An overview of environmental energy harvesting by thermoelectric generators

Höök, 2013, Depletion of fossil fuels and anthropogenic climate change—a review, Energy Pol, 52, 797, 10.1016/j.enpol.2012.10.046 Gieraltowska, 2022, Renewable energy, urbanization, and CO2 emissions: a global test, Energies, 15, 10.3390/en15093390 Al-Shahri, 2021, Solar photovoltaic energy optimization methods, challenges and issues: a comprehensive review, J Clean Prod, 284 Vargas, 2019, Wind power generation: a review and a research agenda, J Clean Prod, 218, 850, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.02.015 Andrade, 2015, Hydroelectric plants environmental viability: strategic environmental assessment application in Brazil, Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev, 52, 1413, 10.1016/j.rser.2015.07.152 Moya, 2018, Geothermal energy: power plant technology and direct heat applications, Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev, 94, 889, 10.1016/j.rser.2018.06.047 Seebeck, 1826, Ueber die magnetische Polarisation der Metalle und Erze durch Temperaturdifferenz, Ann Phys, 82, 10.1002/andp.18260820302 Liu, 2017, Thermoelectric transport in nanocomposites, Materials, 10, 10.3390/ma10040418 Terry, 1999, Tritt. Holey and unholey semiconductors, Science, 283 Zhang, 2015, Thermoelectric materials: energy conversion between heat and electricity, J. Materiomics, 1, 92, 10.1016/j.jmat.2015.01.001 Hong, 2018, Achieving zT > 2 in p-type AgSbTe2-xSex alloys via exploring the extra light valence band and introducing dense stacking faults, Adv Energy Mater, 8, 10.1002/aenm.201702333 Pei, 2011, Convergence of electronic bands for high performance bulk thermoelectrics, Nature, 473, 66, 10.1038/nature09996 Harman, 2002, Quantum dot superlattice thermoelectric materials and devices, Science, 297, 2229, 10.1126/science.1072886 Henadeera, 2023, Surface and constriction engineering of nanoparticle based structures towards ultra-low thermal conductivity as prospective thermoelectric materials, Nanoscale Microscale Thermophys Eng, 27, 25, 10.1080/15567265.2023.2180458 Shi, 2020, Advanced thermoelectric design: from materials and structures to devices, Chem Rev, 120, 7399, 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00026 Venkatasubramanian, 2001, Thin-film thermoelectric devices with high room-temperature figures of merit, Nature, 413, 597, 10.1038/35098012 Kim, 2002, Thermoelectric properties of p-type 25%Bi2Te3þ75%Sb2Te3 alloys manufactured by rapid solidification and hot pressing, Mater Sci Eng B, 90, 42e6, 10.1016/S0921-5107(01)00826-1 Yeo, 2014, Thermoelectric properties of p-type (Bi,Sb)2Te3 nanocomposites dispersed with multiwall carbon nanotubes, Mater Res Bull, 58, 54e8, 10.1016/j.materresbull.2014.04.046 Zhao, 2014, Ultralow thermal conductivity and high thermoelectric figure of merit in SnSe crystals, Nature, 508, 373e7, 10.1038/nature13184 Qin, 2021, Power generation and thermoelectric cooling enabled by momentum and energy multiband alignments, Science, 373, 556, 10.1126/science.abi8668 Zhou, 2021, Polycrystalline SnSe with a thermoelectric figure of merit greater than the single crystal, Nat Mater, 20, 1378, 10.1038/s41563-021-01064-6 Jiang, 2021, High-entropy-stabilized chalcogenides with high thermoelectric performance, Science, 371, 830, 10.1126/science.abe1292 Olvera, 2017, Partial indium solubility induces chemical stability and colossal thermoelectric figure of merit in Cu2Se, Energy Environ Sci, 10, 1668, 10.1039/C7EE01193H Li, 2018, Low-symmetry rhombohedral GeTe thermoelectrics, Joule, 2, 976, 10.1016/j.joule.2018.02.016 Wang, 2022, Simultaneously achieving high ZT and mechanical hardness in highly alloyed GeTe with symmetric nanodomains, Chem Eng J, 441 Zhu, 2019, Discovery of TaFeSb-based half-Heuslers with high thermoelectric performance, Nat Commun, 10 Shi, 2011, Multiple-filled skutterudites: high thermoelectric figure of merit through separately optimizing electrical and thermal transports, J Am Chem Soc, 133, 7837, 