An information-processing perspective on childhood anxiety

Bargh, 1989, Conditional automaticity: Varieties of automatic influence in social perception and cognition, 3 Barlow, 1988 Barrett, 1996, Family enhancement of cognitive style in anxious and aggressive children: Threat bias and the FEAR effect, Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 24, 187, 10.1007/BF01441484 Beck, 1985 Bell-Dolan, 1995, Social cue interpretation of anxious children, Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 24, 1 Bell-Dolan, 1990, Attributional style of anxious children Bretherton, 1990, Assessing internal working models of the attachment relationship: An attachment story completion task for 3-year-olds, 273 Bugental, 1992, Affective and cognitive processes within threat-oriented family systems, 219 Case, 1985 Cassidy, 1988, Child-mother attachment and the self in six-year-olds, Child Development, 59, 121, 10.2307/1130394 Cassidy, 1995, Attachment and generalized anxiety disorder, 343 Chorpita, 1996, Cognitive processing in children: Relationship to anxiety and family influences, Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 25, 170, 10.1207/s15374424jccp2502_5 Cradock, 1978, Primary prevention: Immunization of children for speech anxiety, Cognitive Therapy and Research, 2, 389, 10.1007/BF01172656 Crick, 1994, A review and reformulation of social information-processing mechanisms in children's social adjustment, Psychological Bulletin, 115, 74, 10.1037/0033-2909.115.1.74 Cronbach, 1955, Construct validity in psychological tests, Psychological Bulletin, 52, 281, 10.1037/h0040957 Dadds, 1996, Family process and child psychopathology: An observational analysis of the FEAR effect, Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 24, 715, 10.1007/BF01664736 Daleiden, E., Vasey, M. W., & Brown, L. M. (in press). Internalizing disorders. In W. K. Silverman & T. H. Ollendick (Eds.), Developmental issues in the clinical treatment of children and adolescents. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Dalgleish, 1990, Biases of attention and memory in disorders of anxiety and depression, Clinical Psychology Review, 10, 589, 10.1016/0272-7358(90)90098-U Davey, 1994, Worrying, social problem-solving abilities, and social problem-solving confidence, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 32, 327, 10.1016/0005-7967(94)90130-9 Davey, 1994, Pathological worrying as exacerbated problem-solving Denney, 1975, The effects of exemplary and cognitive models on children's interrogative strategies, Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 19, 476, 10.1016/0022-0965(75)90077-6 Derryberry, 1994, Temperament and attention: Orienting toward and away from positive and negative signals, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 1128, 10.1037/0022-3514.66.6.1128 Derryberry, 1996, Regulatory processes and the development of cognitive representations, Development and Psychopathology, 8, 215, 10.1017/S0954579400007057 Dodge, 1991, Emotion and social information processing, 159 Dodge, 1981, Biased decision making processes in aggressive boys, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 90, 375, 10.1037/0021-843X.90.4.375 Dusek, 1975, Information-processing in low- and high-test-anxious children as a function of grade level and verbal labeling, Developmental Psychology, 11, 651, 10.1037/0012-1649.11.5.651 Eysenck, 1988, Anxiety and attention, Anxiety Research, 1, 9, 10.1080/10615808808248216 Fischer, 1980, A theory of cognitive development: The control and construction of hierarchies of skills, Psychological Review, 87, 477, 10.1037/0033-295X.87.6.477 Foa, 1986, Emotional processing of fear: Exposure to corrective information, Psychological Bulletin, 99, 20, 10.1037/0033-2909.99.1.20 Foa, 1991, Emotional processing: Theory, research, and clinical implications for anxiety disorders, 21 Fox, 1993, Allocation of visual attention and anxiety, Cognition and Emotion, 7, 207, 10.1080/02699939308409185 Fox, 1981, Efficacy of self-instructional training for reducing children's anxiety in an evaluative situation, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 19, 509, 10.1016/0005-7967(81)90077-2 Fox, 1983, Trait anxiety and children's cognitive behaviors in an evaluative situation, Cognitive Therapy and Research, 7, 149, 10.1007/BF01190068 Garber, 1991, The regulation of sad affect: An information-processing perspective, 208 Genest, 1990, Assessment of strategies for coping with anxiety: Preliminary investigations, Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 4, 1, 10.1016/0887-6185(90)90020-A Gouze, 1987, Attention and social problem solving as correlates of aggression in preschool males, Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 15, 181, 10.1007/BF00916348 Hayes, 1994, Content, context, and the types of psychological acceptance Hayes, 1994 Houston, 1984, Trait anxiety and children's state anxiety, cognitive behaviors, and performance under stress, Cognitive Therapy and Research, 8, 631, 10.1007/BF01173261 Ingram, 1986, Cognitive clinical psychology: Implications of an information-processing perspective, 3 Johnson, 1989, Heterosocial anxiety and direction of attention in high school boys, Cognitive Therapy and Research, 13, 509, 10.1007/BF01173909 Kanfer, 1985, Behavior therapy and the information-processing paradigm, 3 Kendall, 1985, Toward a cognitive-behavioral model of child psychopathology and a critique of related interventions, Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 