An approach to change the basic polymer composition of the milled Fomes fomentarius fruiting bodies
Tóm tắt
Chitin and its derivative chitosan are readily exploited, especially in food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, biomedical, chemical, and textile industries. The biopolymers are currently recovered from the crustacean shells after purification from the large amount of proteins and minerals. The key problems are centered around a lot of chemical waste and allergenic potential of the heat-stable remaining proteins. Fungi can be considered as an alternative eco-friendlier source of the chitin and chitosan due to the lower level of inorganic materials and absence of the allergenic proteins. The work presents a new chemical assay to change the composition of the milled Fomes fomentarius fruiting bodies. A gradual 13-fold increase of the chitin amount accompanied by 14-fold decrease of the glucan content was obtained after repetitive alkali-acidic treatment. Raw material contained mainly chitin with 30% degree of deacetylation. After the first and second alkali treatment, the polymer was defined as chitosan with comparable amounts of N-acetyl-d-glucosamine and d-glucosamine units. The last treated samples showed an increase of the chitin amount to 80%, along with typical for the natural tinder fibers degree of deacetylation and three-dimensional fibrous hollow structure. A new approach allowed a gradual enrichment of the pulverized Fomes fomentarius fruiting bodies with chitin or chitosan, depending on the extraction conditions. High stability and fibrous structure of the fungal cell walls with a drastically increased chitin ratio let us suggest a possibility of the targeted production of the chitin-enriched fungal material biotechnologically under eco-friendly conditions.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Bowman SM, Free SJ. The structure and synthesis of the fungal cell wall. BioEssays. 2006;28:799–808.
Arbia W, Arbia L, Adour L, Amrane A. Chitin extraction from crustacean shells using biological methods – a review. Food Technol Biotechnol. 2013;51:12–25.
Abo Elsoud MM, El Kady EM. Current trends in fungal biosynthesis of chitin and chitosan. Bull Natl Res Cent. 2019;43:59. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-019-0105-y.
Jones M, Kujundzic M, John S, Bismarck A. Crab vs mushroom: a review of crustacean and fungal chitin in wound treatment. Mar Drugs. 2020;18:64.
Kaur S, Dhillon GS. The versatile biopolymer chitosan: potential sources, evaluation of extraction methods and applications. Crit Rev Microbiol. 2014;40:155–75.
Khora SS. Seafood-associated shellfish allergy: A comprehensive review. Immunol Invest. 2016;45:504–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/08820139.2016.1180301.
Okada T, Kubo I. Fungus useful for chitin production, Patent US5905035A, 1997.
Mario FDi, Rapanà P, Tomati U, Galli E. Chitin and chitosan from Basidiomycetes. Int J Biol Macromol. 2008;43:8–12. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2007.10.005.
Nitschke J, Altenbach HJ, Malolepszy T, Mölleken H. A new method for the quantification of chitin and chitosan in edible mushrooms. Carbohydr Res. 2011;346:1307–10.
Kaya M, Akata I, Baran T, Mentes A. Physicochemical properties of chitin and chitosan produced from medicinal fungus (Fomitopsis pinicola). Food Biophys. 2015;10:162–8.
Erdogan S, Kaya M, Akata I. Chitin extraction and chitosan production from cell wall of two mushroom species (Lactarius vellereus and Phyllophora ribis). AIP Conference Proceedings. 2017;1809(1):020012.
Kalitukha L, Sari M. Fascinating Vital Mushrooms. Tinder Fungus (Fomes fomentarius (L.) Fr.) as a dietary supplement. Intern J Res Stud Sci Eng Technol (Online). 2019;6(1):1–9. http://www.ijrsset.org/pdfs/v6-i1/1.pdf
Roy JC, Salaün F, Giraud S, Ferri A, Guan J, Chen G. Solubility of chitin: Solvents, solution behaviors and their related mechanisms. Solub Polysaccharides. 2017. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.71385.
Gorovoj LF, Kosyakov VN. Mycoton – new chitin materials produced from fungi. In: Z.S. Karnicki ZS, Brzeski MM, Bykowski PJ, Wojtasz-Pajak A, editors. Chitin World, Bremerhaven:Wirtschaftsverlag NW; 1995. p. 632–47.
Osovskaya II, Budilina DL, Tarabukina EB. Nud`ga LA. Saint Petersburg: Chitin-glucan complexes. Physical-chemical properties and molecular characteristics. Textbook; 2010.
Sari M, Prange A, Lelley J, Hambitzer R. Screening of β-glucan contents in commercially cultivated and wild growing mushrooms. Food Chem. 2017;216:45–51.
Mushroom and yeast β-glucan assay procedure (K-YBGL 11/19). Megazyme International Ireland Ltd.: 2019. https://www.megazyme.com/documents/Booklet/K-YBGL_DATA.pdf
Goryachkovskaya TN, Slynko NM, Peltek SE, Tatarova LE, Bryanskaya AV. The method of complex processing of Fomitopsis officinalis Will. 2017. Patent RU2619551. http://www.findpatent.ru/patent/261/2619551.html.
Hahn T, Tafi E, Paul A, Salvia R, Falabella P, Zibek S. Current state of chitin purification and chitosan production from insects. J Chem Techol Biotechol. 2020;95(11):2775–95.
Alvarado P, Moreno G, Vizzini A, Consiglio G, Manjón JL, Setti L. Atractosporocybe, Leucocybe and Rhizocybe: three new clitocyboid genera in the Tricholomatoid clade (Agaricales) with notes on Clitocybe and Lepista. Mycologia. 2015;107:123–36.
Muzzarelli RAA, Ilari P, Tarsi R, Dubini B, Xia W. Chitosan from Absidia coerulea. Carbohydr Polym. 1994;25:45–50.
Kanarskaya ZA. Obtaining and properties of chitin-glucan adsorbent from mushroom biomass. Dissertation for the degree of candidate of technical sciences. Kazan 2000. http://earthpapers.net/poluchenie-i-svoystva-hitin-glyukanovogo-adsorbenta-iz-biomassy-gribov#ixzz4vI7U8nEn. Accessed 04 Nov 2020.
Unrod VI, Solodovnik TV. Chitin- and chitosan-containing complexes from mycelial fungi: receiving, properties and use. Biopolym Cell. 2001;17:526–33.
Versali M-F, Gautier S, Bruyere J-M, Clerisse F, Bornet A, Teissedre P-L, Rouanet J-M. Cell wall derivatives, their preparation process, and use thereof. Patent US20070299034A1. 2007.
Litvyak V. Chitin-Glucan-Complex: Production and properties. Science and innovations. 2016. http://innosfera.by/node/3932. Accessed 04 Nov 2020.
Ekblad A, Näshom T. Determination of chitin in fungi and mycorrhizal roots by an improved HPLC analysis of glucosamine. Carbohyd Res. 1996;178:29–35.
Sluiter A, Hames B, Ruiz R, Scarlata C, Sluiter J, Templeton D, Crocker D. Determination of structural carbohydrates and lignin in biomass. Laboratory analytical procedure (LAP). U.S. Department of Energy. Technical Report NREL/TP-510–42618. 2008, revised August 2012.