10.1021/ja111199y Kim, 2015, Dense dislocation arrays embedded in grain boundaries for high-performance bulk thermoelectrics, Science, 348, 109, 10.1126/science.aaa4166 Chang, 2018, 3D charge and 2D phonon transports leading to high out-of-plane ZT in n-type SnSe crystals, Science, 360, 778, 10.1126/science.aaq1479 Wu, 2019, Lattice strain advances thermoelectrics, Joule, 3, 1276, 10.1016/j.joule.2019.02.008 Zhao, 2014, BiCuSeO oxyselenides: new promising thermoelectric materials, Energy Environ Sci, 7, 2900, 10.1039/C4EE00997E Hu, 2022, Thermoelectrics for medical applications: progress, challenges, and perspectives, Chem Eng J, 437 Zheng, 2023, Harvesting waste heat with flexible Bi2Te3 thermoelectric thin film, Nat Sustain, 6, 180, 10.1038/s41893-022-01003-6 Chen, 2022, 151 Qin, 2022, Solid-state cooling: thermoelectrics, Energy Environ Sci, 15, 4527, 10.1039/D2EE02408J Liu, 2023, One-step post-treatment boosts thermoelectric properties of PEDOT:PSS flexible thin films, J Mater Sci Technol, 132, 81, 10.1016/j.jmst.2022.05.047 Kane, 2017, Optimization of thermoelectric cooling technology for an active cooling of photovoltaic panel, Renew Sustain Energy Rev, 75, 1295, 10.1016/j.rser.2016.11.114 Wei, 2022, Recent advances in thermoelectric technology to harvest energy from the pavement, Int J Energy Res, 46, 10453, 10.1002/er.7930 Burnete, 2022, Review of thermoelectric generation for internal combustion engine waste heat recovery, Prog Energy Combust Sci, 91, 10.1016/j.pecs.2022.101009 Leonov, 2013, Thermoelectric energy harvesting of human body heat for wearable sensors, IEEE Sensor J, 13, 2284, 10.1109/JSEN.2013.2252526 Ochieng, 2022, Comprehensive review in waste heat recovery in different thermal energy-consuming processes using thermoelectric generators for electrical power generation, Process Saf Environ Protect, 162, 134, 10.1016/j.psep.2022.03.070 Karthick, 2019, Evaluation of solar thermal system configurations for thermoelectric generator applications: a critical review, Sol Energy, 188, 111, 10.1016/j.solener.2019.05.075 Sajid, 2017, An overview of cooling of thermoelectric devices, Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev, 78, 15, 10.1016/j.rser.2017.04.098 Ding, 2018, A review of power generation with thermoelectric system and its alternative with solar ponds, Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev, 81, 799, 10.1016/j.rser.2017.08.010 Xi, 2007, Development and applications of solar-based thermoelectric technologies, Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev, 11, 923, 10.1016/j.rser.2005.06.008 Allouhi, 2019, Advances on solar thermal cogeneration processes based on thermoelectric devices: a review, vol. 200 Wei, 2022, Recent advances in thermoelectric technology to harvest energy from the pavement, Int J Energy Res, 46, 10453, 10.1002/er.7930 Atalay, 2022, Experimental and thermal analysis of solar thermoelectric system performance incorporated with solar tracker, International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing-Green Technology, 9, 587, 10.1007/s40684-021-00341-8 Li, 2010, Design of a concentration solar thermoelectric generator, J Electron Mater, 39, 1522, 10.1007/s11664-010-1279-0 Fan, 2011, Electric power generation from thermoelectric cells using a solar dish concentrator, J Electron Mater, 40, 1311, 10.1007/s11664-011-1625-x Nayak, 2019, Effect of angle of attack and wind direction on limiting input heat flux for solar assisted thermoelectric power generator with plate fin heat sink, Sol Energy, 186, 175, 10.1016/j.solener.2019.05.010 Omer, 2000, Design and thermal analysis of a two stage solar concentrator for combined heat and thermoelectric power generation, Energy Convers Manag, 41, 737, 10.1016/S0196-8904(99)00134-X Li, 2019, Combined solar concentration and carbon nanotube absorber for high performance solar thermoelectric generators, Energy Convers Manag, 183, 109, 10.1016/j.enconman.2018.12.104 Nia, 2014, Cogeneration solar system using thermoelectric module and fresnel