13, 357, 10.1007/BF00912722 Kendall, 1994, Treating anxiety disorders in children: Results of a randomized clinical trial, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 100, 10.1037/0022-006X.62.1.100 Kendall, 1991, Considering cognition in anxiety-disordered children, Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 5, 167, 10.1016/0887-6185(91)90027-Q Kendall, 1990, Assessment of children's anxieties, fears, and phobias: Cognitive-behavioral models and methods, 223 Kendall, 1996, Long-term follow-up of a cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety-disordered youth, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 724, 10.1037/0022-006X.64.4.724 Lazarus, 1991, Cognition and motivation in emotion, American Psychologist, 46, 352, 10.1037/0003-066X.46.4.352 Leitenberg, 1986, Negative cognitive errors in children: Questionnaire development, normative data, and comparisons between children with and without self-reported symptoms of depression, low self-esteem, and evaluation anxiety, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54, 528, 10.1037/0022-006X.54.4.528 Logan, 1993, Attention to external threat cues in anxiety states, Clinical Psychology Review, 13, 541, 10.1016/0272-7358(93)90045-N MacLeod, 1995, Training selective attention: A cognitive-experimental technique for reducing anxiety vulnerability? MacLeod, 1988, Anxiety and the allocation of attention to threat, Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 40, 653, 10.1080/14640748808402292 MacLeod, 1991, Cognitive-experimental approaches to the emotional disorders, 116 MacLeod, 1986, Attentional bias in emotional disorders, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95, 15, 10.1037/0021-843X.95.1.15 MacLeod, 1992, Anxiety and the selective processing of emotional information: Mediating roles of awareness, trait and state variables, and personal relevance of stimulus materials, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 30, 479, 10.1016/0005-7967(92)90032-C Martin, 1992, Integral bias in naming of phobia-related words, Cognition and Emotion, 6, 479, 10.1080/02699939208409700 Massaro, 1993, Information processing models: Microscopes of the mind, Annual Review of Psychology, 44, 383, 10.1146/annurev.ps.44.020193.002123 Mathews, 1990, Why worry? The cognitive function of anxiety, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28, 455, 10.1016/0005-7967(90)90132-3 Mathews, 1994, Cognitive approaches to emotion and emotional disorders, Annual Review of Psychology, 45, 25, 10.1146/annurev.ps.45.020194.000325 Mogg, 1990, Effects of stress and anxiety on the processing of threat stimuli, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 1230, 10.1037/0022-3514.59.6.1230 Nisbett, 1977, Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes, Psychological Review, 84, 231, 10.1037/0033-295X.84.3.231 Nottelmann, 1977, Test anxiety and off-task behavior in evaluative situations, Child Development, 48, 225, 10.2307/1128902 Olah, 1989, Coping behaviors in relation to frequency and intensity of anxiety-provoking situations, Perceptual and Motor Skills, 69, 935, 10.2466/pms.1989.69.3.935 Prins, 1994, Cognitions in test-anxious children: The role of on-task and coping cognitions reconsidered, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 404, 10.1037/0022-006X.62.2.404 Ribordy, 1981, The effects of an attentional training procedure on the performance of high and low test-anxious children, Cognitive Therapy and Research, 5, 19, 10.1007/BF01172323 Shiffrin, 1977, Controlled and automatic human information processing: II. Perceptual learning, automatic attending, and a general theory, Psychological Review, 84, 127, 10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.127 Silverman, 1991, Childhood anxiety sensitivity index, Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 20, 162, 10.1207/s15374424jccp2002_7 Stampfl, 1987, Theoretical implications of the neurotic paradox as a problem in behavior therapy: An experimental resolution, Behavior Analyst, 10, 161, 10.1007/BF03392426 Stevens, 1983, Learning to cope with school: A study of the effects of a coping skill training program with test-vulnerable 7th-grade students, Cognitive Therapy and Research, 7, 155, 10.1007/BF01190069 Vasey, 1993, Development and cognition in childhood anxiety: The example of worry, Vol. 15, 1 Vasey, 1996 Vasey, 1994, Worry in children, 185 Vasey, 1996, Information-processing pathways to cognitive interference in childhood, 117 Vasey, 1992, Coping with worrisome thoughts: Strategies of anxiety-disordered and normal children Vasey, 1995, Biased attention in childhood anxiety disorders: A preliminary study, Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 23, 267, 10.1007/BF01447092 Vasey, 1996, Anxiety and the processing of emotionally-threatening stimuli: Distinctive patterns of selective attention among high- and low-test-anxious children, Child Development, 67, 1173, 10.2307/1131886 Vasey, M. W., & Schippell, P. (in preparation). The relationship of trait anxiety, state anxiety, and coping preferences to threat-related attentional biases among adolescents. Williams, 1988 Zatz, 1983, Cognitions in test-anxious children, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 526, 10.1037/0022-006X.51.4.526 Zatz, 1985, Cognitions in test-anxious children under naturalistic test-taking conditions, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53, 393, 10.1037/0022-006X.53.3.393