Analgesia y anestesia en el parto

Abboud, 1983, Effects of epidural anesthesia during labor on maternal plasma beta-endorphin levels, Anesthesiology, 59, 1, 10.1097/00000542-198307000-00001 Abboud, 1995, Desflurane: a new volatile anesthetic for cesarean section-maternal and neonatal effects, Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 39, 723, 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1995.tb04159.x Abouleish, 1994, Rocuronium (Org 9426) for caesarean section, Br J Anaesth, 73, 336, 10.1093/bja/73.3.336 Adamsons, 1971, Production of fetal asphyxia in the rhesus monkey by administraron of catecholamines to the mother, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 109, 248, 10.1016/0002-9378(71)90873-8 Alahuhta, 1995, The effects of epidural ropivacaine and bupivacaine for cesarean section on uteroplacental and fetal circulation, Anesthesiology, 83, 23, 10.1097/00000542-199507000-00004 Arora, 1992, Self-administered mixture of entonox and isoflurane in labour, Int J Obstet Gynecol, 1, 199 Bader, 1999, Clinical effects and maternal and fetal plasma concentrations of 0,5% epidural levobupivacaine versus bupivacaine for cesarean delivery, Anesthesiology, 90, 1596, 10.1097/00000542-199906000-00015 Belzarena, 1992, Clinical effects of intrathecally administered fentanyl in patients undergoing cesarean section, Anesth Analg, 74, 653, 10.1213/00000539-199205000-00006 Benhamou, 1998, Intrathecal clonidine and fentanyl with hyperbaric bupivacaine improves analgesia during cesarean section, Anesth Analg, 87, 609, 10.1213/00000539-199809000-00022 Berger, 1998, North American survey of the management of dural puncture occurring during labour epidural analgesia, Can J Anaesth, 45, 110, 10.1007/BF03013247 Bernard, 1994, Préoxygénation avant induction pour césarienne, Ann Fr Anesth Réanim, 13, 2, 10.1016/S0750-7658(94)80179-7 Bieniarz, 1968, Aortocaval compression by the uterus in late human pregnancy, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 100, 203, 10.1016/S0002-9378(15)33723-6 Bjornestad, 1999, Epidural ropivacaine 7,5mg/mL for elective caesarean section: a doubie-blind comparison of efficacy and tolerability with bupivacaine 5mg/mL, Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 43, 603, 10.1034/j.1399-6576.1999.430602.x Brock-Utne, 1981, Gastric and lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS) pressures in early pregnancy, Br J Anaesth, 33, 381, 10.1093/bja/53.4.381 Buggy, 1995, The space blanket and shivering during extradural analgesia in labour, Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 39, 551, 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1995.tb04117.x Burrows, 1990, Thrombocytopenia at delivery: a prospective survey of 6 715 deliveries, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 162, 731, 10.1016/0002-9378(90)90996-K Butterworth, 1990, Pregnancy increases median nerve sensitivity to lidocaine, Anesthesiology, 72, 962, 10.1097/00000542-199006000-00002 Capogna, 1993, IV clonidine for post-extradural shivering in parturients: a preliminary study, Br J Anaesth, 71, 294, 10.1093/bja/71.2.294 Capogna, 1999, Relative potencies of bupivacaine and ropivacaine for analgesia in labour, Br J Anaesth, 82, 371, 10.1093/bja/82.3.371 Carstoniu, 1994, Nitrous oxide in early labor. Safety and anaigesic efficacy assessed by a double-blind, placebo-controlled study, Anesthesiology, 80, 30, 10.1097/00000542-199401000-00008 Cartwright, 1983, Ventilatory depression related to plasma fentanyl concentrations during and after anesthesia in humans, Anesth Analg, 62, 966, 10.1213/00000539-198311000-00002 Cesarini, 1990, Sprotte needle for intra thecal anesthesia for cesarean section: incidence of post dural puncture