lens, Energy Convers Manag, 84, 305, 10.1016/j.enconman.2014.04.041 Verma, 2021, Experimental study and comparative analysis of modified solar paraboloidal dish-thermoelectric generator systems, Environ Sci Pollut Control Ser, 28, 3983, 10.1007/s11356-020-09647-7 Miao, 2015, Experimental performance of a solar thermoelectric cogenerator comprising thermoelectric modules and parabolic trough concentrator without evacuated tube, J Electron Mater, 44, 1972, 10.1007/s11664-015-3626-7 Mgbemene, 2010, Electricity generation from a compound parabolic concentrator coupled to a thermoelectric module, Journal of Solar Energy Engineering-Transactions of the Asme, 132, 10.1115/1.4001670 Lertsatitthanakorn, 2013, Thermal modeling of a hybrid thermoelectric solar collector with a compound parabolic concentrator, J Electron Mater, 42, 2119, 10.1007/s11664-013-2540-0 Shanmugam, 2014, Modeling and analysis of a solar parabolic dish thermoelectric generator, Energy Sources, Part A Recovery, Util Environ Eff, 36, 1531 2013 Lertsatitthanakorn, 201352, Electricity generation from a solar parabolic concentrator coupled to a thermoelectric module. International conference on alternative energy in developing countries and emerging economies, Bangkok: AEDCEE), 150 Ramamurthi, 2019, An integrated SiGe based thermoelectric generator with parabolic trough collector using nano HTF for effective harvesting of solar radiant energy, J Electron Mater, 48, 7780, 10.1007/s11664-019-07613-9 Rehman, 2018, Optical analysis of a novel collector design for a solar concentrated thermoelectric generator, Sol Energy, 167, 116, 10.1016/j.solener.2018.03.087 He, 2012, A study on incorporation of thermoelectric modules with evacuated-tube heat-pipe solar collectors, Renew Energy, 37, 142, 10.1016/j.renene.2011.06.002 Zhang, 2015, Behavior of a thermoelectric power generation device based on solar irradiation and the earth's surface-air temperature difference, Energy Convers Manag, 97, 178, 10.1016/j.enconman.2015.03.060 Escobar, 2021, 238 He, 2011, Parametrical analysis of the design and performance of a solar heat pipe thermoelectric generator, Appl Energy, 88, 5083, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.07.017 Li, 2016, Performance analysis on a solar concentrating thermoelectric generator using the micro-channel heat pipe array, Energy Convers Manag, 112, 191, 10.1016/j.enconman.2016.01.025 Zhang, 2013, Efficient, low-cost solar thermoelectric cogenerators comprising evacuated tubular solar collectors and thermoelectric modules, Appl Energy, 109, 51, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.03.008 Faddouli, 2020, Numerical analysis and performance investigation of new hybrid system integrating concentrated solar flat plate collector with a thermoelectric generator system, Renew Energy, 147, 2077, 10.1016/j.renene.2019.09.130 Shen, 2017, Proposal and assessment of a solar thermoelectric generation system characterized by Fresnel lens, cavity receiver and heat pipe, Energy, 141, 215, 10.1016/j.energy.2017.09.051 Manikandan, 2016, Energy and exergy analysis of solar heat pipe based annular thermoelectric generator system, Sol Energy, 135, 569, 10.1016/j.solener.2016.06.031 Zhang, 2016, Theoretical and experimental analysis of a solar thermoelectric power generation device based on gravity-assisted heat pipes and solar irradiation, Energy Convers Manag, 127, 301, 10.1016/j.enconman.2016.09.023 Habchi, 2021, Feasibility and Thermal/Electrical performance study of two smart hybrid systems combining parabolic trough collector with tubular thermoelectric generator, Energy Rep, 7, 1539, 10.1016/j.egyr.2021.03.002 Omer, 2017, Heat pipes thermoelectric solar collectors for energy applications, Int J Hydrogen Energy, 42, 8310, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.01.132 Zhao, 2022, 252 Atalay, 2018, Evaluation of energy efficiency of thermoelectric generator with two-phase thermo-syphon heat pipes and nano-particle fluids, International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing-Green