An inventory of the mires of Hokkaido, Japan—their development, classification, decline, and conservation
Tóm tắt
Hokkaido Island is located in the cool temperate zone, and its climate conditions facilitated the formation of a variety of wetland types, the majority of them peat-forming mires. Most of these remained in a natural state until the early 20th century. However, drainage and subsequent conversion mostly to agricultural land have since destroyed more than 70% of the original wetland ecosystems. This paper (1) provides an overview of mire types, (2) reviews the development process of mires in Hokkaido during the Holocene, (3) analyzes the causes of losses of wetland areas, and (4) gives a summary of the current conservation and management status. Basic mire types that have been described in other parts of the northern hemisphere can also be recognized in Hokkaido, although there are floristic differences, and the frequency and intensity of volcanic impact and tsunamis is higher than in most other regions with abundant mire formation. Mire formation started at various points during the postglacial period; a few mountain mires in southwest Hokkaido date back to the Lateglacial, but most mountain mires formed during the mid to late Holocene. Most lowland mires developed at altitudes below 20 m and were influenced by the Jomon transgression that peaked ca. 6,000 years BP. The largest lowland mires started forming after the sea retreated, and many are not older than ca. 3,000 years. In 1996, the total number of wetlands (including peat-forming mires, freshwater marshes, and saltmarshes) greater than 1 ha was 150, with a total area of 59,881 ha. In 1928, when many wetlands were yet undeveloped, their total area was 200,642 ha. Most losses occurred between the 1950s and 1970s, when post-war development economics promoted agriculture and large-scale reclamation projects. Currently, 90.7% of mountain wetlands are public land, while 81.3% of the lowland wetlands are private or in mixed ownership. The ownership condition affects the possibilities for the protection of complete mire complexes especially in the lowlands. For effective conservation of wetland ecosystems it is necessary to include the catchment area in the planning of protected areas.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Botch MS, Masing VV (1983) Mire ecosystems in the U.S.S.R. In: Gore AJP (ed) Mires: swamp, bog, fen and moor. Ecosystems of the world 4B (regional studies). Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 95–152
Costanza R, d’Arge R, de Groot R, Farber S, Grasso M, Hannon B, Limburg K, Naeem S, O’Neill R, Paruelo J, Raskin RG, Sutton P, van den Belt M (1997) The value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature 387:253-260
Damman AWH (1988) Japanese raised bogs: their special position within the Holarctic with respect to vegetation, nutrient status and development. Veröff Geobot Inst ETH Stiftung Rübel Zürich 98:330–353
Dugan PJ (ed) (1990) Wetland conservation: a review of current issues and required action. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland
Editorial Committee of Hokkaido, Part 1 of Regional Geology of Japan (1990) Regional Geology of Japan Part 1 Hokkaido. Kyoritsu Shuppan CO., LTD. Tokyo, Japan (In Japanese)
Environment Ministry (2001) 500 important wetlands of Japan. http://www.sizenken.biodic.go.jp/pc/wet_en/ Cited 25 Jun 2006
Finlayson CM, van der Valk AG (eds) (1995) Classification and inventory of the world’s wetlands. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands
