An overview of brominated flame retardants in the environment

Chemosphere - Tập 46 Số 5 - Trang 583-624 - 2002
Cynthia A. de Wit1
1Institute of Applied Environmental Research - ITM, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Aarts, 1995, Species-specific antagonism of Ah receptor action by 2,2′,5,5′-tetrachlorobiphenyl and 2,2′,3,3′,4,4′-hexachlorobiphenyl, Eur. J. Pharmacol. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. Sect., 293, 463, 10.1016/0926-6917(95)90067-5

Alaee, 1999, Distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the Canadian environment, Organohalogen Compd., 40, 347

Allchin, 1999, Polybrominated diphenylethers in sediments and biota downstream of potential sources in the UK, Environ. Pollut., 105, 197, 10.1016/S0269-7491(98)00219-X

Allchin, 2000, Polybrominated diphenyl ether residues in cormorant (Phalcrocorax carbo) livers from England, UK, Organohalogen Compd., 47, 190

Andersson, 1981, Polybrominated aromatic pollutants found in fish in Sweden, Chemosphere, 10, 1051, 10.1016/0045-6535(81)90216-2

Andersson, 1992, Levels of polychlorinated camphenes (Toxaphene), chlordane compounds and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in seals from Swedish waters, Ambio, 21, 550

Andersson, 1999, Biomagnification of structurally matched polychlorinated and polybrominated diphenylethers (PCDE/PBDE) in zebrafish (Danio rerio), Organohalogen Compd., 43, 9

Arias, P., 1992. Brominated diphenyloxides as flame retardants: bromine based chemicals. Consultant Report to the OECD, Paris

Asplund, 1997, Mass spectrometric screening for organohalogen substances (OHs) in blood plasma from Baltic salmon (Salmo salar), Organohalogen Compd., 33, 355

Asplund, 1999, Organohalogen substances in muscle, egg and blood from healthy Baltic salmon (Salmo salar) and Baltic salmon affected by the M74 syndrome, Ambio, 28, 67

Asplund, 1999, Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in fish from the Great Lakes and Baltic Sea, Organohalogen Compd., 40, 351

Bahn, A., Bialik, O., Oler, J., Houten, L., Landau, E., 1980. Health assessment of occupational exposure to polybrominated biphenyl (PB) and polybrominated biphenyloxide (PBBO). Report ISS EPA 560/6-80-001, Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances, US EPA, Washington, D.C. (NTIS no. PB81-159675)

Berg, C., 2000. Environmental pollutants and the reproductive system in birds: developmental effects of estrogenic compounds. Ph.D. Thesis, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

Bergander, L., Kierkegaard, A., Sellström, U., Wideqvist, U., de Wit, C., 1995. Are brominated flame retardants present in ambient air? Poster. In: 6th Nordic Symposium on Organic Pollutants, Smygehuk, September 17–20

Bergman, Å., 1999. Synthesis of PBDEs. Final Report to the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency Persistent Organic Pollutants Programme, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Sweden

Bergman, 1999, Polybrominated environmental pollutants: human and wildlife exposures, Organohalogen Compd., 43, 89

Bergman, 1997, Flame retardants and plasticisers on particulate in the modern computerized indoor environment, Organohalogen Compd., 33, 414

Booij, 2000, Levels of some polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants along the Dutch coast as derived from their accumulation in SPMDs and blue mussels (Mytilus edulis), Organohalogen Compd., 47, 89

Brouwer, 1990, Competitive inhibition of thyroxin binding to transthyretin by monohydroxy metabolites of 3,4,3′,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl, Chemosphere, 20, 1257, 10.1016/0045-6535(90)90255-R

Burkow, I.C., Herzke, D., Wolkers, H., Gabrielsen, G., 2001. Analyse av bromerte flammehemmere, PCB og pesticider inkludert toksafen i polarmåke (Larus hyperboreus) fra Bjørnøya. Norsk Polarinstitutt Internrapport Nr. 6, Tromsø, Norway