Technology, 5, 5, 10.1007/s40684-018-0001-1 Manivannan, 2022, Energy and environmental analysis of a solar evacuated tube heat pipe integrated thermoelectric generator using IoT, Environ Sci Pollut Control Ser, 29, 57835, 10.1007/s11356-022-19857-w Shafii, 2016, Examination of a novel solar still equipped with evacuated tube collectors and thermoelectric modules, Desalination, 382, 21, 10.1016/j.desal.2015.12.019 Cao, 2014, A review of cermet-based spectrally selective solar absorbers, Energy Environ Sci, 7, 1615, 10.1039/c3ee43825b Mandal, 2017, Scalable, “dip-and-dry” fabrication of a wide-angle plasmonic selective absorber for high-efficiency solar–thermal energy conversion, Adv.Mater., 29, 10.1002/adma.201702156 Lin, 2020, Structured graphene metamaterial selective absorbers for high efficiency and omnidirectional solar thermal energy conversion, Nat Commun, 11 Xia, 2014, A solar thermoelectric conversion material based on Bi2Te3 and carbon nanotube composites, J Phys Chem C, 118, 20826, 10.1021/jp5066693 Mahmoudinezhad, 2020, Response of thermoelectric generators to Bi2Te3 and Zn4Sb3 energy harvester materials under variant solar radiation, Renew Energy, 146, 2488, 10.1016/j.renene.2019.08.080 Zhang, 2018, Conversion of solar power to chemical energy based on carbon nanoparticle modified photo-thermoelectric generator and electrochemical water splitting system, Nano Energy, 48, 481, 10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.03.055 Lee, 2021, Porous polydimethylsiloxane/Au composites as solar-light absorbers for light-driven thermoelectric applications, Macromol Mater Eng, 306, 10.1002/mame.202100351 Kraemer, 2011, High-performance flat-panel solar thermoelectric generators with high thermal concentration, Nat Mater, 10, 532, 10.1038/nmat3013 Liu, 2022, Enabling highly enhanced solar thermoelectric generator efficiency by a CuCrMnCoAlN-based spectrally selective absorber, ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 14, 50180, 10.1021/acsami.2c15215 Candadai, 2016, Performance evaluation of a natural convective-cooled concentration solar thermoelectric generator coupled with a spectrally selective high temperature absorber coating, Sol Energy Mater Sol Cell, 145, 333, 10.1016/j.solmat.2015.10.040 Jung, 2017, Wearable solar thermoelectric generator driven by unprecedentedly high temperature difference, Nano Energy, 40, 663, 10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.08.061 Wang, 2022, Enhanced electrical outputs of thin-film solar thermoelectric generator with optimized metal/dielectric multilayered solar selective absorber, Appl Phys Mater Sci Process, 128, 10.1007/s00339-022-05713-8 Lee, 2017, Mechanically robust, stretchable solar absorbers with submicron-thick multilayer sheets for wearable and energy applications, ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 9, 18061, 10.1021/acsami.7b03741 Zhou, 2016, Broadband bidirectional visible light absorber with wide angular tolerance, J Mater Chem C, 4, 391, 10.1039/C5TC03168K Bellucci, 2021, Upgrade and present limitations of solar thermionic-thermoelectric technology up to 1000 K, Sol Energy Mater Sol Cell, 223 Singh, 2017, Experimental analysis of thermoelectric heat exchanger for power generation from salinity gradient solar pond using low-grade heat, J Electron Mater, 46, 2854, 10.1007/s11664-016-5009-0 Ziapour, 2017, Power generation enhancement in a salinity-gradient solar pond power plant using thermoelectric generator, Energy Convers Manag, 136, 283, 10.1016/j.enconman.2017.01.031 Rostamzadeh, 2019, Feasibility investigation of a humidification-dehumidification (HDH) desalination system with thermoelectric generator operated by a salinity-gradient solar pond, Desalination, 462, 1, 10.1016/j.desal.2019.04.001 Kumar, 2018, Inverse prediction and optimization analysis of a solar pond powering a thermoelectric generator, Sol Energy, 169, 658, 10.1016/j.solener.2018.05.035 Chang, 2020, High-efficiency solar thermoelectric conversion