Fujimura K (1987) Land use regulation and compensation for losses. Environ Res Quart 64:4–10 (In Japanese)
Fujita H (1997a) The present condition of mire management and conservation in Hokkaido. In: Hokkaido Mire Investigation Group (eds) Vegetation and recent changes of mire areas in Hokkaido – for the conservation of mires in Hokkaido. The Pro Natura Foundation (Japan), Tokyo, Japan, pp 231–237 (In Japanese with English summary)
Fujita H (1997b) The process of extinction of Sarobetsu Mire, northern Hokkaido. In: Hokkaido Mire Investigation Group (eds) Vegetation and recent changes of mire areas in Hokkaido – for the conservation of mires in Hokkaido. The Pro Natura Foundation (Japan), Tokyo, Japan, pp 57–69 (In Japanese with English summary)
Fujita H, Tachibana H (1998) Vegetation and land use changes of Shizukari mire, the former national natural monument of southwest Hokkaido. Veget Sci 15:7–17 (In Japanese with English summary)
Fujita H, Takada M, Kaneko M (1997) Inventory of the present wetlands in Hokkaido, Japan. In: Hokkaido Mire Investigation Group (eds) Vegetation and recent changes of mire areas in Hokkaido – for the conservation of mires in Hokkaido. The Pro Natura Foundation(Japan), Tokyo, Japan, pp 1–12 (In Japanese)
Fujita S, Takahashi A, Weng JH, Huang LF, Kim HK, Li CK, Huang FTC, Jeng FT (2000) Precipitation chemistry in East Asia. Atmos Environ 34:525–537
Gimingham CH (1984) Some mire systems in Japan. Trans Bot Soc Edinburgh 44:169–176
Glaser PH, Janssens JA (1986) Raised bogs in eastern North America: transitions in landforms and gross stratigraphy. Can J Bot 64:395–415
Grattan J (2005) Pollution and paradigms: lessons from Icelandic volcanism for continental flood basalt studies. Lithos 79:343–353
Haemet-Ahti L, Ahti T, Koponen T (1974) A scheme of vegetation zones for Japan and adjacent regions. Ann Bot Fenn 11:59–88
Heinen J, van Dijk G, Nieuwenhuize J (1997) Netherlands: Experience with nature policies regarding farmland. Country case studies of the Helsinki Seminar on environmental benefits from agriculture. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, COM/AGR/CA/ENV/EPOC (97) 29, Paris
Hirakawa K, Nakamura Y, Haraguchi T (2000) Recurrence rates of large tsunamis along the Tokachi coast, Hokkaido, Japan. Gekkan Chikyu 28:154–161 (In Japanese)
Hirose W, Iwasaki M, Nakagawa M (2000) Transition of Neogene arc volcanism in Central-Western Hokkaido, viewed from K-Ar ages, style of volcanic activity, and bulk rock chemistry. J Geol Soc Jpn 106:120–135
Hokkaido Development Agency (1963) Undeveloped Hokkaido peatland survey report. Hokkaido Development Agency, Sapporo, Japan (In Japanese)
Hotes S (2002) Mire ecosystems in Japan and Europe – their natural history and conservation status. Landscape Plan Hort (Japan) 2:224–230
Hotes S (2004) Influence of tephra deposition on mire vegetation in Hokkaido, Japan. Dissertationes Botanicae 383. J. Cramer, Berlin
Hotes S, Washitani I (2006) Classifying Japanese wetland diversity – a framework for the conservation and restoration of wetlands in Japan. In: Restoration and wise use of wetlands. Shiga Prefectural Government, Otsu, Shiga Prefecture, Japan, pp. 321–328
Hotes S, Poschlod P, Sakai H, Inoue T (2001) Vegetation, hydrology, and development of a coastal mire in Hokkaido, Japan, affected by flooding and tephra deposition. Can J Bot 79:341–361
Hotes S, Poschlod P, Takahashi H, Grootjans AP, Adema E (2004) Effects of tephra deposition on mire vegetation: a field experiment in Hokkaido, Japan. J Ecol 92:624–634