Burreau, 1998, Uptake of PBDEs in pike (Esox lucius) from food, Organohalogen Compd., 39, 39

Burreau, 1997, Dietary uptake in pike (Esox lucius) of some polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated naphthalenes and polybrominated diphenyl ethers administered in natural diet, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 16, 2508, 10.1897/1551-5028(1997)016<2508:DUIPEL>2.3.CO;2

Burreau, 1999, Biomagnification quantification of PBDEs in fish using stable nitrogen isotopes, Organohalogen Compd., 40, 363

Burreau, 2000, Tissue distribution of 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (14C-PBDE 47) in pike (Esox lucius) after dietary exposure – a time series study using whole body autoradiography, Chemosphere, 40, 977, 10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00342-2

Burreau, 2000, Comparison of biomagnification of PBDEs in food chains from the Baltic Sea and the northern Atlantic Sea, Organohalogen Compd., 47, 253

Calvo, 1990, J. Clin. Invest., 86, 889, 10.1172/JCI114790

Carlson, 1980, Induction of xenobiotic metabolism in rats by short-term administration of brominated diphenyl ethers, Toxicol. Lett., 5, 19, 10.1016/0378-4274(80)90143-5

Carlson, 1980, Induction of xenobiotic metabolism in rats by short-term administration of brominated diphenyl ethers administered for 90 days, Toxicol. Lett., 6, 207, 10.1016/0378-4274(80)90193-9

Cramer, 1990, Evaluation of an analytical method for the determination of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PBDD/PBDF) in human adipose tissue, Chemosphere, 20, 821, 10.1016/0045-6535(90)90188-Y

Darnerud, P.O., Risberg, S., 1998. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers: distribution of tetra- and pentabromo-congeners in C57 BL mice (submitted)

Darnerud, 1996, Effects of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on thyroxine and TSH blood levels in rats and mice, Organohalogen Compd., 29, 316

Darnerud, 1998, Studies on immunological effects of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) exposure in rats and mice, Organohalogen Compd., 35, 415

Darnerud, 1998, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in breast milk from primiparous women in Uppsala county, Sweden, Organohalogen Compd., 35, 411

Darnerud, P.O., Eriksen, G.S., Johannesson, T., Larsen, P.B., Viluksela, M., 1998b. Food contamination and potential risks. TemaNord 1998:503, Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen, Denmark

Darnerud, 2001, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers: occurrence, dietary exposure and toxicology, Environ. Health Perspect., 109, 49, 10.1289/ehp.01109s149

Davison, 1968, 178

de Boer, 1989, Organochlorine compounds and bromodiphenylethers in livers of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) from the North Sea, 1977–1987, Chemosphere, 18, 2131

de Boer, 1990, Brominated diphenyl ethers in Dutch freshwater and marine fish, Organohalogen Compd., 2, 315

de Boer, J., 1995. Analysis and biomonitoring of complex mixtures of persistent halogenated microcontaminants. Ph.D. dissertation, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands

de Boer, 1998, Do flame retardants threaten ocean life?, Nature, 394, 28, 10.1038/27798

de Boer, 1998, Polybrominated biphenyls and diphenylethers in sperm whales and other marine mammals – a new threat to ocean life?, Organohalogen Compd., 35, 383

de Boer, 2000, Polybrominated biphenyls and diphenylethers, 62

de Boer, 2000, PBDEs and PBBs in suspended particulate matter, sediments, sewage treatment plant in- and effluents and biota from the Netherlands, Organohalogen Compd., 47, 85

De Poortere, M., 2000. Brominated flame retardants. Presentation, Swedish Society of Toxicology Workshop, Stockholm, February 17

de Wit, C., 2000. Brominated flame retardants. Report 5065, Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Stockholm, Sweden

Dodder, 2000, Concentrations and spatial variations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in fish and air from the northeastern United States, Organohalogen Compd., 47, 69

El Dareer, 1987, Disposition of decabromobiphenyl ether in rats dosed intravenously or by feeding, Toxicol. Environ. Health, 22, 405, 10.1080/15287398709531082

