An Overview of Polylactides as Packaging Materials

Macromolecular Bioscience - Tập 4 Số 9 - Trang 835-864 - 2004
Rafael Auras1, Bruce Harte1, Susan E. M. Selke1
1The School of Packaging, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1223, USA

Tóm tắt

Abstract

Summary: Polylactide polymers have gained enormous attention as a replacement for conventional synthetic packaging materials in the last decade. By being truly biodegradable, derived from renewable resources and by providing consumers with extra end‐use benefits such as avoiding paying the “green tax” in Germany or meeting environmental regulations in Japan, polylactides (PLAs) are a growing alternative as a packaging material for demanding markets. The aim of this paper is to review the production techniques for PLAs, summarize the main properties of PLA and to delineate the main advantages and disadvantages of PLA as a polymeric packaging material. PLA films have better ultraviolet light barrier properties than low density polyethylene (LDPE), but they are slightly worse than those of cellophane, polystyrene (PS) and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET). PLA films have mechanical properties comparable to those of PET and better than those of PS. PLA also has lower melting and glass transition temperatures than PET and PS. The glass transition temperature of PLA changes with time. Humidity between 10 and 95% and storage temperatures of 5 to 40 °C do not have an effect on the transition temperature of PLA, which can be explained by its low water sorption values (i.e. <100 ppm at Aw = 1). PLA seals well at temperatures below the melting temperature but an appreciable shrinking of the films has been noted when the material is sealed near its melting temperature. Solubility parameter predictions indicate that PLA will interact with nitrogen compounds, anhydrides and some alcohols and that it will not interact with aromatic hydrocarbons, ketones, esters, sulfur compounds or water. The CO2, O2 and water permeability coefficients of PLA are lower than those of PS and higher than those of PET. Its barrier to ethyl acetate and D‐limonene is comparable to PET. The amount of lactic acid and its derivatives that migrate to food simulant solutions from PLA is much lower than any of the current average dietary lactic acid intake values allowed by several governmental agencies. Thus, PLA is safe for use in fabricating articles for contact with food.

Percent transmission versus wavelength for PLA(98% L‐lactide), PS, LDPE, PET and cellophane films.

image

Percent transmission versus wavelength for PLA(98% L‐lactide), PS, LDPE, PET and cellophane films.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

10.1002/1097-4628(20010228)79:9<1582::AID-APP60>3.0.CO;2-7

10.1023/A:1012884310027

10.1002/(SICI)1521-3927(20000201)21:3<117::AID-MARC117>3.0.CO;2-X

10.1002/1521-3900(200110)175:1<55::AID-MASY55>3.0.CO;2-K

10.1016/S0376-7388(01)00446-X

10.1177/088391159000500407

Aluminum Association, 1999, Tokyo Steps up to Recycling Efforts

10.1002/1521-3900(200003)153:1<333::AID-MASY333>3.0.CO;2-9

10.1002/app.1995.070560114

Mochizuki M., 2002, Biopolymers. Polyesters III. Applications and Commercial Products, 1

Tsuji H., 2002, Biopolymers. Polyesters III. Applications and Commercial Products, 129

10.1002/(SICI)1527-2648(199909)1:1<67::AID-ADEM67>3.0.CO;2-E

10.1016/S0032-3861(98)00846-5

10.1016/0267-6605(94)90046-9

10.1016/0142-9612(90)90124-9

10.1002/pola.10848

Gruber P. R., 2002, Biopolymers. Polyesters III. Applications and Commercial Products, 235

Kawahima N., 2002, Biopolymers. Polyesters III. Applications and Commercial Products, 251

10.1016/0032-3861(82)90176-8

10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(20000131)75:5<629::AID-APP5>3.0.CO;2-A

10.1016/S0032-3861(96)00486-7

10.1023/A:1016359925976

10.1002/1521-4095(200012)12:23<1841::AID-ADMA1841>3.0.CO;2-E

10.1111/j.1574-6976.1995.tb00168.x

Holland S. J., 1992, Advances in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 101

10.1371/journal.pbio.0000008

10.1002/masy.200351130

10.1002/1521-3900(200003)153:1<287::AID-MASY287>3.0.CO;2-E

N.Whiteman “2000 Polymers Laminations and Coatings Conference” Chicago IL2000 p.631–635.