Hotes S, Poschlod P, Takahashi H (2006) The effect of volcanic activity on mire development: case studies from Hokkaido, northern Japan. The Holocene 15:561–573
Igarashi Y (1987) Vegetational succession in the Tomakomai experiment forest area. Res Bull Coll Exp For Fac Agric Hokkaido Univ 44:405-427 (In Japanese with English summary)
Igarashi Y (1996) A lateglacial climatic reversions in Hokkaido, northeast Asia, inferred from the Larix pollen record. Quatern Sci Rev 15:989–995
Igarashi Y (2000) Vegetation history around the Kyogoku mire, southwestern Hokkaido, during the last 13,000 years. Jpn J Ecol 50:99–110 (In Japanese with English summary)
Igarashi Y (2002a) Vegetation history of Bekanbeushi mire, eastern Hokkaido. In: Tsujii T, Tachibana H (eds) Wetlands of Hokkaido. Hokkaido University Press. Sapporo, Japan, pp 43–50 (In Japanese)
Igarashi Y (2002b) Palynological study of the Gunmadake mire, Mashike mountains, Central West Hokkaido. In: Tsujii T, Tachibana H (eds) Wetlands of Hokkaido. Hokkaido University Press, Sapporo, Japan, pp 171–177 (In Japanese)
Igarashi Y (2006) Late Holocene vegetation history in Minamihama wetland and Numaura wetland, Rishiri Island, Hokkaido. Rishiri Stud 25:71–82 (In Japanese with English summary)
Igarashi Y, Fujiwara K (1984) Pollen analysis of upland bog deposits in the Teshio Mountains, northern Hokkaido. Quatern Res 23:213–218 (In Japanese)
Igarashi Y, Takahashi N (1985) Origin and vegetational succession of upland bogs in the Daisetsu Mountains, central Hokkaido (I). Quatern Res 24:99–109 (In Japanese with English summary)
Igarashi Y, Igarashi T, Daimaru H, Yamada O, Miyagi T, Matsushita K, Hiramatsu K (1993) Vegetation history of Kenbuchi Basin and Furano Basin in Hokkaido, north Japan, since 32,000 yrs BP. Quater Res 32:89–105 (In Japanese with English summary)
Igarashi Y, Igarashi T, Endo K, Yamada O, Nakagawa M, Sumita M (2001) Vegetation history since the Late Glacial of Habomai bog and Ochiishi cape bog, Nemuro Peninsula, eastern Hokkaido, north Japan. Jpn J Hist Bot 10:67–79 (In Japanese with English summary)
Igarashi Y, Narukawa J, Katoh T (2005) Last 12,000 years vegetation history in and around the Furano basin, central Hokkaido, Japan. Bull Tokyo Univ For 114:115–132 (In Japanese with English summary)
Iizuka J, Seo H (1955) Soil survey report No. 5 of the Hokkaido agricultural experiment station, soil survey report of the peatlands in the Teshio province. Hokkaido Agricultural Experiment Station, Sapporo, Japan (In Japanese)
Iizuka J, Seo H (1956) Soil survey report No. 8 of the Hokkaido agricultural experiment station, soil survey report of the peatlands in the Kushiro province. Hokkaido agricultural experiment station. Sapporo, Japan (In Japanese)
Iizuka J, Seo H (1966) Soil survey report No. 17 of the Hokkaido agricultural experiment station, soil survey report of the peatlands in the Kushiro province, the Tokachi province, the northwest of the Kushiro province and the Hidaka province. Hokkaido Agricultural Experiment Station, Sapporo, Japan (In Japanese)
Ikeya N, Hayashi K (1982) Geology of the Kuromatsunai area, Oshima Peninsula, Hokkaido. J Geol Soc Jpn 88:613–632 (In Japanese with English summary)
Ingram HAP (1983) Hydrology. In: Gore AJP (eds) Mires: swamp, bog, fen and moor. Elsevier, pp 67–158
Inoue T (1997) Hydrology and peat stratigraphy of Bekanbeushi Mire, eastern Hokkaido. In: Hokkaido Mire Investigation Group (eds) Vegetation and recent changes of mire areas in Hokkaido – for the conservation of mires in Hokkaido. The Pro Natura Foundation (Japan), Tokyo, Japan, pp 41–47 (In Japanese with English summary)
