An extensive erosion surface of a strongly deformed limestone bed in the Gushan and Chaomidian formations (late Middle Cambrian to Furongian), Shandong Province, China: Sequence–stratigraphic implications

Abbott, 1998, Transgressive systems tracts and onlap shellbeds from Mid-Pleistocene sequences, Wanganui Basin, New Zealand, Journal of Sedimentary Research, 68, 253, 10.2110/jsr.68.253 Adams, 1996, Lateral continuity of facies and parasequences in Middle Cambrian Platform Carbonates, Carrara Formation, Southeastern California, U.S.A., Journal of Sedimentary Research, 66, 1079 Adams, 2005, Digital characterization of thrombolite–stromatolite reef distribution in a carbonate ramp system (terminal Proterozoic, Nama Group, Namibia), AAPG Bulletin, 89, 1293, 10.1306/06160505005 Alfaro, 2002, Liquefaction and fluidization structures in Messinian storm deposits (Bajo Segura Basin, Betic Cordillera, southern Spain), International Journal of Earth Science (Geol Rundsch), 91, 505, 10.1007/s00531-001-0241-z Allen, 1985, Hummocky cross-stratification is not produced purely under progressive gravity waves, Nature, 313, 562, 10.1038/313562a0 Alvaro, 2003, Palaeogeographical controls on the Cambrian trilobite immigration and evolutionary patterns reported in the western Gondwana margin, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 195, 5, 10.1016/S0031-0182(03)00300-6 Arnott, 1990, Exploratory flow-duct experiments on combined-flow bed configurations, and some implications for interpreting storm-event stratification, Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 60, 211 Betzler, 2007, Facies and stratigraphic architecture of the Korallenoolith Formation in North Germany (Lauensteiner pass, Ith mountains), Sedimentary Geology, 194, 61, 10.1016/j.sedgeo.2006.05.002 Braccini, 2008, Sand injectites, Oilfield Review, 20, 34 Budd, 2002, Quantification of macroscopic subaerial exposure features in carbonate rocks, Journal of Sedimentary Research, 72, 917, 10.1306/050502720917 Burchette, 1992, Carbonate ramp depositional systems, Sedimentary Geology, 79, 3, 10.1016/0037-0738(92)90003-A Calvet, 1988, Outer ramp cycles in the Upper Muschelkalk of the Catalan Basin, northeast Spain, Sedimentary Geology, 57, 185, 10.1016/0037-0738(88)90026-7 Caron, 2004, Transgressive surfaces of erosion as sequence boundary markers in cool-water shelf carbonates, Sedimentary Geology, 164, 179, 10.1016/j.sedgeo.2003.10.001 Cattaneo, 2003, Transgressive deposits: a review of their variability, Earth-Science Reviews, 62, 187, 10.1016/S0012-8252(02)00134-4 Catuneanu, 2006 Catuneanu, 2009, Towards the standardization of sequence stratigraphy, Earth-Science Reviews, 92, 1, 10.1016/j.earscirev.2008.10.003 Chen, 1983, Cambrian cephalopods, Geology, 11, 647, 10.1130/0091-7613(1983)11<647:CC>2.0.CO;2 Chen, 2009, Limestone pseudoconglomerates in the Late Cambrian Gushan and Chaomidian Formations (Shandong Province, China): soft-sediment deformation induced by storm-wave loading, Sedimentology, 56, 1174, 10.1111/j.1365-3091.2008.01028.x Chen, 2009, Funnel-shaped, breccia-filled clastic dykes in the Late Cambrian Chaomidian Formation (Shandong Province, China), Sedimentary Geology, 221, 1, 10.1016/j.sedgeo.2009.09.006 Chough, 2000, Tectonic and sedimentary evolution of the Korean peninsula: a review and new view, Earth-Science Reviews, 52, 175, 10.1016/S0012-8252(00)00029-5 Chough, 2001, Autoconglomeration of limestone, Geosciences Journal, 5, 159, 10.1007/BF02910421 Chough, 2010, Cambrian stratigraphy of the North China Platform: revisiting principal sections in Shandong Province, China, Geosciences Journal, 14, 235, 10.1007/s12303-010-0029-x Cowan, 1992, Diastasis cracks: mechanically generated synaeresis-like cracks in Upper Cambrian shallow water oolite and ribbon carbonates, Sedimentology, 39, 1101, 10.1111/j.1365-3091.1992.tb01999.x Daley, 1971, Diapiric and other deformational structures in an Oligocene argillaceous limestone, Sedimentary Geology, 6, 29, 10.1016/0037-0738(71)90025-X Dalrymple, 1979, Wave-induced liquefaction: a modern example from the