. Ritchie, J.H.J. Scott, D.C. Joy, Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Microanalysis, 4th ed., Springer New York, New York, NY, 2018. ASTM E415-14, Standard Test Method for Analysis of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel by Spark Atomic Emission Spectrometry. American Society for Testing and Materials, 2015. ASM, ASM Handbook, Vol. 9 Metallography and Microstructures, 9th ed., ASM International, Ohio, 2003. B.L. Bramfitt, A.O. Benscoter, Chapter 7: Metallographic Specimen Preparation, in Metallographer's Guide: Practices and Procedures for Irons and Steels, ASM International, 2002. ASTM E18-15, Standard Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Materials. American Society for Testing and Materials, 2015. ASTM E3-95, Standard Practice for Preparation of Metallographic Specimens. American Society for Testing and Materials, 1995. ASTM E384-16, Standard Test Method for Microindentation Hardness of Materials. American Society for Testing and Materials, 2016. Wittek, 2016, Coil springs in passenger cars – general theoretical principles and structural requirements, Archives Automotive Eng. – Archiwum Motoryzacji., 72, 141 R. Lund, Fatigue Fracture Appearances, in: ASM (Ed.), ASM Handbook, vol. 11 Failure Analysis and Prevention, 9th ed., ASM International, Ohio, 2003. Nam, 2015, Mechanism of corrosion fatigue cracking of automotive coil spring steel, Met. Mater. Int., 21, 1023, 10.1007/s12540-015-5326-5 SAE: SAE J404-2000 chemical compositions of SAE alloy steels. Soc. Automot. Eng. (2000). Nishimura, 2018, 541