Iseki K (1983) Chuseki heiya (Alluvial plains). University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo, Japan (In Japanese)
Ishizuka Y (1999) Eruptive history of Rishiri volcano, northern Hokkaido, Japan. Bull Volcanol Soc Jpn 44:23–40
IWRB Japan Committee (1989) Japanese wetlands inventory of international importance especially as waterfowl habitat. IWRB Japan Committee, Tokyo, Japan (In Japanese)
Japan Center for Local Autonomy (1996) Research report on local natural environment conservation. Japan Center for Local Autonomy, Tokyo, Japan
Japan Economic Education Center Foundation (1994) Importance of wetland conservation. Japan Economic Education Center Foundation, Tokyo, Japan
Japan Wildlife Research Center (1989) The third national survey on the natural environment, Japan. Total Analysis Report, Analysis Data Volume. Japan Wildlife Research Center, Tokyo, Japan (In Japanese)
Kashimura T (2000) Ozegahara to Akaiyachi. Rekishi shunshu shuppan. Aizu Wakamatsu, Japan (In Japanese)
Katsui Y, Igarashi Y, Gouchi N, Johnson K, Ikeda T, Ohse N (1985) Geology of the Onnebetsudake wilderness area and its environs, Shiretoko Peninsula, east Hokkaido. In: Conservation reports of the Onnebetsu-dake wilderness area, Hokkaido, Japan. Nature Conservation Bureau, Environment Agency, Japan, pp 37–63 (In Japanese with English summary)
Kimura J, Okada Y, Nakayama K, Okada S (2001) Variations of magnetic susceptibility and fine quartz accumulation rate in Daisen loam over the past 200000 years: interaction between winter and summer monsoons in south-west Japan. Island Arc 10:85–97
Kira T (1948) On the altitudinal arrangement of climatic zones in Japan. A contribution to the rational land utilization in cool highlands. Agric Sci N Temp Region 2:143–173 (In Japanese)
Kohnoya M, Kobayashi T (1970) Daisetsu kazan (The Daisetsu volcanoes). Chishitsu news 191:2–20 (In Japanese)
Kohnoya M, Matsui K, Kawachi S, Kobayashi T (1966) Explanatory text for the 1:50000 geological map “Taisetsuzan”. Hokkaido Development Agency, Sapporo, Japan (In Japanese with English summary)
Kohnoya M, Kobayashi T, Kim CH, Kawachi S (1968) Explanatory text for the 1:50000 geological map “Asahidake”. Hokkaido Development Agency, Sapporo, Japan (In Japanese with English summary)
Kojima S (1979) Biogeoclimatic zones of Hokkaido Island, Japan. J Coll Lib Arts Toyama Univ (Nat Sci) 12:97–141
Maeda Y (1984) Environmental change along the Sea of Okhorsk coast during the Holocene – social science, natural science and preservation studies related to ancient cultural assets. Research report on the special grant programme “ancient cultural assets” of the Japanese Ministry of Education (In Japanese)
Matsuda I (1983) Palynological study of Shari I (Totsuru-numa). Bull Shiretoko Mus 5:77–93 (In Japanese)
Matsuda I, Maeda Y (1984) Holocene palynological study of archeological site of Cape Notoro West mire, Onbetsu. In: Onbetsu cho kyoiku iinkai (eds) Notoro misaki, Onbetsu cho kyoiku iinkai, pp 147–152 (In Japanese)
Matsumi N, Shohji S, Izumi K (1966) Studies on patterns of mire formation I. River Furen mire (no. 1). Jpn J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 37:405–409 (In Japanese)
Matsushita K, Igarashi Y, Umeda Y (1985) Genesis and transfiguration of the Ishikari peat-land in Hokkaido. Rep Geol Survey Hokkaido 57:71–88 (In Japanese with English summary)