headache, Anaesthesia, 45, 656, 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1990.tb14392.x Christofides, 1982, Decreased plasma motilin concentrations in pregnancy, Br Med J, 285, 1453, 10.1136/bmj.285.6353.1453 Claes, 1998, Clonidine added to bupivacaine-epinephrine-sufentanil improves epidural analgesia during childbirth [see comments], Reg Anesth Rain Med, 23, 540 Clark, 1991, Position change and central hemodynamic profile during normal third-trimester pregnancy and post-partum, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 164, 883, 10.1016/S0002-9378(11)90534-1 Clayton, 1983, The incidence of Horner's syndrome during lumbar extradural for elective caesarean section and provision of analgesia during labour, Anaesthesia, 38, 583 Collier, 1996, Why obstetric epidurals fail: a study of epidurograms, Int J Obstet Anesth, 5, 19, 10.1016/S0959-289X(96)80070-7 Collis, 1999, Comparison of midwife top-ups, continuous infusion and patient- controlled epidural analgesia for maintaining mobility after a low-dose combined spinal-epidural, Br J Anaesth, 82, 233, 10.1093/bja/82.2.233 Colonna-Romano, 1992, Epidural test dose and intravascular injection in obstetrics: sensitivity, specificity, and lowest effective dose, Anesth Analg, 75, 372, 10.1213/00000539-199209000-00009 Colonna-Romano, 1998, Tests to evaluate intravenous placement of epidural catheters in laboring women: a prospective clinical study, Anesth Analg, 86, 985, 10.1213/00000539-199805000-00013 Colonna-Romano, 1996, Epinephrine-induced tachycardia is different from contraction-associated tachycardia in laboring patients, Anesth Analg, 82, 294 Cook, 1984, The influence on foetal outcome of maternal carbon dioxide tension at caesarean section under general anaesthesia, Anaesth Intensive Care, 12, 296, 10.1177/0310057X8401200402 Craft, 1983, Placental passage and uterine effects of fentanyl, Anesth Analg, 62, 894, 10.1213/00000539-198310000-00007 Dahlgren, 1997, Intrathecal sufentanil, fentanyl, or placebo added to bupivacaïne for cesarean section, Anesth Analg, 85, 1288, 10.1213/00000539-199712000-00020 Dann, 1987, Maternal and neonatal responses to alfentanil administered before induction of general anesthesia for cesarean section, Br J Anesth, 59, 1392, 10.1093/bja/59.11.1392 Datta, 1983, Differential sensitivities of mammalian nerve fibres during pregnancy, Anesth Analg, 62, 1070, 10.1213/00000539-198312000-00004 Datta, 1981, Neonatal effect of prolonged anesthetic induction for cesarean section, Obstet Gynecol, 58, 331 De Jong, 1994, Last round for a heavyweight?, Anesth Analg, 78, 3, 10.1213/00000539-199401000-00002 De Simone, 1988, The chronotropic effect of isoproterenol is reduced in term pregnant women, Anesthesiology, 69, 626, 10.1097/00000542-198810000-00034 Dennehy, 1998, Intrathecal catheter insertion during labour reduces the risk of post-dural puncture headache [see comments], Can J Anaesth, 45, 42, 10.1007/BF03011991 Dickson, 1997, Comparison of single, end-holed and multi-orifice extradural catheters when used for continuous infusion of local anaesthetic during labour, Br J Anaesth, 79, 297, 10.1093/bja/79.3.297 Dounas, 1994, Accidental subdural extra-arachnoid catheterization during epidural analgesia in obstetrics, Ann Fr Anesth Réanim, 13, 839, 10.1016/S0750-7658(05)80921-9 Dounas, 1996, Maternal and fetal effects of adrenaline with bupivacaine (0,25 %) for epidural analgesia during labour, Eur J Anaesthesiol, 13, 594, 10.1097/00003643-199611000-00009 Ebner, 1960, Influence of postspinal hypotension on the fetal electrocardiogram, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 80, 569, 10.1016/S0002-9378(16)36516-4 Eckstein, 1974, Aortocaval compression and uterine displacement, Anesthesiology, 