Environmental Agency Japan, 1991. Chemicals in the environment. Report on environmental survey and wildlife monitoring of chemicals in F.Y. 1988 and 1989. Environmental Agency Japan, Department of Environmental Health, Office of Health Studies, Tokyo, Japan

Eriksson, 1997, Developmental neurotoxicity of environmental agents in the neonate, Neurotoxicology, 18, 719

Eriksson, 1996, Developmental neurotoxicity of four ortho-substituted polychlorinated biphenyls in the neonatal mouse, Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 1, 155, 10.1016/1382-6689(96)00015-4

Eriksson, 1996, Neonatal exposure to 2,2′,5,5′-tetrachlorinated biphenyl causes increased susceptibility in the cholinergic transmitter system at adult age, Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 1, 217, 10.1016/1382-6689(95)00017-8

Eriksson, 1998, Neurotoxic effects in adult mice neonatally exposed to 3,3′,4,4′,5-pentachlorinated biphenyl or 2,3,3′,4,4′-pentachlorinated biphenyl. Changes in brain nicotinic receptors and behaviour, Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 5, 17, 10.1016/S1382-6689(97)10002-3

Eriksson, 1998, Decompostion of tetrabromobisphenol A in the presence of UV-light and hydroxyl radicals, Organohalogen Compd., 35, 419

Eriksson, 1991, Neonatal exposure to 3,3′,4,4′-tetrachlorinated biphenyl: changes in spontaneous behaviour and cholinergic muscarinic receptors in the adult mouse, Toxicology, 69, 27, 10.1016/0300-483X(91)90150-Y

Eriksson, 1998, Developmental neurotoxicity of brominated flame retardants, polybrominated diphenyl ethers and tetrabromo-bis-phenol A, Organohalogen Compd., 35, 375

Eriksson, 1999, PBDE, 2,2′,4,4′,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether, causes permanent neurotoxic effects during a defined period of neonatal brain development, Organohalogen Compd., 40, 333

Fernlöf, 1997, Lack of effects of some individual polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners on human lymphocytes in vitro, Toxicol. Lett., 90, 189, 10.1016/S0378-4274(96)03848-9

Fowles, 1994, Immunologic and endocrine effects of the flame retardant pentabromodiphenyl ether (DE-71) in C57BL/6J mice, Toxicology, 86, 49, 10.1016/0300-483X(94)90052-3

Ghosh, 2000, Structure of human transthyretin complexed with bromophenols: a new mode of binding, Acta Crystallogr. Sect. D, 56, 1085, 10.1107/S0907444900008568

Great Lakes Chemical Corp, undated(a). Toxicity data of pentabromodiphenyloxide. Unpublished Report of Great Lakes Chemical Corporation, West Lafayette, IN

Great Lakes Chemical Corp, undated(b). Toxicity data of decabromodiphenyloxide. Unpublished Report of Great Lakes Chemical Corporation, West Lafayette, IN

Great Lakes Chemical Corp, 1987. Toxicity data of octabromodiphenyloxide (DE-79). Unpublished Report of Great Lakes Chemical Corporation, West Lafayette, IN

Gustafsson, 1999, Bioaccumulation kinetics of brominated flame retardants (polybrominated diphenyl ethers) in blue mussels (Mytilus edulis), Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 18, 1218, 10.1002/etc.5620180621

Hagenmaier, 1992, Analysis of sewage sludge for polyhalogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and diphenylethers, Chemosphere, 25, 1457, 10.1016/0045-6535(92)90169-R

Haglund, 1997, Identification and quantification of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and methoxy-polybrominated diphenylethers in Baltic biota, Environ. Sci. Technol., 31, 3281, 10.1021/es9702834

Hagmar, 2000, Computer technicians are occupationally exposed to polybrominated diphenyl ethers and tetrabromobisphenol A, Organohalogen Compd., 47, 202

Hagmar, 2000, Biological half-lives of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and tetrabromobisphenol A in exposed workers, Organohalogen Compd., 47, 198