Miyaji N, Kohyama K (1997) Process of extinction of mires and land use changes on Ishikari Peatland, central Hokkaido. In: Hokkaido Mire Investigation Group (eds) Vegetation and recent changes of mire areas in Hokkaido – for the conservation of mires in Hokkaido. The Pro Natura Foundation (Japan), Tokyo, Japan, pp 49–57 (In Japanese with English summary)
Moller HS (1992) Conservation, management and restoration of wetlands in Denmark. In: Hokkaido (ed) Proceedings of the wetland forum in Hokkaido. Hokkaido, Sapporo, Japan, pp 218–225
Moore PD (1993) The origin of blanket mire, revisited. In: Chambers FM (ed) Climate change and human impact on the landscape. Chapman and Hall, London, pp 217–224
Moore PD, Bellamy DJ (1974) Peatlands. Elek Science, London
Morita Y (1984) Preliminary palynological studies of the moors in the uplands in Hokkaido. Ecol Rev 20:237–240 (In Japanese with English summary)
Morita Y (1985) Palynological study of the deposits from the Uryu-Numa moor in Mt. Shokanbetsu, Hokkaido. Ann Tohoku Geogr Assoc 37:166–172 (In Japanese with English summary)
Morita Y (2001a) Vegetation history in Nemuro Peninsula since the Late Pleistocene. Veget Sci 18:39–44 (In Japanese with English summary)
Morita Y (2001b) Vegetation history of Yururi Island in easternmost Hokkaido since the Late Glacial. Jpn J Hist Bot 10:81–89 (In Japanese with English summary)
Moriya I (1978) Lift-valley in Shiretoko volcanic chain (Abstract). Ann Tohoku Geogr Assoc 30:66–67 (In Japanese)
Nanayama F, Satake K, Shimokawa K, Furukawa R, Shigeno K (2000) Evaluation of frequency and invasion area of large earthquake tsunamis along the Kuril subduction zone by postulated tsunami deposits. Geological Survey of Japan Interim Report no. EQ/00/2 2000, Interim report on active fault and palaeo-earthquake research in the 1999 fiscal year: 1–17 (In Japanese)
Nanayama F, Satake K, Furukawa R, Shimokawa K, Atwater BF, Shigeno K, Yamakl S (2003) Unusually large earthquakes inferred from tsunami deposits along the Kuril trench. Nature 424:660–663
Ohira A (1995) Holocene evolution of peatland and paleoenvironmental changes in the Sarobetsu lowland, Hokkaido, northern Japan. Geol Rev Jpn 68:695–712 (In Japanese with English summary)
Ohira A, Umitsu M, Hamade S (1994) Late holocene development of peatlands in small alluvial lowlands around Lake Furen, Eastern Hokkaido, Japan. Quatern Res 33:45–50 (in Japanese with English summary)
Okazaki Y (1966) Geology of Kushiro, Kushiro Library, vol 7. Editorial Board of Kushiro Library, Kushiro, Japan (In Japanese)
Okumura K (1996) Tephrochronology, correlation, and deformation of marine terraces in eastern Hokkaido, Japan. Geogr Rep Tokyo Metropolitan Univ 31:19–36
Ono Y, Igarashi Y (1991) Natural history of Hokkaido – travel through ice age forests. Hokkaido University Press, Sapporo, Japan (In Japanese)
Payne R, Blackford JJ (2005) Simulating the impacts of distal volcanic products upon peatlands in northern Britain: an experimental study on the Moss of Achnacree, Scotland. J Archaeol Sci 32:989–1001
Sakaguchi Y (1958) Paleogeography of the Sarobetsu moor and its surroundings in alluvial age. Quatern Res 1:79–91 (In Japanese)
Sakaguchi Y (1961) Paleogeographical studies of peat bogs in northern Japan. J Fac Sci Tokyo Univ Sec 2 12:421–513
Sakaguchi Y (1979) Distribution and genesis of Japanese peatlands. Bull Dept Geogr Univ Tokyo 11:17–42
Sakaguchi Y (1989) Some pollen records from Hokkaido and Sakhalin. Bull Dept Geogr Univ Tokyo 21:1–17