J. B.Snook M.Sc. Thesis Michigan State University East Lansing1994 p.130.

10.1016/0267-6605(91)90018-B

10.1002/macp.1996.021970427

Perego G., 1996, Polymer, 59, 37

10.1002/(SICI)1099-0518(19960930)34:13<2701::AID-POLA14>3.0.CO;2-G

10.1002/macp.1996.021971033

10.1021/ma971545p

10.1016/0032-3861(95)93647-5

10.1016/S0032-3861(97)10203-8

M. H.Hartmann N.Whiteman “TAPPI Polymers Laminations & Coatings Conference” Chicago IL United States2000 p.467–474.

10.1016/0278-6915(94)00145-E

Leaversuch R. D., 2003, Plastics Technology

Baillie J., 1997, Packag. Week, 13

N.Whiteman “Packexpo” Chicago IL November 6 2002 p.37–42.

O'Brien M., 2003, Ilip Launches New Fresh Food Packaging Solution

2003, NatureWorks™ PLA Makes North American Commercial Debut in Grocery Stores Taking a Fresh Approach to Deli Packaging

Kharas G. B., 1994, Plastics from Microbes, 93

10.1002/masy.19961030110

US 5142023 (1992) invs.:P. R.Gruber E. S.Hall J. H.Kolstad M. L.Iwen R. D.Benson R. L.Borchardt.

10.1007/978-3-662-03680-8_15

10.1007/BF00271605

10.1002/macp.1987.021880804

10.1016/S0142-9612(97)00076-8

10.1002/app.13354

10.1021/bm034247a

10.1016/S0926-6690(99)00053-9

10.1002/macp.1987.021880810

10.1023/A:1020200822435

10.1002/masy.19900320122

G. L.Baker M. R.Smith T.Liu C. P.Radano C.Wang M.Yin Progress Reports 2000–2001 Michigan State University Center for Fundamental Materials Research East Lansing MI 2001 p.23–25.

10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(20000509)76:6<947::AID-APP22>3.0.CO;2-5

10.1002/app.1984.070291255

10.1002/(SICI)1099-0518(20000501)38:9<1673::AID-POLA33>3.0.CO;2-T

10.1002/macp.1997.021980424

10.1002/macp.1997.021980624

10.1002/(SICI)1521-3935(19990601)200:6<1333::AID-MACP1333>3.0.CO;2-G

10.1021/ma00142a057

10.1021/ma001705o

10.1021/ma980377d

10.1021/ma00115a028

10.1021/ma00068a053

10.1021/ma992067g

10.1021/ma980553i

10.1021/ma00119a010

10.1021/ma951144e

10.1016/S0032-3861(99)00004-X

D. R.Witzke Ph.D. Thesis Michigan State University East Lansing MI1997 p.389.

10.1021/ma00204a041

10.1021/ma0348674

10.1016/S0032-3861(00)00235-4

10.1016/S0032-3861(00)00234-2

10.1002/bip.1968.360060305

10.1063/1.358712

10.1080/00222349108245788

10.1021/ma0204148

10.1021/ma960828z

10.1016/0032-3861(96)81088-3

10.1080/10601329608014922

10.1007/BF01498927

10.1016/0032-3861(81)90256-1

10.1016/0032-3861(81)90256-1

10.1016/0032-3861(80)90315-8

10.1021/ma00077a032

10.1016/0032-3861(83)90129-5

10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19961114)62:7<1079::AID-APP14>3.0.CO;2-1

10.1016/0032-3861(95)93647-5

10.1002/1099-0488(20010201)39:3<300::AID-POLB1002>3.0.CO;2-M

10.1016/0032-3861(96)83146-6

10.1021/ma001125r

Huang J., 1996, Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.), 37, 370

10.1021/ma00170a034

Rappard P., 1997, Packag. Rev. S. Afr., 23, 19

Nelson K.‐H., 1984, J. Food Prot., 47, 346, 10.4315/0362-028X-47.5.346

Farrer K. T. H., 1983, Packag. News

10.1111/j.1471-0307.1997.tb01748.x

Dunkley W. L., 1963, Milk Dealer, 52, 52

Bradley R. L., 1980, J. Food Prot., 43, 314, 10.4315/0362-028X-43.4.314

10.1034/j.1600-0781.2003.00031.x

R.Auras Ph.D. Thesis Michigan State University East Lansing2004 p.268.

ASTM‐D1746‐03 Standard Test Method for Transparency of Plastic Sheeting 8.01 p.398–401.

ASTM‐D6290‐98e1 Standard Test Method for Color Determination of Plastic Pellets 8.03 p.892–896.

DIN‐6176 2001–03 Colorimetric calculation of color differences with the DIN 99 Formula.