Hakk, 1999, Tissue disposition, excretion and metabolism of 2,2′,4,4′,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-99) in male Sprague–Dawley rats, Organohalogen Compd., 40, 337

Hale, 2000, Comparison of brominated diphenyl ether fire retardant and organochlorine burdens in fish from Virginia rivers (USA), Organohalogen Compd., 47, 65

Hallgren, 1998, Effects of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and chlorinated paraffins (CPs) on thyroid hormone levels and enzyme activities in rats, Organohalogen Compd., 35, 391

Hanberg, 1991, Swedish dioxin survey: evaluation of the H-4-II E bioassay for screening environmental samples for dioxin-like activity, Pharmacol. Toxicol., 69, 442, 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1991.tb01327.x

Hedelmalm, P., Carlsson, P., Palm, V., 1995. A survey of the contents of material and hazardous substances in electric and electronic products. TemaNord 1995:554, Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen, Denmark

Helleday, 1999, Brominated flame retardants induce intragenic recombination in mammalian cells, Mutat. Res., 439, 137, 10.1016/S1383-5718(98)00186-7

Holm, 1993, Effects of exposure to food contaminated with PBDE, PCN or PCB on reproduction, liver morphology and cytochrome P450 activity in the three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus, Aquat. Toxicol., 27, 33, 10.1016/0166-445X(93)90045-3

Hori, 2000, Development of analysis for polybrominated diphenyl ether in seafood and actual contamination of seafood, Organohalogen Compd., 47, 214

Hornung, 1996, Toxic equivalency factors of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxin, dibenzofuran, biphenyl and polyhalogenated diphenyl ether congeners based on rainbow trout early life stage mortality, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 140, 227, 10.1006/taap.1996.0217

Hu, J., 1996. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) – synthesis and characterization. Fil. lic. Thesis, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden

Huwe, 2000, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in chickens, Organohalogen Compd., 47, 429

Ikonomou, 1999, Polybrominated-diphenyl-ethers in biota samples from coastal British Columbia, Canada, Organohalogen Compd., 40, 341

Ikonomou, 2000, Congener patterns, spatial and temporal trends of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in biota samples from the Canadian west coast and the Northwest Territories, Organohalogen Compd., 47, 77

IUCLID, 1996. European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Environment Institute, European Chemicals Bureau, Ispra, Italy

Jakobsson, 1996, Synthesis and characterization of twenty-eight brominated diphenyl ethers, Organohalogen Compd., 28, 463

Jansson, 1987, Brominated flame retardants – ubiquitous environmental pollutants?, Chemosphere, 16, 2343, 10.1016/0045-6535(87)90291-8

Jansson, 1991, Multiresidue method for the gas-chromatographic analysis of some polychlorinated and polybrominated pollutants in biological samples, Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 340, 439, 10.1007/BF00322419

Jansson, 1993, Chlorinated and brominated persistent organic compounds in biological samples from the environment, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 12, 1163, 10.1002/etc.5620120704

Jonsson, P., Kankaanpää, H., 1999. Distribution of organic contaminants in the Baltic Sea sediments. In: Perttilä, M. (Ed.), Contaminants on the Baltic Sea Sediments – Results from the 1993 ICES/HELCOM Sediment Baseline Study (manuscript 1999)

KEMI, 1990. Proceedings: Workshop on Brominated Aromatic Flame Retardants. National Swedish Chemicals Inspectorate, Solna, Sweden

KEMI, 1994. The flame retardant project: a survey of brominated alternatives to brominated diphenyl ethers. PM 3/94, National Swedish Chemicals Inspectorate, Solna, Sweden

KEMI, 1995. Flamskyddsmedelsprojektet, Slutrapport. Report 16/95, National Swedish Chemicals Inspectorate, Solna, Sweden (in Swedish)

Kierkegaard, A., Sellström, U., de Wit, C., Jansson, B., Olsson, M., 1993. Time trend studies of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) in biological material from the Swedish environment. Presentation, 5th Nordic Symposium on Organic Pollutants, Röros, Norway