Sakaguchi Y, Sohma H (1998) Geological problems related to Ozegahara. In: Oshima Y (ed) Scientific researches of the Oze area in central Japan. Oze Scientific Research Group, pp 85–106 (In Japanese)
Sakaguchi Y, Arai F, Sohma H (1982) On the deposits of the Ozegahara basin – a contribution to late Quaternary evolution of the largest raised bog in Japan and its paleo-environments. In: Hara H, Shojiro A, Sakaguchi Y, Hogetsu K, Yamagata N (eds) Ozegahara. Scientific researches of the highmoor in central Japan. Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, pp 1–29
Sapporo Meteorological Observatory (1982) Climate of Hokkaido. Hokkaido Office, Nihon Weather Association, Sapporo, Japan (In Japanese)
Sato H, Hata M, Kobayashi I, Yamaguchi S, Ishida M (1964) Map and explanatory text for the 1:50000 geological map “Kokuryo”. Institute of Geological Survey of Japan. Kawasaki, Japan (In Japanese with English summary)
Sato M, Tachibana H, Ohbayashi S (1997) Vegetation and recent change of mire areas in the region of the Tokachi sea coast. In: Hokkaido Mire Investigation Group (eds) Vegetation and recent changes of mire areas in Hokkaido – for the conservation of mires in Hokkaido. The Pro Natura Foundation (Japan), Tokyo, Japan, pp 73–77 (In Japanese with English summary)
Scott DA (1989) A directory of Asian wetlands. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland
Scott DA, Poole CM (1989) A status overview of Asian wetlands. Asian Wetland Bureau, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Shoji S, Matsumi N, Izumi K (1966a) Studies on patterns of mire formation II. River Furen mire (no. 2). Jpn J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 37:410–414 (In Japanese)
Shoji S, Matsumi N, Izumi K (1966b) Studies on patterns of mire formation III. Sarobetsu mire. Jpn J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 37:415–421 (In Japanese)
Shoji S, Matsumi N, Izumi K (1966c) Studies on patterns of mire formation IV. Peat formation and topography of Sarobetsu mire. Jpn J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 37:422–428 (In Japanese)
Suzuki H (1961) Relation between peat-moss flora and the distribution of volcanic detritus in Hokkaido. Hikobia 2:259 (In Japanese)
Suzuki H (1977) An outline of peataland vegetation of Japan. In: Miyawaki A, Tüten R, Okuda S (eds) Vegetaion science environmental protection. Matuzen Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan, pp 137–149
Suzuki H, Yano N (eds) (1981) Vegetation of Kirigamine. Board of Education of Suwa city, Suwa (In Japanese)
Tachibana H (1997) Brief comments on mire vegetation in Hokkaido, Japan. In: Hokkaido Mire Investigation Group (eds) Vegetation and recent changes of mire areas in Hokkaido – for the conservation of mires in Hokkaido. The Pro Natura Foundation (Japan), Tokyo, Japan, pp 15–27 (In Japanese with English summary)
Tachibana H (2002) Mire vegetation of Hokkaido and its conservation. In: Tsujii T, Tachibana H (eds) Wetlands of Hokkaido. Hokkaido University Press, Sapporo, Japan, pp 285–301 (In Japanese)
Tachibana H, Sato K (1983) Bog vegetation of Numanohara in Mts. Daisetsu – studies of upland bog vegetation in Hokkaido (VI). Rep Taisetsuzan Inst Sci 18:1–26 (In Japanese with English summary)
Tachibana H, Inoue T, Shinsyo H (1997) The peat stratigraphy and vegetation of Shibetsu Mire, eastern Hokkaido. In: Hokkaido Mire Investigation Group (eds) Vegetation and recent changes of mire areas in Hokkaido – for the conservation of mires in Hokkaido. The Pro Natura Foundation (Japan), Tokyo, Japan, pp 151–170 (In Japanese with English summary)
