An application of agent-based modeling to explore the impact of decreasing incarceration rates and increasing drug treatment access on sero-discordant partnerships among people who inject drugs

Abdul-Quader, 2006, Effectiveness of respondent-driven sampling for recruiting drug users in New York City: Findings from a pilot study, Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 83, 459, 10.1007/s11524-006-9052-7 Adams, 2018, Potential drivers of HIV acquisition in African-American women related to mass incarceration: An agent-based modelling study, BMC Public Health, 18, 1387, 10.1186/s12889-018-6304-x Adams, 2019, Decreasing HIV transmissions to African American women through interventions for men living with HIV post-incarceration: An agent-based modeling study, PloS one, 14, 10.1371/journal.pone.0219361 Adimora, 2005, Social context, sexual networks, and racial disparities in rates of sexually transmitted infections, The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 191, S115, 10.1086/425280 Alexander, 2010 Aral, 1999, Sexual mixing patterns in the spread of gonococcal and chlamydial infections, American Journal of Public Health, 89, 825, 10.2105/AJPH.89.6.825 Baicker, 2017, The effect of medicaid on medication use among poor adults: Evidence from oregon, Health Affairs (Project Hope), 36, 2110, 10.1377/hlthaff.2017.0925 Bartlett, 2008, Opt-out testing for human immunodeficiency virus in the United States: Progress and challenges, JAMA, 300, 945, 10.1001/jama.300.8.945 Belenko, 2005, Estimating drug treatment needs among state prison inmates, Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 77, 269, 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.08.023 Beletsky, 2015, Police encounters among needle exchange clients in Baltimore: Drug law enforcement as a structural determinant of health, American Journal of Public Health, 105, 1872, 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302681 Bernstein, 2013, Qualitative analysis of cocaine and heroin users' main partner sex-risk behavior: Is safety in love safety in health?, Addiction Science & Clinical Practice, 8, 10.1186/1940-0640-8-10 Biello, 2018, Perspectives on HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) utilization and related intervention needs among people who inject drugs, Harm Reduction Journal, 15, 10.1186/s12954-018-0263-5 Binswanger, 2012, Return to drug use and overdose after release from prison: A qualitative study of risk and protective factors, Addiction Science & Clinical Practice, 7, 10.1186/1940-0640-7-3 Bohnert, 2009, A social network perspective on heroin and cocaine use among adults: Evidence of bidirectional influences, Addiction, 104, 1210, 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02615.x Branson, 2006, Revised recommendations for HIV testing of adults, adolescents, and pregnant women in healthcare settings, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 55, 1 Bronson, 2019, Prisoners in 2017 Brown, 2018, Impact of behavioral drug abuse treatment on sexual risk behaviors: an integrative data analysis of eight trials conducted within the national drug abuse treatment clinical trials network, Prevention Science : The Official Journal of the Society for Prevention Research, 19, 761, 10.1007/s11121-018-0913-6 Bureau of Prisons Statistics. Retrieved (January 3 2020). from https://www.bop.gov/about/statistics/acstatistics_inmate_offenses.jsp. Burnett, 2018, HIV Infection and HIV-Associated Behaviors Among Persons Who Inject Drugs - 20 Cities, United States, 2015, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 67, 23, 10.15585/mmwr.mm6701a5 Burris, 2004, Addressing the "risk environment" for injection drug users: The mysterious case of the missing cop, The Milbank Quarterly, 82, 125, 10.1111/j.0887-378X.2004.00304.x Burt, 2010, Evaluating respondent-driven sampling in a major metropolitan area: Comparing injection drug users in the 2005 Seattle area national HIV behavioral surveillance system survey with participants in the RAVEN and Kiwi studies, Annals of Epidemiology, 20, 159, 10.1016/j.annepidem.2009.10.002 Burt, 2014, Assessing differences in groups randomized by recruitment chain in a respondent-driven sample of Seattle-area injection drug users, Annals of Epidemiology, 24, 861, 10.1016/j.annepidem.2014.09.002 Chandler, 2009, Treating drug abuse and addiction in the criminal justice system: Improving public health and safety, JAMA, 301, 183, 10.1001/jama.2008.976 Collier, 2017, Comparison of three popular methods for recruiting young persons who inject drugs for interventional studies, Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 94, 587, 10.1007/s11524-017-0158-x Cooper, 2015, Partner incarceration and African-American women’s sexual relationships and risk: A longitudinal qualitative study, Journal of urban health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 92, 527, 10.1007/s11524-015-9941-8 Cooper, 2016, Racialized risk environments in a large sample of people who inject drugs in the United States, International Journal of Drug Policy, 27, 