Bay of Fundy, Sedimentology, 26, 835, 10.1111/j.1365-3091.1979.tb00976.x Dalrymple, 1985, Eolian action and the distribution of Cambrian shales in North America, Geology, 13, 607, 10.1130/0091-7613(1985)13<607:EAATDO>2.0.CO;2 De Voto, 1988, 278 Demarest, 1987, Stratigraphic record of Quaternary sea levels: implications for more ancient strata, 41, 223 Demicco, 1994, 265 Desrochers, 1988, Early Paleozoic surface and subsurface paleokarst: Middle Ordovician Carbonates, Mingan Islands, Quebec, 183 Dravis, 1983, Hardened subtidal stromatolites, Bahamas, Science, 219, 385, 10.1126/science.219.4583.385 Driese, 1994, Paleoweathering of Mississippian Monteagle Limestone preceding development of a lower Chesterian transgressive systems tract and sequence boundary, middle Tennessee and northern Alabama, GSA Bulletin, 106, 866, 10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<0866:POMMLP>2.3.CO;2 Drzewiecki, 2002, Depositional processes, triggering mechanisms and sediment composition of carbonate gravity flow deposits: examples from the Late Cretaceous of the south-central Pyrenees, Spain, Sedimentary Geology, 146, 155, 10.1016/S0037-0738(01)00171-3 Elrick, 2002, Deep-water stratigraphic cyclicity and carbonate mud mound development in the Middle Cambrian Marjum Formation, House Range, Utah, USA, Sedimentology, 49, 1021, 10.1046/j.1365-3091.2002.00488.x Fouke, 1995, Carbonate platform stratal geometries and the question of subaerial exposures, Sedimentary Geology, 97, 9, 10.1016/0037-0738(95)00015-Z Galloway, 1989, Genetic stratigraphic sequences in basin analysis. I. Architecture and genesis of flooding-surface bounded depositional units, AAPG Bulletin, 73, 125 Garrett, 1970, Physiography, ecology and sediments of two Bermuda patch reefs, Journal of Geology, 79, 647, 10.1086/627696 George, 1999, Palaeokarst development in a lower Frasnian (Devonian) platform succession, Canning Basin, northwestern Australia, Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 46, 905, 10.1046/j.1440-0952.1999.00755.x Geyer, 2000, The quest for internationally recognized divisions of Cambrian time, Episodes, 23, 188, 10.18814/epiiugs/2000/v23i3/006 Glumac, 2002, Stable isotopes of carbon as an invaluable stratigraphic tool: an example from the Cambrian of the northern Appalachians, USA, Geology, 30, 563, 10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0563:SIOCAA>2.0.CO;2 Glumac, 1998, A Late Cambrian positive carbon-isotope excursion in the southern Appalachians: relation to biostratigraphy, sequence stratigraphy, environments of deposition, and diagenesis, Journal of Sedimentary Research, 68, 1212, 10.2110/jsr.68.1212 Glumac, 2000, Carbonate deposition and sequence stratigraphy of the Terminal Cambrian Grand Cycle in the Southern Appalachians, U.S.A, Journal of Sedimentary Research, 70, 952, 10.1306/2DC40943-0E47-11D7-8643000102C1865D Grotzinger, 1986, Evolution of early Proterozoic passive-margin carbonate platform, Rocknest Formation, Wopmay Orgen, N.W.T., Canada, Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 56, 831 Gruszka, 2007, Pleistocene glaciolacustrine breccias of seismic origin in an active graben (Central Poland), Sedimentary Geology, 193, 93, 10.1016/j.sedgeo.2006.01.009 Hamon, 2008, Facies architecture and cyclicity in a mosaic carbonate platform: effects of fault-block tectonics (Lower Lias, Causses platform, south-east France), Sedimentology, 55, 155 Hardie, 1977 Hilbrecht, 1989, Redeposition of Late Cretaceous pelagic sediments controlled by sea-level fluctuations, Geology, 17, 1072, 10.1130/0091-7613(1989)017<1072:ROLCPS>2.3.CO;2 Holland, 1998, Sequence stratigraphy and relative sea-level history of the Middle and Upper Ordovician of the Nashville Dome, Tennessee, Journal of Sedimentary Research, 68, 684, 10.2110/jsr.68.684 James, 1992, Reefs and mounds, 323 Keller, 1997, Evolution and sequence stratigraphy of an early Devonian carbonate ramp, Cantabrian Mountains, Northern Spain, Journal of Sedimentary Research, 67, 638 Kidwell, 1989, Stratigraphic condensation of marine transgressive records: origin of