Takahashi N (1982) Landslide landform in Toyohira River Basin, Hokkaido, northern Japan. Proc Gen Meet Assoc Jpn Geogr 21:288 (In Japanese)
Takahashi N (1983) Landslide landform around Takanegahara Plateau in the Daisetsuzan Mountains, Hokkaido, northern Japan. Proc Gen Meet Assoc Jpn Geogr 24:88–89 (In Japanese)
Takahashi N, Igarashi Y (1986) Origin and vegetational succession of upland bogs in the Daisetsuzan mountains, Central Hokkaido (II). Quatern Res 25:113–128 (In Japanese with English summary)
Takahashi N, Sone T (1988) Palsas in the Daisetsuzan Mountains, central Hokkaido, Japan. Geogr Rev Jpn 61:665–684 (In Japanese with English summary)
Takahashi N, Nakamura T, Sone T, Igarashi Y (1988) 14C Dates around the bottom of peat layer in the bogs on the Daisetsuzan Mountains, central Hokkaido, Japan. Quatern Res 27:39–41 (In Japanese)
Takiya M, Hagiwara N (1997) Vegetational history of Mt. Yokotsudake, southwestern Hokkaido, since the Last Glacial. Quatern Res 36:217–234 (In Japanese with English summary)
Uemura S (1997) Vegetation and recent change of mire areas in the region of Northern Okhotsk sea coast. In: Hokkaido Mire Investigation Group (eds) Vegetation and recent changes of mire areas in Hokkaido – for the conservation of mires in Hokkaido. The Pro Natura Foundation (Japan), Tokyo, Japan, pp 81–89 (In Japanese with English summary)
Umeda Y, Shimizu M (2003a) Explanatory text for the peatland development map of Kushiro mire. Hokkaido Agricultural Engineering Consultants Association, Sapporo, Japan (In Japanese)
Umeda Y, Shimizu M (2003b) Explanatory text for the peatland development map of Sarobetsu mire. Hokkaido Agricultural Engineering Consultants Association, Sapporo, Japan (In Japanese)
Umeda Y, Shimizu M, Demura M (1986) Forming of Sarobetsu peatland – surface forms on peatland II. Mem Fac Agric Hokkaido Univ 15:28–35
Uragami K, Iizuka J, Seo H (1954) Soil survey report No. 4 of the Hokkaido agricultural experiment station, soil survey report of the peatlands in the Ishikari province. Hokkaido Agricultural Experiment Station, Sapporo, Japan (In Japanese)
Volcanological Society of Japan (eds) (1984) Volcanic geomorphology of Japan from aero photography. University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo, Japan (In Japanese)
Wheeler BD, Proctor MCF (2000) Ecological gradients, subdivisions and terminology of north-west European mires. J Ecol 88:187–203
Wolejko L, Ito K (1986) Mires of Japan in relation to mire zones, volcanic activity and water chemistry. Jpn J Ecol 35:575–586
Yabe K (1993) Wetlands of Hokkaido. In: Higashi S, Osawa A, Kanagawa K (eds) Biodiversity and ecology in the northernmost Japan. Hokkaido University Press, Sapporo, Japan, pp 38–49 (In Japanese)
Yabe K, Onimaru K (1997) Key variables controlling the vegetation of a cool-temperate mire in northern Japan. J Veget Sci 8:29–36
Yabe K, Uemura S (2001) Variation in size and shape of Sphagnum hummocks in relation to climatic conditions in Hokkaido Island, northern Japan. Can J Bot 79:1318–1326
Yamada S (1942) On the influence of volcanic ash on the development of peat layers. J Sci Soil Manure Nippon 16:439–444 (In Japanese)
Yamagishi H (1993) Landslandes in Hokkaido. Hokkaido University Press, Sapporo, Japan
Yoshii Y, Hayashi N (1931) Botanische Studien subalpiner Moore auf vulkanischer Asche. Sci Rep Tohoku Imperial Univ Fourth Ser (Biology) 6:307 – 346
Zalidis GC, Mantzavelas AL (1996) Inventory of Greek wetlands as natural resources. Wetlands 16:548–556