40, 92, 10.1097/00000542-197401000-00025 Eisenach, 1994, Is ST segment depression of the electrocardiogram during cesarean section merely due to cardiac sympathetic block?, Anesth Analg, 78, 287, 10.1213/00000539-199402000-00015 Evans, 1980, Plasma cholinesterase changes during pregnancy, Anaesthesia, 35, 65, 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1980.tb03878.x Fagraeus, 1983, Speed of epidural analgesia in early pregnancy, Anesthesiology, 58, 184, 10.1097/00000542-198302000-00015 Falconer, 1982, Plasma noradrenaline levels during labour: influence of elective lumbar epidural blockade, Anaesthesia, 37, 416, 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1982.tb01151.x Filos, 1992, Intrathecal clonidine as a sole analgesic for pain relief aftercesarean section, Anesthesiology, 77, 267, 10.1097/00000542-199208000-00008 Frank, 1987, Nalbuphine for obstetric analgesia, Anaesthesia, 42, 697, 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1987.tb05313.x Gambling, 1995, Use of sevoflurane during elective cesarean birth: a comparison with isoflurane and spinal anesthesia, Anesth Analg, 81, 90, 10.1213/00000539-199507000-00018 Gautier, 1999, A Double-blind comparison of 0,125 % ropivacaine with sufentanil and 0,125 % bupivacaine with sufentanil for epidural labor analgesia, Anesthesiology, 90, 772, 10.1097/00000542-199903000-00020 Gepts, 1986, Pharmacokinetics and placental transfer of intravenous and epidural alfentanilin parturient women, Anesth Analg, 65, 1155, 10.1213/00000539-198611000-00010 Gerbasi, 1990, Changes in hemostasis activity during delivery and the immediate postpartum period, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 162, 1158, 10.1016/0002-9378(90)90006-S Golub, 1988, Disposition of intrapartum narcotic analgesics in monkeys, Anesth Analg, 67, 637, 10.1213/00000539-198807000-00005 Greeley, 1987, Sufentanil pharmacokinetics in pediatric cardiovascular patients, Anesth Analg, 66, 1067, 10.1213/00000539-198711000-00001 Griffin, 1995, Extradural anaesthesia for cesarean section: a double-blind comparison of 0,5% ropivacaïne and 0,5% bupivacaine, Br J Anaesth, 74, 512, 10.1093/bja/74.5.512 Guillonneau, 1990, Perinatal adverse effects of Nalbuphine given during parturition, Lancet, 335, 1588, 10.1016/0140-6736(90)91411-3 Hamber, 1999, Intrathecal lipophilic opioids as adjuncts to surgical spinal anesthesia, Reg Anesth Pain Med, 24, 255, 10.1097/00115550-199924030-00015 Hamza, 1992, Neonatal pattern of breathing during active and quiet sleep after maternal administraron of meperidine, Pediatr Res, 32, 412, 10.1203/00006450-199210000-00009 Hodgkinson, 1978, Neonatal neurobehavioral tests following cesarean section under general and spinal anesthesia, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 132, 670, 10.1016/0002-9378(78)90862-1 Hool, 1992, Retained epidural catheter fragment [letter], Anaesth Intensive Care, 20, 393 Hunt, 1989, Perioperative analgesia with subarachnoid fentanyl-bupivacaine for cesarean delivery, Anesthesiology, 71, 535, 10.1097/00000542-198910000-00009 Irestedt, 1997, Ropivacaine 7,5mg/mL for elective caesarean section: a clinical and pharmacokinetic comparison between 150mg and 187,5mg, Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 41, 1149, 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1997.tb04857.x Kambam, 1986, The effect of normal and preeclamptic pregnancies on the oxyhemoglobin dissociation cune, Anesthesiology, 65, 426, 10.1097/00000542-198610000-00014 Kestin, 1991, Spinal anesthesia in obstetrics, Br J Anaesth, 66, 596, 10.1093/bja/66.5.596 Kierkegaard, 1983, Incidence and diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis associated with pregnancy, Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand, 