43, 10.1016/j.drugpo.2015.07.015 Cooper, 2005, The impact of a police drug crackdown on drug injectors’ ability to practice harm reduction: A qualitative study, Social Science & Medicine, 61, 673, 10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.12.030 Culbert, 2018, Adherence to antiretroviral therapy among incarcerated persons with HIV: Associations with methadone and perceived safety, AIDS and Behavior Curtis, 2013, Alcohol, drug, and criminal history restrictions in public housing, Cityscape: A Journal of Policy Development and Research, 15 Davey-Rothwell, 2009, Does taking steps to control one's drug use predict entry into treatment?, The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 35, 279, 10.1080/00952990902943083 DeBeck, 2017, HIV and the criminalisation of drug use among people who inject drugs: A systematic review, The Lancet. HIV, 4, e357, 10.1016/S2352-3018(17)30073-5 Des Jarlais, 2016, Consistent estimates of very low HIV incidence among people who inject drugs: New York City, 2005-2014, American Journal of Public Health, 106, 503, 10.2105/AJPH.2015.303019 Des Jarlais, 2016, HIV infection among persons who inject drugs: Ending old epidemics and addressing new outbreaks, AIDS (London, England), 30, 815, 10.1097/QAD.0000000000001039 Des Jarlais, 2013, 30 years on selected issues in the prevention of HIV among persons Who inject drugs, Advances in Preventive Medicine, 2013, 10.1155/2013/346372 Escudero, 2017, The risk of HIV transmission at each step of the HIV care continuum among people who inject drugs: a modeling study, BMC public health, 17, 614, 10.1186/s12889-017-4528-9 Farel, 2013, Sexuality, sexual practices, and HIV risk among incarcerated African-American women in North Carolina, Women's Health Issues: Official Publication of the Jacobs Institute of Women's Health, 23, e357, 10.1016/j.whi.2013.08.006 Farrell, 2005, Effectiveness of drug dependence treatment in HIV prevention, International Journal of Drug Policy, 16, S67, 10.1016/j.drugpo.2005.02.008 Fauci, 2019, Ending the HIV epidemic: A plan for the United States ending the HIV epidemic editorial, JAMA, 321, 844, 10.1001/jama.2019.1343 Feder, 2017, Trends in insurance coverage and treatment among persons with opioid use disorders following the Affordable Care Act, Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 179, 271, 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.07.015 Gallagher, 2007, Behavioral surveillance among people at risk for HIV infection in the U.S.: The National HIV Behavioral Surveillance System, Public Health Reports, 122, 32, 10.1177/00333549071220S106 Gant, 2017, HIV care outcomes among hispanics or latinos with diagnosed HIV infection - United States, 2015, MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 66, 1065, 10.15585/mmwr.mm6640a2 Jafa, 2009, HIV transmission in a State Prison System, 1988–2005, PloS one, 4, e5416, 10.1371/journal.pone.0005416 James, 2006 Karch, 2016, HIV infection care and viral suppression among people who inject drugs, 28 U.S. Jurisdictions, 2012-2013, The Open AIDS Journal, 10, 127, 10.2174/1874613601610010127 Khan, 2011, Dissolution of primary intimate relationships during incarceration and associations with post-release STI/HIV risk behavior in a Southeastern city, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 38, 43, 10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181e969d0 Klevens, 2018, Factors associated with pre-exposure prophylaxis in a highly insured population of urban men who have sex with men, 2014, AIDS and Behavior, 22, 1201, 10.1007/s10461-017-1879-2 Kim, 2019, A novel application of process mapping in a criminal justice setting to examine implementation of peer support for veterans leaving incarceration, Health & Justice, 7, 3, 10.1186/s40352-019-0085-x Kutnick, 2019, Like I Have No Choice": A Qualitative Exploration of HIV Diagnosis and Medical Care Experiences While Incarcerated and Their Effects, Behavioral Medicine, 45, 153, 10.1080/08964289.2019.1591338 Larney, 2010, Does opioid substitution treatment in prisons reduce injecting-related HIV risk behaviours? A systematic review, Addiction, 105, 216, 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02826.x Laumann, 1999, Racial/ethnic group differences in the prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases in the United States: A network explanation, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 26, 250, 10.1097/00007435-199905000-00003 Lesko, 2017, Retention, antiretroviral therapy use and viral suppression by history of injection drug use among HIV-infected patients in an urban HIV clinical cohort, AIDS and Behavior, 21, 1016, 10.1007/s10461-016-1585-5 Linton, 2020, Mortgage discrimination and racial/ethnic concentration are associated with same-race/ethnicity partnering among people who inject drugs in 19 US Cities, Journal of Urban Health : Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 97, 88, 10.1007/s11524-019-00405-w Lucas, 2016, Evaluation of routine HIV opt-out screening and continuum of care services following entry