Analysis and removal of pharmaceutical residues from wastewater using membrane bioreactors: a review

Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 19 - Trang 329-343 - 2020
C. Femina Carolin1, P. Senthil Kumar1, G. Janet Joshiba1, V. Vinoth Kumar2
1Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Rajiv Gandhi Salai (OMR), Kalavakkam, Chennai, India
2Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India

Tóm tắt

Pharmaceutical compounds such antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, psychotropics, human drugs, hormones, anticonvulsants, antidepressants, veterinary drugs and steroids occur widely in wastewater and drinking water. This pollution by active compounds and their metabolites is expected to increase with rising global population. Therefore, advanced monitoring and remediation techniques are needed. Here we review analytical and removal techniques for pharmaceuticals. Techniques focus on titrimetric, electrochemical, chromatographic and electrophoresis for analysis, and on membrane bioreactors for removal.

Tài liệu tham khảo

Aladaghlo Z, Fakhari AR, Hasheminasab KS (2017) Carrier assisted electromembrane extraction based on nonionic lipophilic surfactants for the determination of basic drugs in urine samples. Anal Methods 9:5659–5667. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7AY00673J Alula MT, Mengesha ZT, Mwenesongole E (2018) Advances in surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for analysis of pharmaceuticals: A review. Vib Spectrosc 98:50–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vibspec.2018.06.013 Alvarino T, Komesli O, Suarez S, Lema JM, Omil F (2016) The potential of the innovative SeMPAC process for enhancing the removal of recalcitrant organic micropollutants. J Hazard Mater 308:29–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.01.040 Ba S, Jones JP, Cabana H (2014) Hybrid bioreactor (HBR) of hollow fiber microfilter membrane and cross-linked laccase aggregates eliminate aromatic pharmaceuticals in wastewaters. J Hazard Mater 280:662–667. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.08.062 Baharfar M, Yamini Y, Seidi S, Kramani M (2017) Quantitative analysis of clonidine and ephedrine by a microfluidic system: On-chip electromembrane extraction followed by high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B 1068:313–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.10.062 Bahrani S, Ghaedi M, Dashtian K, Ostovan A, Mansoorkhani MJK, Salehi A (2017) MOF-5(Zn)-Fe2O4 nanocomposite based magnetic solid-phase microextraction followed by HPLC-UV for efficient enrichment of colchicine in root of colchicium extracts and plasma samples. J Chromatogr B 1067:45–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.09.044 Bakri B, Weimer M, Hauck G, Reich G (2015) Assessment of powder blend uniformity: Comparison of realtime NIR blend monitoring with stratified sampling in combination with HPLC and at-line NIR Chemical Imaging. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 97:78–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.10.002 Baz-Lomba JA, Reid MJ, Thomas KV (2016) Target and suspect screening of psychoactive substances in sewage-based samples by UHPLC-QTOF. Anal Chim Acta 914:81–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2016.01.056 Berger AG, Restaino SM, White IM (2017) Vertical-flow paper SERS system for therapeutic drug monitoring of flucytosine in serum. Anal Chim Acta 949:59–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2016.10.035 Besha AT, Gebreyohannes AY, Tufa RA, Bekele DN, Curcio E, Giorno L (2017) Removal of emerging micropollutants by activated sludge process and membrane bioreactors and the effects of micropollutants on membrane fouling: a review. J Environ Chem Eng 5:2395–2414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2017.04.027 Boonnorat J, Chiemchaisri C, Chiemchaisri W, Yamamoto K (2014) Microbial adaptation of biodegrade toxic organic micro-pollutants in membrane bioreactors using different sludge sources. Bioresour Technol 165:50–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.04.024 Boonyaroj V, Chiemchaisri C, Chiemchaisri W, Yamamoto K (2017) Enhanced biodegradation of phenolic compounds in landfill leachate by enriched nitrifying membrane bioreactor sludge. J Hazard Mater 323:311–318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.06.064 Brodin T, Fick J, Jonsson M, Klaminder J (2013) Dilute concentrations of a psychiatric drug alter behavior of fish from natural populations. Science 339:814–815. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1226850 Brozinski JM, Lahti M, Meierjohann A, Oikari A, Kronberg L (2013) The anti-inflammatory drugs diclofenac, naproxen and ibuprofen are found in the bile of wild fish caught downstream of a wastewater treatment plant. Environ Sci Technol 47:342–348. https://doi.org/10.1021/es303013j Cartagena P, El Kaddouri M, Cases V, Trapote A, Prats D (2013) Reduction of emerging micropollutants, organic matter, nutrients and salinity from real wastewater by combined MBR–NF/RO treatment. Sep Purif Technol 110:132–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2013.03.024 Chon K, Cho J, Shon HKA (2013) Pilot-scale hybrid municipal wastewater reclamation system using combined coagulation and disk filtration, ultrafiltration, and reverse osmosis: Removal of nutrients and micropollutants, and characterization of membrane foulants. Bioresour Technol Rep 141:109–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.03.198 Cizmas L, SharmaVK GCM, McDonald TJ (2015) Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in waters: occurrence, toxicity, and risk. Environ Chem Lett 13:381–394. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-015-0524-4 Craig D, Mazilu M, Dholakia K (2015) Quantitative detection of pharmaceuticals using a combination of paper microfluidics and wavelength modulated Raman spectroscopy. PLoS ONE 10:0123334. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0123334 Daghrir R, Drogui P (2013) Tetracycline antibiotics in the environment: a review. Environ Chem Lett 11:209–227. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-013-0404-8 Daughton CG (2014) Eco-directed sustainable prescribing: feasibility for reducing water contamination by drugs. Sci Total Environ 493:392–404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.06.013 DIiaz-Alvarez M, Martin-Esteban A (2018) Hollow fiber membrane-protected molecularly imprinted microspheres for micro solid-phase extraction and clean-up of thiabendazole in citrus samples. J Chromatogr A 1531:39–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2017.11.054 Dogan A, Eylem CC, Akduman NEB (2020) Application of green methodology to pharmaceutical analysis using eco-friendly ethanol-water mobile phases. Microchem J 157:104895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2020.104895 Dolar D, Gros M, Rodriguez-Mozaz S, Moreno J, Comas J, Rodriguez-Roda I, Barcelo D (2012) Removal of emerging contaminants from municipal wastewater with an integrated membrane system. MBR–RO. J Hazard Mater 239:64–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.03.029 Dutta K, Lee M-Y, Lai WWP, Lee CH, Lin AYC, Lin CF, Lin JG (2014) Removal of pharmaceuticals and organic matter from municipal wastewater using two-stage anaerobic fluidized membrane bioreactor. Bioresour Technol 165:42–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.03.054 Fakhari AR, Asadi S, Kosalar HM, Sahragard A, Hashemzadeh A, Amini MM (2017) Metal–organic framework enhanced electromembrane extraction–a conceptual study using basic drugs as model substances. Ana Methods 9:5646–5652. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7AY01093A Fakhari AR, Mohammadi Kosalar H, Asadi S, Hasheminasab KS (2018) Surfactant-assisted electromembrane extraction combined with cyclodextrin-modified capillary electrophoresis for the separation and quantification of Tranylcypromine enantiomers in biological samples. J Sep Sci 41:475–482. https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.201700488 Fashi A, Khanban F, Yaftian MR, Zamani A (2017) The cooperative effect of reduced grapheme oxide and Triton X-114 on the electromembrane microextraction efficiency of Pramipexole as a model analyte in urine samples. Talanta 162:210–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2016.09.067 Fisher AC, Lee SL, Harris DP, Buhse L, Kozlowski S, Yu L, Kopcha M, Woodcock J (2016) Advancing pharmaceutical quality: an overview of science and research in the US FDA’s Office of Pharmaceutical Quality. Int J Pharm 515:390–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.10.038 Forough M, Farhadi K, Eyshi A, Khalili H, Kouzegaran VJ, Matin