62, 239, 10.3109/00016348309155799 Kleiman, 1991, Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) using fentanyl in a parturient with a platelet function abnormality, Can J Anaesth, 38, 489, 10.1007/BF03007585 Knusden, 1997, Central venous and cardiovascular effect of IV infusions of ropivacaine, bupivacaine and placebo volunteers, Br J Anaesth, 78, 507, 10.1093/bja/78.5.507 Kuhnert, 1985, Effect of low dose meperidine on neonatal behavior, Anesth Analg, 64, 335, 10.1213/00000539-198503000-00006 Leighton, 1986, Succinylcholine pharrnacodynarnics in peripartum patients, Anesthesiology, 64, 202, 10.1097/00000542-198602000-00012 Leighton, 1987, Limitation of epinephrine as a marker of intravascular injection in laboring women, Anesthesiology, 66, 688, 10.1097/00000542-198705000-00017 Lynn, 1987, Morphine pharmacokinetics in early infancy, Anesthesiology, 66, 136, 10.1097/00000542-198702000-00005 Macfie, 1991, Gastric emptying during pregnancy, Br J Anaesth, 67, 54, 10.1093/bja/67.1.54 Malloy, 1989, Increasing cesarean section rates in very low birth weight infants. Effects on outcome, JAMA, 262, 1475, 10.1001/jama.1989.03430110065029 McLeod, 1985, Self administered isoflurane in labour, Anaesthesia, 40, 424, 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1985.tb10841.x Morton, 1997, Ropivacaine 0,75 % for extradural anaesthesia in elective caesarean section: an open clinical and pharmacokinetic study in mother and neonate, Br J Anaesth, 79, 3, 10.1093/bja/79.1.3 Myers, 1979, Use of sedative, anaigesic, and anesthetic drugs during labor and delivery: bane or boon?, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 133, 83, 10.1016/0002-9378(79)90417-4 Noble, 1991, Adrenaline, fentanyl or adrenaline and fentanyl as adjuncts to bupivacaine for extradural anesthesia in elective cesarean section, Br J Anaesth, 66, 645, 10.1093/bja/66.6.645 Norris, 1998, Labor epidural analgesia without an intravascular «test dose», Anesthesiology, 88, 1495, 10.1097/00000542-199806000-00012 Norris, 1989, Denitrogenation in pregnancy, Can J Anaesth, 36, 523, 10.1007/BF03005379 Olofsson, 1998, Obstetric outcome following epidural analgesia with bupivacaine-adrenaline 0,25 % or bupivacaine 0,125 % with sufentanil: a prospective randomized controlied study in 1 000 parturients [see comments], Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 42, 284, 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1998.tb04918.x Ormezzano, 1990, Prévention de la pneumo-pathie d'inhalation en anesthésie obstétricale parl'association effervescente cimétidine-citrate de sodium, Ann Fr Anesth Réanim, 9, 285, 10.1016/S0750-7658(05)80188-1 Palahniuk, 1974, Pregnancy decreases the requirements for inhaled anesthetic agents, Anesthesiology, 41, 82, 10.1097/00000542-197407000-00021 Perreault, 1992, Maternal inspired oxygen concentration and fetal oxygenation during caesarean section, Can J Anaesth, 39, 155, 10.1007/BF03008647 Poblete, 1999, Efficacy of three test doses to detect epidural catheter misplacement, Can J Anaesth, 46, 34, 10.1007/BF03012511 Polley, 1998, Dose-dependent reduction of the minimum local analgesic concentration of bupivacaine by sufentanil for epidural analgesia in labor, Anesthesiology, 89, 626, 10.1097/00000542-199809000-00011 Pnce, 1991, Extending epidural blockade for emergency caesarean section. Evaluation of 2 % lignocaine with adrenaline, Int J Obstet Anesth, 1, 13, 10.1016/0959-289X(91)90024-K Ramanathan, 1982, Oxygen transfert from mother to fetus during cesarean section under epidural anesthesia, Anesth Analg, 61, 576, 10.1213/00000539-198207000-00005 Ramanathan, 1988, Vasopressor therapy for hypotension due to epidural anesthesia for cesarean section, Acta