into eight prison reception centers–California, 2012, MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 65, 178, 10.15585/mmwr.mm6507a3 Luhby, T. (2019). GOP lawmakers set up roadblocks to voter-approved Medicaid expansion. In CNN politics. https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/issue-briefs/2018/03/more-imprisonment-does-not-reduce-state-drug-problems. Access date: June 22, 2019. Macher, 2006, HIV transmission in correctional facility, Emerg Infect Dis, 12, 669, 10.3201/eid1204.050484 Marshall, 2012, A complex systems approach to evaluate HIV prevention in metropolitan areas: preliminary implications for combination intervention strategies, PloS one, 7, 10.1371/journal.pone.0044833 Maruschak, 2015 Mathers, 2010, HIV prevention, treatment, and care services for people who inject drugs: A systematic review of global, regional, and national coverage, The Lancet, 375, 1014, 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60232-2 Mayock, 2015, The risk environment of heroin use initiation: Young women, intimate partners, and “Drug Relationships”, Substance Use & Misuse, 50, 771, 10.3109/10826084.2015.978629 McClelland, 2002, HIV and AIDS risk behaviors among female jail detainees: Implications for public health policy, American Journal of Public Health, 92, 818, 10.2105/AJPH.92.5.818 McFarland, 2019, Low PrEP awareness and use among people who inject drugs, San Francisco, 2018, AIDS and Behavior McKenna, 2017, Treatment use, sources of payment, and financial barriers to treatment among individuals with opioid use disorder following the national implementation of the ACA, Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 179, 87, 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.06.028 Meinhofer, 2018, The role of health insurance on treatment for opioid use disorders: Evidence from the Affordable Care Act Medicaid expansion, Journal of Health Economics, 60, 177, 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2018.06.004 Melo, 2018, Do law enforcement interactions reduce the initiation of injection drug use? An investigation in three North American settings, Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 182, 67, 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.10.009 Merrall, 2010, Meta-analysis of drug-related deaths soon after release from prison, Addiction, 105, 1545, 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.02990.x Millson, 2007, Reduction in injection-related HIV risk after 6 months in a low-threshold methadone treatment program, AIDS Education and Prevention : Official Publication of the International Society for AIDS Education, 19, 124, 10.1521/aeap.2007.19.2.124 Momplaisir, 2017, Racial inequities in HIV prevalence and composition of risk networks among people who inject drugs in HIV Prevention Trial Network 037, Journal of Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndromes, 76, 394, 10.1097/QAI.0000000000001521 More imprisonment does not reduce state drug problems (2018). The pew charitable trusts. https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/issue-briefs/2018/03/more-imprisonment-does-not-reduce-state-drug-problems. Access date: June 22, 2019. Mumola, 2007 Musto, 1999 Myers, 2018, The effect of patient navigation on the likelihood of engagement in clinical care for HIV-infected individuals leaving jail, American Journal of Public Health, 108, 385, 10.2105/AJPH.2017.304250 Nunn, 2012, Concurrent sexual partnerships among African American women in Philadelphia: Results from a qualitative study, Sexual Health, 9, 288, 10.1071/SH11099 Nunn, 2011, Social, structural and behavioral drivers of concurrent partnerships among African American men in Philadelphia, AIDS Care, 23, 1392, 10.1080/09540121.2011.565030 Ojikutu, 2018, Mass incarceration and the impact of prison release on HIV diagnoses in the US South, PloS one, 13, 10.1371/journal.pone.0198258 Olfson, 2018, Impact of medicaid expansion on coverage and treatment of low-income adults with substance use disorders, Health Affairs (Project Hope), 37, 1208, 10.1377/hlthaff.2018.0124 Park, 2019, Police violence among people who inject drugs in Baltimore, Maryland, International Journal of Drug Policy, 64, 54, 10.1016/j.drugpo.2018.12.005 Pietila, A. (2012). Not in my neighborhood: How bigotry shaped a great American city: Ivan R. Dee Incorporated. Polcin, 2018, Role of recovery residences in criminal justice reform, International Journal on Drug Policy, 53, 32, 10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.10.009 Powis, 1996, The differences between male and female drug users: Community samples of heroin and cocaine users compared, Substance Use & Misuse, 31, 529, 10.3109/10826089609045825 Reardon, 2015, Neighborhood income composition by household age and income, 1990–2009, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 660, 78, 10.1177/0002716215576104 Rich, 2001, Successful linkage of medical care and community services for HIV-positive offenders being released from prison, Journal of urban health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 