Kierkegaard, A., Sellström, U., Wideqvist, U., Bergander, L., Winberg, A., Alsberg, T., 1996. Analytical results regarding chlorinated paraffins (CPs) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs) within the DIFFCHEM project, reference number RIKZ/IT-95.151X. Final Report

Kierkegaard, 1999, Dietary uptake and effects of decabromodiphenyl ether in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Environ. Sci. Technol., 33, 1613, 10.1021/es9807082

Kierkegaard, 1999, Temporal trends of a polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE), a methoxylated PBDE and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) in Swedish biota, Organohalogen Compd., 40, 367

Klasson Wehler, 1996, Metabolism of polychlorinated naphthalenes and a tetrabrominated diphenyl ether, Organohalogen Compd., 28, 495

Klasson Wehler, 1997, New organohalogens in human plasma – identification and quantification, Organohalogen Compd., 33, 420

Kociba, 1975, Results of a two-year dietary feeding study with decabromodiphenyl oxide (DBDPO) in rats, Combust. Toxicol., 2, 267

Krüger, C., 1988. Polybrominated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers – detection and quantitation in selected foods. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Munster, Germany (in German)

Kuehl, 1995, Organochlorine, organobromine, metal and selenium residues in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) collected during an unusual mortality event in the Gulf of Mexico, 1990, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 28, 494, 10.1007/BF00211632

Kuehl, 1991, Chemical residues in dolphins from the US Atlantic coast including Atlantic bottlenose obtained during the 1987/88 mass mortality, Chemosphere, 22, 1071, 10.1016/0045-6535(91)90308-Z

Lans, M.C., 1995. Thyroid hormone binding proteins as novel targets for hydroxylated polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (PHAHs): possible implications for toxicity. Ph.D. Thesis, Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands

Larsen, 1998, Metabolism and disposition of the flame retardant tetrabromobisphenol A in conventional rats and rats with cannulated bile ducts, Organohalogen Compd., 37, 413

Larsen, 1999, Binding of 2,2′,4,4′,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-99) and/or its metabolites to mammalian urinary and biliary carrier proteins, Organohalogen Compd., 40, 371

Law, 2000, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the blubber of harbour porpoises (Phocaena phocaena L.) stranded on the coasts of England and Wales, Organohalogen Compd., 47, 249

Lindström, 1998, Current level of 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabrominated diphenyl ether in human adipose tissue in Sweden – a risk factor for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma?, Organohalogen Compd., 35, 431

Lindström, 1999, Identification of 19 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in long-finned pilot whale (Globicephala melas) from the Atlantic, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 36, 355, 10.1007/s002449900482

Loganathan, 1995, Isomer-specific determination and toxic evaluation of polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated/brominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, polybrominated biphenyl ethers, and extractable organic halogen in carp from Buffalo River, New York, Environ. Sci. Technol., 29, 1832, 10.1021/es00007a021

Luross, 2000, Spatial and temporal distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in lake trout from the Great Lakes, Organohalogen Compd., 47, 73

Marsh, 1998, Synthesis of p-hydroxybromodiphenyl ethers and binding to the thyroid receptor, Organohalogen Compd., 37, 305

Marsh, 1999, Synthesis and characterization of 32 polybrominated diphenyl ethers, Environ. Sci. Technol., 33, 3033, 10.1021/es9902266

Meerts, 1998, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) as Ah-receptor agonist and antagonists, Organohalogen Compd., 37, 147

Meerts, 1998, Interaction of polybrominated diphenyl ether metabolites (PBDE–OH) with human transthyretin in vitro, Organohalogen Compd., 37, 309

Meerts, 1999, Distribution of the flame retardant tetrabromobisphenol A in pregnant and fetal rats and effect on thyroid hormone homeostasis, Organohalogen Compd., 40, 375

Meerts, 2000, Potent competitive interactions of some brominated flame retardants and related compounds with human transthyretin in vitro, Toxicol. Sci., 56, 95, 10.1093/toxsci/56.1.95

Meironyté, 1998, Analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human milk, Organohalogen Compd., 35, 387