enabled by movable charging of molten salts, Sci Rep, 10, 10.1038/s41598-020-77442-y 2014, Electric power generation from solar pond using combination of thermosyphon and thermoelectric modules, 48, 453 Singh, 2011, Electric power generation from solar pond using combined thermosyphon and thermoelectric modules, Sol Energy, 85, 371, 10.1016/j.solener.2010.11.012 Klochko, 2017, Wet chemical synthesis of nanostructured semiconductor layers for thin-film solar thermoelectric generator, Sol Energy, 157, 657, 10.1016/j.solener.2017.08.060 2016, 1734 Jaworski, 2016, Experimental investigation of thermoelectric generator (TEG) with PCM module, Appl Therm Eng, 96, 527, 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.12.005 Jeyashree, 2020, Concentrated solar thermal energy harvesting using Bi(2)Te(3)based thermoelectric generator, Mater Sci Semicond Process, 107, 10.1016/j.mssp.2019.104782 Muthu, 2021, Performance of solar parabolic dish thermoelectric generator with PCM. International Conference on Newer Trends and Innovations in Mechanical Engineering (ICONTIME) -, Mater Sci, 37, 929 Cai, 2022, Numerical analysis of a solar driven thermoelectric generator brick with phase change materials: performance evaluation and parametric investigations, Appl Therm Eng, 214 Montero, 2021, A novel 24-h day-night operational solar thermoelectric generator using phase change materials, J Clean Prod, 296 Luo, 2020, 208 Ko, 2022, Design of a thermoelectric generator-assisted energy harvesting block considering melting temperature of phase change materials, Renew Energy, 193, 89, 10.1016/j.renene.2022.05.023 Wang, 2021, Experimental investigation on performance improvement of thermoelectric generator based on phase change materials and heat transfer enhancement, Energy, 229 Tang, 2022, Double-layered and shape-stabilized phase change materials with enhanced thermal conduction and reversible thermochromism for solar thermoelectric power generation, Chem Eng J, 430 Zhang, 2019, An intelligent light-driven thermoelectric conversion system through the thermosensitive phase transition of vanadium dioxide, J Mater Chem A, 7, 8521, 10.1039/C9TA01864F Maduabuchi, 2020, Numerical study of a phase change material integrated solar thermoelectric generator, J Electron Mater, 49, 5917, 10.1007/s11664-020-08331-3 Kim, 2016, Refraction-assisted solar thermoelectric generator based on phase-change lens, Sci Rep, 6 Yuan, 2022, 252 Weidenkaff, 2008, Development of thermoelectric oxides for renewable energy conversion technologies, Renew Energy, 33, 342, 10.1016/j.renene.2007.05.032 2011 Borchardt, 2020, World's first thermoelectric generator made of tailored carbon allotropes, Adv Eng Mater, 22, 10.1002/adem.202000108 Su, 2015, Simulation investigation of high-efficiency solar thermoelectric generators with inhomogeneously doped nanomaterials, IEEE Trans Ind Electron, 62, 3569 Ruoho, 2016, Large-area thermoelectric high-aspect-ratio nanostructures by atomic layer deposition, Nanotechnology, 27, 10.1088/0957-4484/27/35/355403 Isoda, 2016, Thermoelectric properties of Sb-doped Mg2Si prepared using different silicon sources, J Electron Mater, 45, 1772, 10.1007/s11664-015-4214-6 Mizoshiri, 2012, Thin-film thermoelectric modules for power generation using focused solar light, J Electron Mater, 41, 1713, 10.1007/s11664-012-2047-0 Maduabuchi, 2022, The combined impacts of leg geometry configuration and multi-staging on the exergetic performance of thermoelectric modules in a solar thermoelectric generator, Journal of Energy Resources Technology-Transactions of the Asme, 144, 10.1115/1.4051648 Xiao, 2012, Thermal design and management for performance optimization of solar thermoelectric generator, Appl Energy, 93, 33, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.06.006 Maduabuchi, 2021, Solar power generation using a two-stage X-leg thermoelectric generator with high-temperature materials, Int J Energy Res, 45, 13163, 10.1002/er.6644 Shittu, 2020, Electrical and mechanical analysis of