Anesthesiol Scand, 32, 559, 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1988.tb02786.x Ramanathan, 1983, Maternal and fetal effects of prophylactic hydration with cristalloids or colloids before epidural anesthesia, Anesth Analg, 62, 673, 10.1213/00000539-198307000-00009 Ravindran, 1989, Postpartum headache following regional analgesia: a symptom of cerebral venousthrombosis, Can J Anaesth, 36, 705, 10.1007/BF03005426 Rayburn, 1989, Fentanyl citrate analgesia during labor, Am J Obstet Cynecol, 161, 202, 10.1016/0002-9378(89)90266-4 Rayburn, 1989, Randomized comparison of meperidine and fentanyl during labor, Obstet Gynecol, 74, 604 Rolbin, 1988, Epidural anesthesia in pregnant patients with low platelet counts, Obstet Gynecol, 71, 918 Russell, 1996, Patient-controlled analgesia with morphine and droperidol following cesarean section under spinal anaesthesia, Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 40, 600, 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1996.tb04495.x Russell, 1996, Long-term backache after childbirth: prospective search for causative factors [see comments], Br Med J, 312, 1384, 10.1136/bmj.312.7043.1384a Samsoon, 1987, Difficult tracheal intubation: a retrospective study, Anaesthesia, 42, 487, 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1987.tb04039.x Santos, 1989, Does pregnancy alter the systemic toxicity of local anesthetics?, Anesthesiology, 70, 991, 10.1097/00000542-198906000-00018 Shankar, 1987, Physiological dead space during general anesthesia for cesarean section, Can Anaesth Soc J, 34, 373, 10.1007/BF03010136 Sinclair, 1965, Intoxication of the fetus by a local anesthetic, a newly recognized complication of maternal caudal anesthesia, N Engl J Med, 273, 1173, 10.1056/NEJM196511252732201 Skoldefors, 1998, Intracranial subdural haematoma complicates accidental dural tap during labour, Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol, 81, 119, 10.1016/S0301-2115(98)00157-2 Sprigge, 1999, The use of sumatriptan in the treatment of postdural puncture headache after accidental lumbar puncture complicated a blood patch procedure [letter], Anaesthesia, 54, 95, 10.1046/j.1365-2044.1999.0759q.x Steinberg, 1989, Epidural sufentanil for analgesia for labor and delivery, Reg Anesth, 14, 225 Thornton, 1976, A comparison of the effect of extradural and parenteral analgesia on maternal plasma cortisol concentrations during labour and the puerperium, Br J Obstet Gynaeco, 83, 631, 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1976.tb00901.x Tournaire, 1980, Influence de la péthidine sur l'activité utérine et la dilatation cervicale lors du travail spontané, J Gynécol Obstét Biol Reprod, 9, 261 Williams, 1998, Efficiency of epidural blood patches in the obstetrics [letter, comment], Can J Anaesth, 45, 1031, 10.1007/BF03012313 Wittes, 1990, Exogenous opiods in human breast milk and acute neonatal neurobehavior: a preliminary study, Anesthesiology, 73, 864, 10.1097/00000542-199011000-00012 Wysowski, 1998, Spinal and epidural hematoma and low molecular weight heparin, N Engl J Med, 338, 1774, 10.1056/NEJM199806113382415 Yentis, 1997, Epidural blood patch for atypical headache following obstetric epidural analgesia, Anaesthesia, 52, 62, 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1997.010-az010.x Younker, 1986, Massive air embolism during cesarean section, Anesthesiology, 65, 77, 10.1097/00000542-198607000-00013 Yucel, 1999, Intravenous administration of caffeine sodium benzoate for postdural puncture headache, Reg Anesth Pain Med, 24, 51, 10.1097/00115550-199924010-00010 Zakowski, 1993, Electrocardiographic changes during cesarean section A cause for concern, Anesth Analg, 76, 162, 10.1213/00000539-199301000-00027