78, 279, 10.1093/jurban/78.2.279 Robinson, 2006, Recruiting injection drug users: A three-site comparison of results and experiences with respondent-driven and targeted sampling procedures, Journal of urban health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 83, i29, 10.1007/s11524-006-9100-3 Rosen, 2009, Characteristics and behaviors associated with HIV infection among inmates in the North Carolina prison system, American Journal of Public Health, 99, 1123, 10.2105/AJPH.2007.133389 Roth, 2019, Factors associated with awareness of pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV among persons who inject drugs in Philadelphia: National HIV Behavioral Surveillance, 2015, AIDS and Behavior, 23, 1833, 10.1007/s10461-018-2293-0 Rudolph, 2017, Multiplex relationships and HIV: Implications for Network-Based Interventions, AIDS and Behavior, 21, 1219, 10.1007/s10461-016-1454-2 Rudolph, 2015, Assessing the geographic coverage and spatial clustering of illicit drug users recruited through respondent-driven sampling in New York City, Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 92, 352, 10.1007/s11524-015-9937-4 Saloner, 2019, The affordable care act in the heart of the Opioid Crisis: Evidence from West Virginia, Health affairs (Project Hope), 38, 633, 10.1377/hlthaff.2018.05049 Saloner, 2018, Changes in buprenorphine-naloxone and opioid pain reliever prescriptions after the affordable care act medicaid expansion, JAMA Network Open, 1, 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.1588 Seal, 2010, HIV testing and treatment with correctional populations: People, not prisoners, Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 21, 977, 10.1353/hpu.0.0351 Sherman, 2001, Intimate relationship characteristics associated with condom use among drug users and their sex partners: A multilevel analysis, Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 64, 97, 10.1016/S0376-8716(00)00236-2 Shoptaw, 2005, Behavioral treatment approaches for methamphetamine dependence and HIV-related sexual risk behaviors among urban gay and bisexual men, Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 78, 125, 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.10.004 Silva, 2015, Collateral damage: public housing consequence of the war on drugs. UC Irvine L, Rev, 5, 783 Small, 2007, Public injection settings in Vancouver: Physical environment, social context and risk, International Journal of Drug Policy, 18, 27, 10.1016/j.drugpo.2006.11.019 Sorensen, 2000, Drug abuse treatment as an HIV prevention strategy: A review, Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 59, 17, 10.1016/S0376-8716(99)00104-0 Status of state action on the medicaid expansion decision (2021). Retrieved March 9, 2021. from https://www.kff.org/health-reform/state-indicator/state-activity-around-expanding-medicaid-under-the-affordable-care-act/?currentTimeframe=0&sortModel=%7B%22colId%22:%22Location%22,%22sort%22:%22asc%22%7D. Swan, 2015, Different patterns of drug use and barriers to continuous HIV care post-incarceration, Journal of Drug Issues, 45, 38, 10.1177/0022042614542512 The color of justice: Racial and ethnic disparity in state prisons, 2016 Thomas, 2008, Incarceration as forced migration: Effects on selected community health outcomes, American Journal of Public Health, 98, S181, 10.2105/AJPH.98.Supplement_1.S181 van Olphen, 2006, Community reentry: perceptions of people with substance use problems returning home from New York City jails, Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 83, 372, 10.1007/s11524-006-9047-4 Vlahov, 2006, From corrections to communities as an HIV priority, Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 83, 339, 10.1007/s11524-006-9041-x Volkow, 2018, Prevention and treatment of opioid misuse and addiction: A review, JAMA psychiatry, 76, 208, 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.3126 Wen, 2017, Impact of medicaid expansion on medicaid-covered utilization of buprenorphine for opioid use disorder treatment, Medical Care, 55, 336, 10.1097/MLR.0000000000000703 Werb, 2008, Effects of police confiscation of illicit drugs and syringes among injection drug users in Vancouver, The International Journal on Drug Policy, 19, 332, 10.1016/j.drugpo.2007.08.004 Westergaard, 2019, Effect of patient navigation on transitions of HIV care after release from prison: A retrospective cohort study, AIDS and Behavior, 10.1007/s10461-019-02437-4 Williams, 2013, Racial disparities in HIV prevalence and risk behaviors among injection drug users and members of their risk networks, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 63, 90, 10.1097/QAI.0b013e3182921506 Wilson, 1997 World Prison Brief. In. (2020).: Institute for Crime and Justice Policy Research. https://www.prisonstudies.org/highest-to-lowest/prison_population_rate?field_region_taxonomy_tid=All. Access date: Jan 3, 2020. Zarkin, 2012, Benefits and costs of substance abuse treatment programs for state prison inmates: Results from a lifetime simulation model, Health Economics, 21, 633, 10.1002/hec.1735