major shell deposits in the Miocene of Maryland, Journal of Geology, 97, 1, 10.1086/629278 Kidwell, 1991, Taphonomic feedback (live/dead interactions) in the genesis of bioclastic beds: keys to reconstructing sedimentary dynamics, 268 Kolata, 2001, The Ordovician Sebree Trough: an oceanic passage to the Midcontinent United States, GSA Bulletin, 113, 1067, 10.1130/0016-7606(2001)113<1067:TOSTAO>2.0.CO;2 Kullberg, 2001, Flat-pebble conglomerates: a local maker for Early Jurassic seismicity related to syn-rift tectonics in the Sesimbra area (Lusitanian Basin, Portugal), Sedimentary Geology, 139, 49, 10.1016/S0037-0738(00)00160-3 Kump, 1999, A weathering hypothesis for glaciation at high atmospheric pCO2 during the Late Ordovician, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 152, 173, 10.1016/S0031-0182(99)00046-2 Kwon, 2005, Sequence stratigraphy of the cyclic successions in the Dumugol Formation (Lower Ordovician), mideast Korea, Geosciences Journal, 9, 305, 10.1007/BF02910319 Kwon, 2002, Origin of limestone conglomerates in the Choson Supergroup (Cambro–Ordovician), mid-east Korea, Sedimentary Geology, 146, 265, 10.1016/S0037-0738(01)00128-2 Kwon, 2006, Sequence stratigraphy of the Taebaek Group (Cambrian–Ordovician), mideast Korea, Sedimentary Geology, 192, 19, 10.1016/j.sedgeo.2006.03.024 Lee, 2008, Cambrian–Ordovician trilobite family Missisquoiidae Hupé, 1955: systematic revision and palaeogeographical considerations based on cladistic analysis, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 260, 315, 10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.11.008 Lee, 2010, Paleoenvironmental implications of an extensive maceriate microbialite bed in the Furongian Chaomidian Formation, Shandong Province, China, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 297, 621, 10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.09.012 Lehrmann, 1999, Secular variation in parasequence and facies stacking patterns of platform carbonates: a guide to application of stacking-pattern analysis in strata of diverse age and settings, 63, 187 Lykke-Andersen, 2004, The Cretaceous–Palaeogene boundary at Stevns Klint, Denmark: inversion tectonics or sea-floor topography?, Journal of the Geological Society, London, 161, 343, 10.1144/0016-764903-021 Markello, 1981, Carbonate ramp-to-deeper shale shelf transitions of an Upper Cambrian intrashelf basin, Nolichucky Formation, Southwest Virginia Appalachians, Sedimentology, 28, 573, 10.1111/j.1365-3091.1981.tb01702.x Meng, 1997, Sequence stratigraphy, sea-level changes and depositional systems in the Cambro-Ordovician of the North China carbonate platform, Sedimentary Geology, 114, 189, 10.1016/S0037-0738(97)00073-0 Meyerhoff, 1991 Mitrovica, 1996, The Devonian to Permian sedimentation of the Russian Platform: an example of subduction-controlled long-wavelength tilting of continents, Journal of Geodynamics, 22, 79, 10.1016/0264-3707(96)00008-7 Molgat, 2001, Combined tide and wave influence on sedimentation patterns in the Upper Jurassic Swift Formation, south-eastern Alberta, Sedimentology, 48, 1353, 10.1046/j.1365-3091.2001.00424.x Molina, 1998, Soft-sediment deformation structures induced by cyclic stress of storm waves in tempestites (Miocene, Guadalquivir Basin, Spain), Terra Nova, 10, 145, 10.1046/j.1365-3121.1998.00183.x Moretti, 2007, Recognition of trigger mechanisms for soft-sediment deformation in the Pleistocene lacustrine deposits of the Sant'Arcangelo Basin (Southern Italy): seismic shock vs. overloading, Sedimentary Geology, 196, 31, 10.1016/j.sedgeo.2006.05.012 Moshier, 1986, Carbonate platform sedimentology, Upper Cambrian Richland Formation, Lebanon Valley, Pennsylvania, Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 56, 204 Myrow, 1996, Tempestite deposition, Journal of Sedimentary Research, 66, 875 Myrow, 2004, Flat-pebble conglomerate: its multiple origins and relationship to metre-scale depositional cycles, Sedimentology, 51, 973, 10.1111/j.1365-3091.2004.00657.x Nakazawa, 2009, Facies stacking patterns in high-frequency sequences influenced by