a segmented solar thermoelectric generator under non-uniform heat flux, Energy, 199 Kraemer, 2016, Concentrating solar thermoelectric generators with a peak efficiency of 7.4, Nat Energy, 1, 1, 10.1038/nenergy.2016.153 Maduabuchi, 2022, Predicting the optimal performance of a concentrated solar segmented variable leg thermoelectric generator using neural networks, Energies, 15, 10.3390/en15166024 Maduabuchi, 2022, Improving the performance of a solar thermoelectric generator using nano-enhanced variable area pins, Appl Therm Eng, 206 Chen, 2014, Modeling and simulation for the design of thermal-concentrated solar thermoelectric generator, Energy, 64, 287, 10.1016/j.energy.2013.10.073 Feng, 2013, Reliable contact fabrication on nanostructured Bi2Te3-based thermoelectric materials, Phys Chem Chem Phys, 15, 6757, 10.1039/c3cp50993a Ejenakevwe, 2020, Parametric optimization of exergy efficiency in solar thermoelectric generators, J Electron Mater, 49, 3063, 10.1007/s11664-020-08021-0 Suzumura, 2019, Solar thermal cogeneration system using a cylindrical thermoelectric module, J Electron Mater, 48, 467, 10.1007/s11664-018-6725-4 Zhang, 2021, Intelligent light-driven flexible solar thermoelectric system, Chem Eng J, 423 Shen, 2021, Optimization and fabrication of a planar thermoelectric generator for a high-performance solar thermoelectric generator, Curr Appl Phys, 22, 6, 10.1016/j.cap.2020.11.005 Zhao, 2019, Radiative sky cooling: fundamental principles, materials, and applications, Appl Phys Rev, 6, 10.1063/1.5087281 Aili, 2019, A kW-scale, 24-hour continuously operational, radiative sky cooling system: experimental demonstration and predictive modeling, Energy Convers Manag, 186, 586e596, 10.1016/j.enconman.2019.03.006 Orel, 1993, Radiative cooling efficiency of white pigmented paints, Sol Energy, 50, 477, 10.1016/0038-092X(93)90108-Z Granqvist, 1982, Radiative cooling to low temperatures with selectivity IR-emitting surfaces, Thin Solid Films, 90, 187, 10.1016/0040-6090(82)90648-4 Raman, 2014, Passive radiative cooling below ambient air temperature under direct sunlight, Nature, 515, 540, 10.1038/nature13883 Huang, 2017, Nanoparticle embedded double-layer coating for daytime radiative cooling, Int J Heat Mass Tran, 104, 890, 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2016.08.009 Zhai, 2017, Scalable-manufactured randomized glass-polymer hybrid metamaterial for daytime radiative cooling, Science, 355, 1062, 10.1126/science.aai7899 Byrnes, 2014, Harvesting renewable energy from Earth's mid-infrared emissions, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111, 3927, 10.1073/pnas.1402036111 Zhu, 2022, An isotropic porous designed polymer coatings for high-performance passive all-day radiative cooling, iScience, 25, 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104126 Mu, 2019, A novel self-powering ultrathin TEG device based on micro/nano emitter for radiative cooling, Nano Energy, 55, 494, 10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.10.057 Zhan, 2019, Enhancing thermoelectric output power via radiative cooling with nanoporous alumina, Nano Energy, 65, 10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.104060 Ishii, 2020, Radiative cooling for continuous thermoelectric power generation in day and night, Appl Phys Lett, 117, 10.1063/5.0010190 Yu, 2022, All-day continuous electrical power generator by solar heating and radiative cooling from the sky, Appl Energy, 322 Raman, 2019, Generating light from darkness, Joule, 3, 2679, 10.1016/j.joule.2019.08.009 Xia, 2019, Thermoelectric generator using space cold source, ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 11, 33941, 10.1021/acsami.9b10981 Omair, 2022, Radiative-cooling-based nighttime electricity generation with power density exceeding 100 mW/m(2), iScience, 25, 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104858 Tian, 2020, Harvesting energy from sun, outer space, and soil, Sci Rep, 10, 10.1038/s41598-020-77900-7 Wang, 2022, Design and experimental