Meironyté, 1999, Analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Swedish human milk. A time-related trend study, 1972–1997, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A, 58, 101

Meironyté Guvenius, 1999, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human liver and adipose tissues. A pilot study, Organohalogen Compd., 40, 379

Meneses, 1999, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers detected in human adipose tissue from Spain, Chemosphere, 39, 2271, 10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00150-2

Murk, 1998, Application of biomarkers for exposure and effect of polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons in naturally exposed European otters (Lutra lutra), Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 6, 91, 10.1016/S1382-6689(98)00026-X

Norén, 1998, Contaminants in Swedish human milk. Decreasing levels of organochlorine and increasing levels of organobromine compounds, Organohalogen Compd., 38, 1

Norén, 2000, Certain organochlorine and organobromine contaminants in Swedish human milk in perspective of past 20–30 years, Chemosphere, 40, 1111, 10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00360-4

Norrgren, 1993, Liver morphology and cytochrome P450 activity in fry of rainbow trout after microinjection of lipid-soluble xenobiotics in the yolk-sac embryos, Aquat. Toxicol., 26, 307, 10.1016/0166-445X(93)90036-Z

Norris, 1973, Toxicological and environmental factors involved in the selection of decabromodiphenyl oxide as a fire retardant chemical, Appl. Polym. Symp., 22, 195

Norris, 1975, Evaluation of decabromodiphenyloxide as a flame-retardant chemical, Chem. Hum. Health Environ., 1, 100

Norris, 1975, Toxicology of octabromodiphenyl and decabromodiphenyloxide, Environ. Health Perspect., 11, 153, 10.1289/ehp.7511153

NV, 1988. Organochlorine compounds. In: Monitor 1988: Sweden's Marine Environment – Ecosystems Under Pressure. Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Stockholm, Sweden, pp. 172–196

Nylund, 1992, Analysis of some polyhalogenated organic pollutants in sediment and sewage sludge, Chemosphere, 24, 1721, 10.1016/0045-6535(92)90227-I

OECD, 1994. Risk reduction monograph No. 3: Selected brominated flame retardants. Monograph Series No. 97, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris, France

Örn, U., 1997. Synthesis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and metabolism of 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromo[14C]diphenyl ether. Fil. lic. Thesis, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden

Örn, 1996, Synthesis and characterization of polybrominated diphenyl ethers – unlabelled and radiolabelled tetra-, penta- and hexabromodiphenyl ethers, Acta Chem. Scand., 50, 802, 10.3891/acta.chem.scand.50-0802

Örn, 1998, Synthesis of some 14C-labelled brominated flame retardants, Organohalogen Compd., 35, 451

Örn, 1998, Metabolism of 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether in rat and mouse, Xenobiotica, 28, 199

Ohta, 2000, Real situation of contamination by polybrominated diphenyl ethers as flame retardants in market fish and mother milk of Japan, Organohalogen Compd., 47, 218

Patterson, 2000, Brominated flame retardants in serum from US blood donors, Organohalogen Compd., 47, 45

Peters, 1999, Organochlorine pesticides in UK air, Organohalogen Compd., 41, 447

Peters, A.J., Tomy, G.T., Stern, G.A., Asplund, L., Kierkegaard, A., Coleman, P., Jones, K.C., 1999b. Persistent organic pollutants in the atmosphere of the United Kingdom. Poster. DIOXIN '99: 19th International Symposium on Halogenated Environmental Organic Pollutants and POPs, Venice, Italy, September 12–17

Renner, 2000, Flame retardant levels in Virginia fish are among highest found, Environ. Sci. Technol., 34, 163A, 10.1021/es003199o

Ronen, 2000, Anaerobic–aerobic process for microbial degradation of tetrabromobisphenol A, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 66, 2372, 10.1128/AEM.66.6.2372-2377.2000

Ryan, 2000, Determination of brominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs) and levels in Canadian human milks, Organohalogen Compd., 47, 57