long-term sea-level change on a Permian Panthalassan oceanic atoll: an example from the Akiyoshi Limestone, SW Japan, Sedimentary Geology, 214, 35, 10.1016/j.sedgeo.2008.12.003 Neuwerth, 2006, Soft-sediment deformation in a tectonically active area: the Plio-Pleistocene Zarzal Formation in the Cauca Valley (Western Colombia), Sedimentary Geology, 186, 67, 10.1016/j.sedgeo.2005.10.009 Nichols, 2009 Onasch, 2002, 165 Osleger, 1996, Cross-platform architecture of a sequence boundary in mixed siliciclastic-carbonate lithofacies, Middle Cambrian, southern Great Basin, USA, Sedimentology, 43, 197, 10.1046/j.1365-3091.1996.d01-13.x Osleger, 1991, Relation of eustasy to stacking patterns of meter-scale carbonate cycles, Late Cambrian, U.S.A., Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 61, 1225 Owen, 1987, Deformation processes in unconsolidated sands, 29, 11 Owen, 1996, Experimental soft-sediment deformation: structures formed by liquefaction of unconsolidated sands and some ancient examples, Sedimentology, 43, 279, 10.1046/j.1365-3091.1996.d01-5.x Palma, 2007, Oxfordian ramp system (La Manga Formation) in the Bardas Blancas area (Mendoza Province) Neuquén Basin, Argentina: facies and depositional sequences, Sedimentary Geology, 195, 113, 10.1016/j.sedgeo.2006.07.001 Parcell, 2002, Sequence stratigraphic controls on the development of microbial fabrics and growth forms — implications for reservoir quality distributions in the Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian) Smackover Formation, Eastern Gulf Coast, USA, Carbonates and Evaporites, 17, 166, 10.1007/BF03176483 Park, 2007, Lower Furongian silicified trilobite faunal assemblages from the Sesong Formation, Taebaek Group, Korea, 510, 88 Payros, 2008, Calciclastic submarine fans: an integrated overview, Earth-Science Reviews, 86, 203, 10.1016/j.earscirev.2007.09.001 Peng, 2009, The newly-developed Cambrian biostratigraphic succession and chronostratigraphic scheme for South China, Chinese Science Bulletin, 54, 4161, 10.1007/s11434-009-0667-4 Pfeil, 1980, Cambrian carbonate platform margin facies, Shady Dolomite, Southwestern Virginia, U.S.A, Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 50, 91 Pope, 1997, Late Middle to Late Ordovician seismites of Kentucky, southwest Ohio and Virginia: sedimentary recorders of earthquakes in the Appalachian basin, GSA Bulletin, 109, 489, 10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<0489:LMTLOS>2.3.CO;2 Pratt, 1999, Gas bubble and expansion crack origin of molar-tooth calcite structures in the Middle Proterozoic belt supergroup, Western Montana — discussion, Journal of Sedimentary Research, 69, 1136, 10.2110/jsr.69.1136 Rasmussen, 1988, Holocene overprints of Pleistocene paleokarst: Bight of Abaco, Bahamas, 132 Read, 1988, Use of Fischer plots to define 3rd-order sea level curves in peritidal cyclic carbonates, Early Ordovician, Appalachians, Geology, 16, 895, 10.1130/0091-7613(1988)016<0895:UOFPTD>2.3.CO;2 Rees, 1976, Trophic and Other Influences on Macrobenthos Population Fluctuations in Liverpool Bay, 589 Rossetti, 1999, Soft-sediment deformation structures in late Albian to Cenomanian deposits, São Luís Basin, northern Brazil: evidence for palaeoseismicity, Sedimentology, 46, 1065, 10.1046/j.1365-3091.1999.00265.x Saltzman, 1999, Upper Cambrian carbonate platform evolution, Elvinia and Taenicephalus zones (Pterocephaliid—Ptychaspid), Northwestern Wyoming, Journal of Sedimentary Research, 69, 926, 10.2110/jsr.69.926 Saltzman, 1995, Sea-level-driven changes in ocean chemistry at an Upper Cambrian extinction horizon, Geology, 23, 893, 10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<0893:SLDCIO>2.3.CO;2 Saltzman, 1998, Carbon isotope stratigraphy of Upper Cambrian (Steptoean Stage) sequences of the eastern Great Basin: record of a global oceanographic event, GSA Bulletin, 110, 285, 10.1130/0016-7606(1998)110<0285:CISOUC>2.3.CO;2 Saltzman, 2000, A global carbon isotope excursion (SPICE) during the Late Cambrian: relation to trilobite extinctions, organic-matter burial and sea level, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 162, 211, 10.1016/S0031-0182(00)00128-0 Saltzman, 2004, The Late Cambrian SPICE (δ13C) event and the Sauk II–Sauk III regression: new evidence from Laurentian Basins in Utah, Iowa, and Newfoundland, Journal of Sedimentary Research, 74, 366, 10.1306/120203740366 Sanders, 2000, Carbonate deposition in mixed siliciclastic–carbonate environments on top of an orogenic wedge (Late Cretaceous, Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria), Sedimentary Geology, 137, 127, 10.1016/S0037-0738(00)00084-1 Schlager, 1999, Type 3 sequence boundaries, 63, 35 Scotese, 1990, Revised world maps and introduction, 12, 1 Scott, 2009, The process of sand injection: internal structures and relationships with host strata (Yellowbank Creek Injectite Complex, California, U.S.A.), Journal of Sedimentary Research, 79, 568, 10.2110/jsr.2009.062 Sims, 1975, Determining earthquake recurrence intervals from deformation structures in young lacustrine sediments, Tectonophysics, 29, 144, 10.1016/0040-1951(75)90139-0 Singh, 2007, Liquefaction and fluidization of lacustrine deposits from Lahaul–Spiti and Ladakh Himalaya: geological evidences of paleoseismicity along active fault zone, Sedimentary Geology, 196, 47, 10.1016/j.sedgeo.2006.06.005 Smart, 1988, Neptunian dikes and fissure fills: an overview and account of some modern examples, 149 Spence, 1997, Genesis of limestone megabreccias and their significance in carbonate sequence stratigraphic models: a review, Sedimentary Geology, 112, 163, 10.1016/S0037-0738(97)00036-5 Srinivasan, 1993, Sequence stratigraphy of an intrashelf basin carbonate ramp to rimmed platform transition: Maryville Limestone (Middle Cambrian), southern Appalachians, GSA Bulletin, 105, 883, 10.1130/0016-7606(1993)105<0883:SSOAIB>2.3.CO;2 Strasser, 1986, Ooids in Purbeck limestone (lowermost Cretaceous) of the Swiss and French Jura, Sedimentology, 33, 711, 10.1111/j.1365-3091.1986.tb01971.x Tucker, 1990 Vail, 1984, Jurrassic unconformities, chronostratigraphy and sea-level changes from seismic stratigraphy and biostratigraphy, 36, 129 Van Loon, 2009, Soft-sediment deformation structures in siliciclastic sediments: an overview, Geologos, 15, 3 Vanstone, 1998, Late Dinantian palaeokarst of England and Wales: implication for exposure surface development, Sedimentology, 45, 19, 10.1046/j.1365-3091.1998.00132.x Walker, 1992, Wave- and storm-dominated shallow marine systems, 219 Wanless, 1988, Tidal flat sedimentation from Hurricane Kate, Caicos Platform, British West Indies, Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 58, 724 Wheeler, 2002, Distinguishing seismic from nonseismic soft-sediment structures: criteria from seismic-hazard analysis, 165 Woo, 1999, Cyclic tidal successions of the Middle Ordovician Maggol Formation in the Taebaeg area, Kangwondo, Korea, Geosciences Journal, 3, 123, 10.1007/BF02910269 Woo, J., 2009. The Middle Cambrian Zhangxia Formation, Shandong Province, China: depositional environments and microbial sedimentation. Ph.D. Thesis, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea. Woo, 2007, Depositional processes and sequence stratigraphy of the Jigunsan Formation (Middle Ordovician), Taebaeksan Basin, mideast Korea: implications for basin geometry and sequence development, Geosciences Journal, 11, 331, 10.1007/BF02857050 Wright, 1982, The recognition and interpretation of paleokarsts: two examples from the Lower Carboniferous of South Wales, Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 52, 83 Wright, 1984, Peritidal carbonate facies models: a review, Geological Journal, 19, 309, 10.1002/gj.3350190402 Wright, 1988, Paleokarsts and paleosols as indicators of paleoclimate and porosity evolution: a case study from the Carboniferous of South Wales, 329 Wright, 1994, Paleosols in shallow marine carbonate sequences, Earth-Science Reviews, 35, 367, 10.1016/0012-8252(94)90002-7 Zhu, 2004, Evolution of C isotopes in the Cambrian of China: implications for Cambrian subdivision and trilobite mass extinctions, Geobios, 37, 287, 10.1016/j.geobios.2003.06.001