AA (2017) Rapid ionic liquid-supported nano-hybrid composite reinforced hollow-fiber electromembrane extraction followed by field-amplified sample injection-capillary electrophoresis: An effective approach for extraction and quantification of Imatinib mesylate in human plasma. J Chromatogr A 1516:21–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2017.08.017 Garcia SN, Foster M, Constantine LA, Huggett DB (2012) Field and laboratory fish tissue accumulation of the anti-convulsant drug carbamazepine. Ecotox Environ Safe 84:207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.07.013 Garcia-Ivars J, Dura-Maria J, Moscardo-Carreno C, Carbonell-Alcaina C, Alcaina-Miranda M, Iborra-Clar M (2017) Rejection of trace pharmaceutically active compounds present in municipal wastewaters using ceramic fine ultrafiltration membranes: effect of feed solution pH and fouling phenomena. Sep Purif Technol 175:58–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2016.11.027 Ghiasvand AR, Ghaedrahmati L, Heidari N, Haddad PR, Farhadi S (2018) Synthesis and characterization of mil-101(cr) intercalated by polyaniline composite, doped with silica nanoparticles and its evaluation as an efficient solid-phase extraction sorbent. J Sep Sci 41:3910–3917. https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.201800498 Gonzales A, Avivar J, Maya F, Cabello CP, Palomino GT, Cerda V (2017) In-syringe dispersive μ-SPE of estrogens using magnetic carbon microparticles obtained from zeolitic imidazolate frameworks. Anal Bioanal Chem 409:225–234. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-016-9988-8 Grandclement C, Seyssiecq I, Piram A, Chung PWW, Vanot G, Tiliacos N, Roche N, Doumenq P (2017) From the conventional biological wastewater treatment to hybrid processes, the evaluation of organic micropollutant removal: a review. Water Res 111:297–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2017.01.005 Griffen JA, Owen AW, Burley J, Taresco V, Matousek P (2016) Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis Rapid quantification of low level polymorph content in a solid dose form using transmission Raman spectroscopy. J Pharm Biomed Anal 128:35–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2016.05.017 Hatamluyi B, Es'haghi Z (2017) A layer-by-layer sensing architecture based on dendrimer and ionic liquid supported reduced graphene oxide for simultaneous hollow-fiber solid phase microextraction and electrochemical determination of anti-cancer drug imatinib in biological samples. J Electroanal Chem 801:439–449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2017.08.032 Hohmann M, Monakhova YB, Erich S, Christoph N, Wachter H, Holzgrabe U (2015) Differentiation of organically and conventionally grown tomatoes by chemometric analysis of combined data from proton nuclear magnetic resonance and mid-infrared spectroscopy and stable isotope analysis. J Agric Food Chem 63:9666–9675. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5b03853 Hrdlicka V, Navratil T, Barek J (2019) Application of hollow fibre based microextraction for voltammetric determination of vanillylmandelic acid in human urine. J Electroanal Chem 835:130–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2018.12.060 Huang YF, Liu M, Wang YQ, Li Y, Zhang JM, Huo SH (2016) Facile synthesis of carbon–NiCoO2 composite microspheres with pitaya-type structure and their application in supercapacitors. RSC Adv 6:15362–15369. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA19113D Huang Z, Lee HK (2015) Performance of Metal-Organic Framework MIL-101 After Surfactant Modification in the Extraction of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals From Environmental Water Samples. Talanta 143:366–373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2015.05.006 Jayasiri HB, Purushothaman CS, Vennila A (2013) Pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs): a threat for aquatic environment. J Marine Sci Res Dev 4:1–2. https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9910.1000e122 Jiang Q, Ngo HH, Nghiem LD, Hai FI, Price WE, Zhang J, Liang S, Deng L, Guo W (2018) Effect of hydraulic retention time on the performance of a hybrid moving bed biofilm reactor-membrane bioreactor system for micropollutants removal from municipal wastewater. Bioresour Technol 247:1228–1232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.09.114 