validation of an all-day passive thermoelectric system via radiative cooling and greenhouse effects, Energy, 263 Khan, 2021, High power density of radiative-cooled compact thermoelectric generator based on body heat harvesting, Nano Energy, 87, 10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.106180 Liu, 2022, Passive radiative cooling enables improved performance in wearable thermoelectric generators, Small, 18, 10.1002/smll.202106875 Lv, 2023, Comprehensive research on a high performance solar and radiative cooling driving thermoelectric generator system with concentration for passive power generation, Energy, 275 Lee, 2021, Enhanced heat-electric conversion via photonic-assisted radiative cooling, Nanomaterials, 11, 10.3390/nano11040983 Ishii, 2021, Simultaneous harvesting of radiative cooling and solar heating for transverse thermoelectric generation, Sci Technol Adv Mater, 22, 441, 10.1080/14686996.2021.1920820 Zhao, 2020, Modeling and optimization of radiative cooling based thermoelectric generators, Appl Phys Lett, 117, 10.1063/5.0022667 Liu, 2020, 216 Fan, 2020, Maximal nighttime electrical power generation via optimal radiative cooling, Opt Express, 28, 25460, 10.1364/OE.397714 Faizal, 2011, On the ocean heat budget and ocean thermal energy conversion, Int J Energy Res, 35, 1119, 10.1002/er.1885 Xie, 2016, Generation of electricity from deep-sea hydrothermal vents with a thermoelectric converter, Appl Energy, 164, 620, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.12.036 2018 Gai, 2021, Hydrothermal fluid ejector for enhanced heat transfer of a thermoelectric power generator on the seafloor, Sustain Energy Fuels, 5, 4377, 10.1039/D1SE00653C Carneiro, 2018, Model and simulation of the energy retrieved by thermoelectric generators in an underwater glider, Energy Convers Manag, 163, 38, 10.1016/j.enconman.2018.02.031 2016 Khanmohammadi, 2020, Proposal of a novel integrated ocean thermal energy conversion system with flat plate solar collectors and thermoelectric generators: energy, exergy and environmental analyses, J Clean Prod, 256 2000 2019 Liu, 2014, Feasibility of large-scale power plants based on thermoelectric effects, New J Phys, 16, 10.1088/1367-2630/16/12/123019 2017 Niu, 2009, Experimental study on low-temperature waste heat thermoelectric generator, J Power Sources, 188, 621, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.12.067 Ahiska, 2013, Design and implementation of a new portable thermoelectric generator for low geothermal temperatures, IET Renew Power Gener, 7, 700, 10.1049/iet-rpg.2012.0320 Catalan, 2020, 221 Catalan, 2019, New opportunities for electricity generation in shallow hot dry rock fields: a study of thermoelectric generators with different heat exchangers, Energy Convers Manag, 200 Alegria, 2022, Experimental development of a novel thermoelectric generator without moving parts to harness shallow hot dry rock fields, Appl Therm Eng, 200, 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2021.117619 Liu, 2020, Analysis and modeling of thermoelectric power generation in oil wells: a potential power supply for downhole instruments using in-situ geothermal energy, Renew Energy, 150, 561, 10.1016/j.renene.2019.12.120 Li, 2021, Thermoelectric power generator: field test at Bottle Rock geothermal power plant, J Power Sources, 485 Hekim, 2021, Energy analysis of a geothermal power plant with thermoelectric energy harvester using waste heat, Int J Energy Res, 45, 20891, 10.1002/er.7145 Ahiska, 2016, Development and application of a new power analysis system for testing of geothermal thermoelectric generators, Int J Green Energy, 13, 672, 10.1080/15435075.2015.1017102 Zare, 2018, Employing thermoelectric generator for power generation enhancement in a Kalina cycle driven by low-grade geothermal energy, Appl Therm Eng, 130, 418, 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.10.160 Wang, 2018, Downhole geothermal power generation in oil and gas wells, Geothermics, 76, 141, 10.1016/j.geothermics.2018.07.005