Ryuich, A., Katsumi, M., Shutoko, M., 1983. Test on chemical substances used in household items. Studies on pharmacodynamics of hexabromocyclododecane. Department of Pharmacy, Hokkaido University Hospital (unpublished paper translated into English)

Sanderson, 1996, Comparison of Ah receptor-mediated luciferase and ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase induction in H4IIE cells: implications for their use as bioanalytical tools for the detection of polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 137, 316, 10.1006/taap.1996.0086

Schröter-Kermani, 2000, The German environmental specimen bank – application in trend monitoring of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human blood, Organohalogen Compd., 47, 49

Sellström, U., 1996. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the Swedish environment. Fil. lic. Thesis, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden

Sellström, U., 1999. Determination of some polybrominated flame retardants in biota, sediment and sewage sludge. Ph.D. Dissertation, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden

Sellström, 1995, Analysis of tetrabromobisphenol A in a product and environmental samples, Chemosphere, 31, 3085, 10.1016/0045-6535(95)00167-7

Sellström, 1993, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) in biological samples from the Swedish environment, Chemosphere, 26, 1703, 10.1016/0045-6535(93)90114-K

Sellström, 1993, Time trend studies of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) in biological material from the Swedish environment, Organohalogen Compd., 14, 211

Sellström, 1998, Photolytic debromination of decabromodiphenyl ether (DeBDE), Organohalogen Compd., 35, 447

Sellström, 1998, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane in sediment and fish from a Swedish river, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 17, 1065, 10.1002/etc.5620170612

Sellström, 1999, Brominated flame retardants in sediments from European estuaries, the Baltic Sea and in sewage sludge, Organohalogen Compd., 40, 383

Sergeant, 1998, Determination of brominated diphenyl ethers in fish reference materials, Organohalogen Compd., 35, 379

She, 2000, Analysis of PBDEs in seal blubber and human breast adipose tissue samples, Organohalogen Compd., 47, 53

Sinjari, 1998, Competitive inhibition of 125I-thyroxin (T4) binding to choroid plexus by hydroxylated PCB metabolites, Organohalogen Compd., 37, 241

Sjödin, 1998, Gas chromatographic identification and quantification of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in a commercial product, Bromkal 70-5DE, J. Chromatogr. A, 822, 83, 10.1016/S0021-9673(98)00614-1

Sjödin, 1999, Flame retardant exposure – polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in blood from Swedish workers, Environ. Health Perspect., 107, 643, 10.1289/ehp.99107643

Sjödin, 1999, Occupational exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers at dismantling of electronics – ambient air and human serum analysis, Organohalogen Compd., 43, 447

Sjödin, 2000, Influence of the consumption of fatty Baltic Sea fish on plasma levels of halogenated environmental contaminants in Latvian and Swedish men, Environ. Health Perspect., 108, 1035, 10.1289/ehp.001081035

Sjödin, 2001, Flame retardants in indoor air at an electronics recycling plant and at other work environments, Environ. Sci. Technol., 35, 448, 10.1021/es000077n

Southwell, 1993, Thyroxine transport to the brain – role of protein synthesis by the choroid plexus, Endocrinology, 133, 2116, 10.1210/en.133.5.2116

Stafford, 1983, Halogenated diphenyl ethers identified in avian tissues and eggs by GC/MS, Chemosphere, 12, 1487, 10.1016/0045-6535(83)90078-4

Stanley, 1991, Mass spectral confirmation of chlorinated and brominated diphenylethers in human adipose tissues, Chemosphere, 23, 1185, 10.1016/0045-6535(91)90143-2

Stern, 2000, Temporal trends of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in SE Baffin beluga: increasing evidence of long range atmospheric transport, Organohalogen Compd., 47, 81

Strandman, 1999, Levels of some polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in fish and human adipose tissue in Finland, Organohalogen Compd., 40, 355

Strandman, 2000, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in placenta and human milk, Organohalogen Compd., 47, 61

Sundström, 1976, Environmental chemistry of flame retardants V. The composition of Bromkal 70-5DE – a pentabromodiphenyl ether preparation, Chemosphere, 3, 187, 10.1016/0045-6535(76)90074-6