Jo SJ, Kwon H, Jeong SY, Lee CH, Kim TG (2016a) Comparison of microbial communities of activated sludge and membrane biofilm in 10 full-scale membrane bioreactors. Water Res 101:214–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.05.042 Jo SJ, Kwon H, Jeong SY, Lee SH, Oh HS, Yi T, Lee CH, Kim TG (2016b) Effects of quorum quenching on the microbial community of biofilm in an anoxic/oxic MBR for wastewater treatment. J Microbiol Biotechnol 26:1593–1604. https://doi.org/10.4014/jmb.1604.04070 Kallio JM, Lahti M, Oikari A, Kronberg L (2010) Metabolites of the aquatic pollutant diclofenac in fish bile. Environ Sci Technol 44:7213. https://doi.org/10.1021/es903402c Khan WA, Yamini Y, Baharfar M, Arain MB (2019) A new microfluidic-chip device for selective and simultaneous extraction of drugs with various properties. New J Chem 43:9689–9695. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9NJ01104H Kim M, Guerra P, Shah A, Parsa M, Alaee M, Smyth S (2014) Removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in a membrane bioreactor wastewater treatment plant. Water Sci Technol 69:2221–2229. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.145 Krait S, Dousa M, Scriba GKE (2016) Quality by design-guided development of a capillary electrophoresis method for the chiral purity determination of ambrisentan. Chromatographia 79:1343–1350. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10337-016-3137-6 Kruglova A, Krakstrom M, Riska M, Mikola A, Rantanen P, Vahala R, Kronberg L (2016) Comparative study of emerging micropollutants removal by aerobic activated sludge of large laboratory-scale membrane bioreactors and sequencing batch reactors under low-temperature conditions. Bioresour Technol 214:81–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.04.037 Kuban P, Hauser PC (2013) Contactless conductivity detection of analytical techniques: Developments from 2010 to 2012. Electrophoresis 34:55–69. https://doi.org/10.1002/elps.201200358 Kumar PS, Saravanan A (2019) New analytical approaches for pharmaceutical wastewater treatment using graphene based materials. In: A new generation material graphene: applications in water technology, Naushad Mu. (ed), Springer International Publishing. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75484-0_16 Lahti M, Brozinski JM, Jylha A, Kronberg L, Oikari A (2011) Uptake from water, biotransformation, and biliary excretion of pharmaceuticals by rainbow trout. Environ Toxicol Chem 30:1403. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.501 Li C, Cabassud C, Guigui C (2015) Evaluation of membrane bioreactor on removal of pharmaceutical micropollutants: A review. Desalin Water Treat 55:845–858. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2014.926839 Li Y, Zhu N, Chen T, Ma Y, Li QA (2018) Hybrid material prepared by controlled growth of a covalent organic framework on amino-modified MIL-68 for pipette tip solid-phase extraction of sulfonamides prior to their determination by HPLC. Microchem J. 138:401–407. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-019-3513-7 Liang Y, Liu J, Zhong Q, Yub D, Yao J, Huang T, Zhu M, Zhou T (2019) A fully automatic cross used solid-phase extraction online coupled with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry system for the trace analysis of multi-class pharmaceuticals in water samples. J Pharm Biomed Anal 174:330–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2019.06.004 Llorens-Blanch G, Badia-Fabregat M, Lucas D, Rodriguez-Mozaz S, Barcelo D, Pennanen T, Caminal G, Blanquez P (2015) Degradation of pharmaceuticals from membrane biological reactor sludge with Trametes versicolor. Environ Sci Processes Impacts 17(2):429–440. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4em00579a Lyu D-Y, Yang C-X, Yan X-P (2015) Fabrication of aluminum terephthalate metal-organic framework incorporated polymer monolith for the microextraction of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in water and urine samples. J Chromatogr A 1393:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2015.03.020 Magesh N, Renita A, Kumar PS (2020) Practice on treating pharmaceutical compounds (antibiotics) present in wastewater using biosorption techniques with different biowaste compounds: a review. Environ Prog Sustain Energy. https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.13429 Manjula Devi AS, Ravi TK (2012) Validation of UV spectrophotometric and HPLC methods for quantitative determination of iloperidone in pharmaceutical dosage form. Int J Pharm Tech Res 4:576–581 Michael I, Rizzo L, McArdell CS, Manaia CM, Merlin C, Schwartz T, Dagot C, Fatta-Kassinos D (2013) Urban wastewater treatment plants as hotspots for the release of antibiotics in the environment: a review. Water Res 47:957–995. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.11.027 Mofidi Z, Norouzi P, Seidi S, Ganjali MR (2017a) Efficient design for in situ determination of amlodipine in whole blood samples using fast Fourier transform stripping square wave voltammetry after preconcentration by electromembrane extraction. New J Chem 41:13567–13575. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7NJ01932G Mofidi Z, Norouzi P, Larijani B, Ganjali MR, Morshedi M (2018) Simultaneous determination and extraction of ultra-trace amounts of estradiol valerate from whole blood using FFT square wave voltammetry and low-voltage electrically enhanced microextraction techniques. J Electroanal Chem 813:83–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2018.01.048 Mofidi Z, Norouzi P, Seidi S, Ganjali MR (2017b) Determination of diclofenac using electromembrane extraction coupled with stripping FFT continuous cyclic voltammetry. Anal Chim Acta 972:38–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2017.04.011 Mohamed HM (2015) Green, environment-friendly, analytical tools give insights in pharmaceutical and cosmetics analysis. TrAC, Trends Anal Chem 66:176–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2014.11.010 Monsalvo VM, McDonald JA, Khan SJ, Le-Clech P (2014) Removal of trace organics by anaerobic membrane bioreactors. Water Res 49:103–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2013.11.026 Monteoliva-Garcia A, MartIn-Pascual J, Munio MM, M-Poyatos J (2020) Effects of carrier addition on water quality and pharmaceutical removal capacity of a membrane bioreactor – Advanced oxidation process combined treatment. Sci Total Environ 708:135104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135104 Nachiappan S, Kumar PS, Gopinath KP, Rajinikanth V, Baskaran R, Ponnusami AB (2018) Intensified degradation of pharmaceutical effluents by novel aerobic iron-swarf activated molecular oxygen in the presence of ascorbic acid. Desalination Water Treat 102:273–279. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2018.21846 Nguyen LN, Hai FI, Kang J, Price WE, Nghiem LD (2013) Removal of emerging trace organic contaminants by MBR-based hybrid treatment processes. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 85:474–482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135104 Nojavan S, Shaghaghi H, Rahmani T, Shokri A, Nasiri-Aghdam M (2018) Combination of electromembrane extraction and electro-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction: A tandem sample preparation method. J Chromatogr A 1563:20–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2018.05.068 Orlandini S, Pinzauti S, Furlanetto S (2013) Application of quality by design to the development of analytical separation methods. Anal Bioanal Chem 405:443–450. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-012-6302-2 Pasquini B, Orlandini S, Caprini C, Del Bubba M, Innocenti M, Bruscotti G, Furlanetto S (2016) Cyclodextrin- and solvent-modified micellar electrokinetic chromatography for the determination of captopril, hydrochlorothiazide and their impurities: a quality by design approach. Talanta 160:332–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2016.07.038 Pavithra KG, Kumar PS, Rajan PS, Saravanan A, Naushad M (2017) Sources and impacts of pharmaceutical components in wastewater and its treatment process: A review. Korean J Chem Eng 34(11):2787–2805. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-017-0255-2 Perez-Fernandez V, Rocca LM, Tomai P, Fanali S, Gentili A (2017) Recent advancements and future trends in environmental analysis: sample preparation, liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 983:9–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2017.06.029 Prasertkulsak S, Chiemchaisri C, Chiemchaisri W, Itonaga T, Yamamoto K (2016) Removals of pharmaceutical compounds from hospital wastewater in membrane bioreactor operated under short hydraulic retention time. Chemosphere 150:624–631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.01.031 Prasertkulsak S, Chiemchaisri C, Chiemchaisri W, Yamamot K (2019) Removals of pharmaceutical compounds at different sludge particle size fractions in membrane bioreactors operated under different solid retention times. J Hazard Mater 368:124–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.01.050 Quintelas C, Mesquita DP, Ferreira EC, Amaral AL (2019) Quantification of pharmaceutical compounds in wastewater samples by Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR). Talanta 194:507–513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2018.10.076 Rahimi A, Nojavan S (2019) Electromembrane extraction of verapamil and riluzole from urine and wastewater samples using a mixture of organic solvents as a supported liquid membrane: Study on electric current variations. J Sep Sci 42:566–573. https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.201800741 Reif R, Besancon A, Le Corre K, Jefferson B, Lema JM, Omil F (2011) Comparison of PPCPs removal on a parallel-operated MBR and AS system and evaluation of effluent post-treatment on vertical flow reed beds. Water Sci Technol 63:2411–2417. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.123 Renita AA, Kumar PS, Srinivas S, Priyadharshini S, Karthika M (2017) A review on analytical methods and treatment techniques of pharmaceutical wastewater. Desalination Water Treat 87:160–178. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2017.21311 Restaino SM, Berger A, White IM (2017) Inkjet-printed paper fluidic devices for onsite detection of antibiotics using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Methods Mol Biol 1572:525–540. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6911-1_33 Rezaei Kahkha MR, Oveisi AR, Kaykhaii M, Rezaei Kahkha B (2018) Determination of Carbamazepine in Urine and Water Samples Using Amino-Functionalized Metal-Organic Framework as Sorbent. Chem Cent J 12:77. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13065-018-0446-x Ribeiro AR, Afonso CM, Castro PML, Tiritan ME (2013) Enantioselective HPLC analysis and biodegradation of atenolol, metoprolol and fluoxetine. Environ Chem Lett 11:83–90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-012-0383-1 Ribeiro AR, Castro PML, Tiritan ME (2012) Chiral pharmaceuticals in the environment. Environ Chem Lett 10:239–253. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-011-0352-0 Ribeiro AR, Gonçalves VMF, Maia AS, Ribeiro C, Castro PML, Tiritanet ME (2015) Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and HPLC to analyse fluoxetine and metoprolol enantiomers in wastewaters. Environ Chem Lett 13:203–210. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-015-0498-2 Richardson SD, Ternes TA (2014) Water analysis: emerging contaminants and current issues. Anal Chem 86:2813–2848. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac200915r Rodriguez-narvaez OM, Peralta-hernandez JM, Goonetilleke A, Bandala ER (2017) Treatment technologies for emerging contaminants in water: a review. Chem Eng J 323:361–380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2017.04.106 Rysava L, Dvorak M, Kuban P (2019) The effect of membrane thickness on supported liquid membrane extractions in-line coupled to capillary electrophoresis for analyses of complex samples. J Chromatogr A 1596:226–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2019.02.067 Sanghavi BJ, Srivastava AK (2013) Adsorptive stripping voltammetric determination of imipramine, trimipramine and desipramine employing titanium dioxide nanoparticles and an Amberlite XAD-2 modified glassy carbon paste electrode. Analyst 138:1395–1404. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2an36330e Schroeder HF, Tambosi JL, Sena RF, Moreira RFPM, Jose HJ, Pinnekamp J (2012) The removal and degradation of pharmaceutical compounds during membrane bioreactor treatment. Water Sci Technol 65:833–839. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.828 Sengupta P, Chatterjee B, Tekade RK (2018) Current regulatory requirements and practical approaches for stability analysis of pharmaceutical products: A comprehensive review. Int J Pharm 54:328–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.04.007 Shamsayei M, Yamini Y, Asiabi H, Rezazadeh M, Seidi S (2017) Electromembrane surrounded solid-phase microextraction using a stainless-steel wire coated with a nanocomposite composed of polypyrrole and manganese dioxide. Microchim Acta 184:2697–2705. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-017-2244-x Sharma VK, Anquandah GAK, Nesnas N (2009) Kinetics of the oxidation of endocrine disruptor nonylphenol by ferrate (VI). Environ Chem Lett 7:115–119. https://doi.org/10.1021/es051198w· Shen L, Yao Y, Meng F (2016) Reactor performance and microbial ecology of a nitritation membrane bioreactor. J Membr Sci 462:139–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2014.03.034 Shi Y, Huang J, Zeng G, Cheng W, Yu H, Gu Y, Shi L, Yi K (2018) Stable, metal-free, visible-light-driven photocatalyst for efficient removal of pollutants: Mechanism of action. J Colloid Interface Sci 531:433–443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2018.07.079 Shiroma LY, Santhiago M, Gobbi AL, Kubota LT (2012) Separation and electrochemical detection of paracetamol and 4-aminophenol in a paper-based microfluidic device. Anal Chim Acta 725:44–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2012.03.011 Shuker SB, Hajduk PJ, Meadows PP, Fesik SW (1996) Discovering high-affinity ligands for proteins: SAR by NMR. Science 274:1531–1534. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.274.5292.1531 Siddiqui MR, AlOthman ZA, Rahman N (2017) Analytical techniques in pharmaceutical analysis: A review. Arabian J Chem 10:1409–1421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.04.016 Skrdla PJ, Zhang D (2014) Disproportionation of a crystalline citrate salt of a developmental pharmaceutical compound: Characterization of the kinetics using pH monitoring and online Raman spectroscopy plus quantitation of the crystalline free base form in binary physical mixtures. J Pharm Biomed Anal 90:186–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2013.12.001 Slampova A, Kuban P (2017) Direct analysis of free aqueous and organic operational solutions as a tool for understanding fundamental principles of electromembrane extraction. Anal Chem 89:12960–12967. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03829 Suarez S, Reif R, Lema JM, Omil F (2012) Mass balance of pharmaceutical and personal care products in a pilot-scale single-sludge system: influence of T, SRT and recirculation ratio. Chemosphere 89:164–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.05.094 Subedi B, Kannan K (2015) Occurrence and fate of select psychoactive pharmaceuticals and antihypertensives in two wastewater treatment plants in New York State, USA. Sci Total Environ 514:273–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.01.098 Tabani H, Shokri A, Tizro S, Nojavan S, Varanusupakul P, Alexovic M (2019) Evaluation of dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction by coupling with green-based agarose gel-electromembrane extraction: An efficient method to the tandem extraction of basic drugs from biological fluids. Talanta 199:329–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2019.02.078 Taghvimi A, Tabrizi AB, Dastmalchi S, Javadzadeh YJ (2019) Metal organic framework based carbon porous as an efficient dispersive solid phase extraction adsorbent for analysis of methamphetamine from urine matrix. J Chromatogr B 1109:149–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.02.005 Taheran M, Brar SK, Verma M, Surampalli RY, Zhang TC, Valero JR (2016) Membrane processes for removal of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) from water and wastewaters. Sci Total Environ 547:60–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.12.139 Tahmasebi Z, Davarani SSH, Asgharinezhad AA (2018) Highly efficient electrochemical determination of propylthiouracil in urine samples after selective electromembrane extraction by copper nanoparticles-decorated hollow fibers. Biosens Bioelectron 114:66–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2018.05.014 Taylor D, Senac T (2014) Human pharmaceutical products in the environment—the ‘‘problem’’ in perspective. Chemosphere 115:95–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.11.027 Tijani JO, Fatoba OO, Babajide OO (2016) Pharmaceuticals, endocrine disruptors, personal care products, nanomaterials and perfluorinated pollutants: a review. Environ Chem Lett 14:27–49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-015-0537-z Tran N, Drogui P, Brar SK (2015) Sonochemical techniques to degrade pharmaceutical organic pollutants. Environ Chem Lett 13:251–268. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-015-0512-8 Trinh T, van den Akker B, Coleman HM, Stuetz RM, Drewes JE, Le-Clech P, Khan SJ (2016) Seasonal variations in fate and removal of trace organic chemical contaminants while operating a fullscale membrane bioreactor. Sci Total Environ 550:176–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2018.05.014 van Wijk AM, Niederlander HAG, van Ogten M, de Jong GJ (2015) Sensitive CE–MS analysis of potentially genotoxic alkylation compounds using derivatization and electrokinetic injection. Anal Chim Acta 874:75–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2015.02.067 Vasudevan S, Oturan MA (2014) Electrochemistry: as cause and cure in water pollution—an overview. Environ Chem Lett 12:97–108. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-013-0434-2 Vieira WT, Farias MBD, Spaolonzi MP, da Silva MGC, Vieira MGA (2020) Removal of endocrine disruptors in waters by adsorption, membrane filtration and biodegradation: a review. Environ Chem Lett 18:1113–1143. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-01000-1 Vulliet E, Cren-Olive C, Grenier-Loustalot M-F (2011) Occurrence of pharmaceuticals and hormones in drinking water treated from surface waters. Environ Chem Lett 9(1):103–114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-009-0253-7 Wang J, Wang S (2016) Removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCP) from wastewater: a review. J Environ Manage 182:62–640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.07.049 Wijekoon KC, Hai FI, Kang J, Price WE, Guo W, Ngo HH, Nghiem LD (2013) The fate of pharmaceuticals, steroid hormones, phytoestrogens, UV-filters and pesticides during MBR treatment. Bioresour Technol 144:247–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.06.097 Xiao K, Liang S, Wang X, Chen C, Huang X (2019) Current state and challenges of full-scale membrane bioreactor applications: a critical review. Bioresour Technol 271:473–548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.09.061 Yang S, Hai FI, Nghiem LD, Nguyen LN, Roddick F, Price WE (2013) Removal of bisphenol A and diclofenac by a novel fungal membrane bioreactor operated under non-sterile conditions. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 85:483–490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2013.03.012 Yaripour S, Mohammadi A, Esfanjani I, Walker RB, Nojavan S (2018) Quantitation of zolpidem in biological fluids by electro-driven microextraction combined with HPLC-UV analysis. EXCLI J 17:349–361. https://doi.org/10.17179/excli2018-1140 Zaviska F, Drogui P, Grasmick A, Azais A, Heran M (2013) Nanofiltration membrane bioreactor for removing pharmaceutical compounds. J Membr Sci 429:121–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2012.11.022 Zhang H, Spiteller M, Guenther K, Boehmler G, Zuehlke S (2009) Degradation of a chiral nonylphenol isomer in two agricultural soils. Environ Pollut 157(6):1904–1910. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2009.01.026 Zhang X, Liang Q, Han Q, Wan W, Ding M (2016) Metal–organic frameworks@graphene hybrid aerogels for solid-phase extraction of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and selective enrichment of proteins. Analyst 141:4219–4226. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6AN00353B Zhao S, Sun Z, Liu H, Zhou Y, Li J, Wang X, Gong B (2019) Molecularly imprinted polymer coating on metal-organic frameworks for solid-phase extraction of fluoroquinolones from water. J Sep Sci 42:3302–3310. https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.201900570 Zhu Q, Scriba GKE (2018) Analysis of small molecule drugs, excipients and counter ions in pharmaceuticals by capillary electromigration methods—recent developments. J Pharm Biomed 147:425–438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2017.06.063 Zuniga C, De la Rosa C, Roman-Ospino AD, Serrano-Vargas A, Romanach R, Mendez R (2019) Development of near infrared spectroscopic calibration models for in-line determination of low drug concentration, bulk density, and relative specific void volume within a feed frame. J Pharm Biomed Anal 164:211–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2018.10.046