Thomsen, 2000, Comparing GC–HRMS (EI) and GC–LRMS (CI) for determination of PBDE congeners, Organohalogen Compd., 47, 194

Tittelmier, 2000, Vapor pressures of six brominated diphenyl ether congeners, Organohalogen Compd., 47, 206

Tjärnlund, 1998, Effects of two polybrominated diphenyl ethers on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed via food, Mar. Environ. Res., 46, 107, 10.1016/S0141-1136(97)00091-3

van Bavel, 1999, Supercritical fluid extraction of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, PBDEs, from long-finned pilot whale (Globicephala melas) from the Atlantic, Organohalogen Compd., 40, 359

van Zeijl, H., 1997. Report of the results of the one-off survey DIFFCHEM. Report SIME 97/6/1-E, Oslo and Paris Commissions

Veith, 1979, Measuring and estimating the bioconcentration factor of chemicals in fish, J. Fish Res. Board Can., 36, 1040, 10.1139/f79-146

von Meyerinck, 1990, Induction of rat liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 by pentabromo diphenyl ether Bromkal 70 and half-lives of its components in adipose tissue, Toxicology, 61, 259, 10.1016/0300-483X(90)90176-H

Watanabe, 1987, Formation of brominated dibenzofurans from the photolysis of flame retardant decabromobiphenyl ether in hexane solution by UV and sunlight, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 39, 953, 10.1007/BF01689584

Watanabe, 1990, Anthropogenic brominated aromatics in the Japanese environment

Watanabe, 1983, The flame retardant tetrabromobisphenol A and its metabolite found in river and marine sediments in Japan, Chemosphere, 12, 1533, 10.1016/0045-6535(83)90084-X

Watanabe, 1986, Confirmation of the presence of the flame retardant decabromobiphenyl ether in river sediment from Osaka, Japan, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol, 36, 839, 10.1007/BF01623592

Watanabe, 1987, Polybrominated biphenylethers in marine fish, shellfish and river and marine sediments in Japan, Chemosphere, 16, 2389, 10.1016/0045-6535(87)90297-9

Watanabe, 1992, Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PBDDs) and -dibenzofurans (PBDFs) in atmospheric air in Taiwan and Japan, Organohalogen Compd., 9, 309

Watanabe, 1995, Polybrominated and mixed polybromo/chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and -dibenzofurans in the Japanese environment, Organohalogen Compd., 24, 337

WHO/ICPS, 1994a. Environmental Health Criteria 152: Polybrominated Biphenyls. World Health Organization, Geneva

WHO/ICPS, 1994b. Environmental Health Criteria 162: Brominated Diphenyl Ethers. World Health Organization, Geneva

WHO/ICPS, 1995. Environmental Health Criteria 172: Tetrabromobisphenol A and Derivatives. World Health Organization, Geneva

WHO/ICPS, 1997. Environmental Health Criteria 192: Flame Retardants – General Introduction. World Health Organization, Geneva

WHO/ICPS, 1998. Environmental Health Criteria 205: Polybrominated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans. World Health Organization, Geneva

Wong, 2001, Vapor pressures of the polybrominated diphenyl ethers, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 46, 239, 10.1021/je0002181

Yu, C.C., Atallah, Y.H., 1980. Pharmacokinetics of HBCD in rats. Velsicol Chemical Co. (unpublished paper translated into English)

Zegers, 2000, Levels of some polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants in dated sediment cores, Organohalogen Compd., 47, 229

Zeller, H., Kirsch, P., 1969. Hexabromocyclododecane: 28-day feeding trials with rats. BASF (unpublished: original in German); US EPA (US Environmental Protection Agency), 1990. Hexabromocyclododecane: 28-day feeding trials with rats. Letter from BASF. EPA/OTS Doc #86-900000376

Zweidinger, 1979, Sampling and analysis for semivolatile brominated organics in ambient air, ACS Symp. Ser., 94, 217, 10.1021/bk-1979-0094.ch013