VanKrevelen D. W., 1997, Properties of Polymers

10.1002/app.1994.070510216

10.1016/S0032-3861(97)00229-2

10.1002/jrs.1250260409

10.1016/0032-3861(88)90116-4

10.1016/0032-3861(92)90440-8

10.1002/pi.1093

10.1002/app.11605

10.1002/app.10813

10.1002/1439-2054(20010701)286:7<398::AID-MAME398>3.0.CO;2-G

10.1002/app.1651

10.1021/ma980008h

10.1021/ma00061a003

10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19970502)64:5<911::AID-APP11>3.0.CO;2-W

10.1016/0032-3861(83)90128-3

Ou X., 2003, ANTEC 2003, 1701

10.1002/polb.10674

10.1002/(SICI)1099-0488(19970130)35:2<359::AID-POLB12>3.0.CO;2-H

10.1002/pol.1984.180220401

10.1016/S0032-3861(96)00987-1

10.1007/BF01428808

10.1002/macp.1992.021930704

ASTM‐D2578‐94. 94 Standard Test Method for Wetting Tension of Polyethylene and Polypropylene Films 8.02 p.67–69.

10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19990815)73:7<1131::AID-APP4>3.0.CO;2-U

10.1002/pol.1979.170170831

10.1080/10601329608010880

10.1021/ma9714629

Doi Y., 1994, Biodegradable Plastics and Polymers: Proceedings of the Third International Scientific Workshop on Biodegradable Plastics and Polymers, Osaka, Japan (Studies in Polymer Science, 12), 464

10.1002/pol.1983.170210121

10.1007/BF01452999

10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19960118)59:3<561::AID-APP23>3.0.CO;2-V

10.1016/S0926-6690(99)00009-6

J. R.Dorgan J.Randal J.Janzen D.Knauss B.Braun P.Gruber “Global Plastics Environmental Conference 2004” Detroit MI February 18–192004.

10.1002/(SICI)1099-0488(19990801)37:15<1803::AID-POLB5>3.0.CO;2-M

10.1122/1.551041

Cargill‐Dow‐LLC, PLA Polymer 4042D – A NatureWorks Product. Biaxially Oriented Films – General Purpose

10.1002/app.1991.070430109

10.1021/ma0114887

10.1016/S0032-3861(01)00086-6

D. M.Bigg “Annual Technical Conference – Society of Plastics Engineers” 1996 p.2028–2039.

Barton A. F. M., 1999, Handbook of Solubility Parameters and Other Cohesion Parameters

Hansen C. M., 1967, J. Paint Technol., 39, 511

Rocha G., 1992, Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.), 33, 454

10.1201/9781420049312

Pauly S., 1999, Polymer Handbook, 547

10.1002/app.20148

10.1177/8756087903039702

10.1007/BF02763592

Siparsky G. L., 1997, J. Environ. Polym. Degrad., 5, 125, 10.1007/BF02763656

10.1002/1097-4628(20000822)77:8<1716::AID-APP8>3.0.CO;2-F

Siparsky G. L., 1997, J. Environ. Polym. Degrad., 5, 125, 10.1007/BF02763656

10.1002/polb.1164

10.1002/polb.1163

N.Whiteman P.DeLassus J.Gunderson “Polymers Laminations & Coatings Conference Proceeding Polyolefins 2002 International Conference on Polyolefins” Houston Texas USA February 24–27 2002.

10.1177/088391159400900105

10.1016/0142-9612(95)93258-F

10.1016/S0032-3861(98)00549-7

10.1016/S0141-3910(00)00191-9

10.1016/0032-3861(96)82913-2

10.1016/S0032-3861(00)00792-8

10.1021/ma990117b

10.1021/ma960119l

10.1021/ma960513j

10.1016/S0032-3861(97)10172-0

10.1021/ma00081a030

10.1002/jbm.a.10157

10.1002/macp.1992.021930105

10.1002/(SICI)1521-3935(19980901)199:9<2017::AID-MACP2017>3.0.CO;2-9

10.1002/(SICI)1097-0126(199807)46:3<196::AID-PI914>3.0.CO;2-Y

10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19961226)62:13<2295::AID-APP14>3.0.CO;2-2

10.1016/0032-3861(79)90009-0

R.Weber “Industrial Agricultural Products Center” available at:http://agproducts.unl.edu/compost.htm. Access date 08/10/2003.

10.1021/bm000046k

10.1021/bm034063w

10.1023/A:1021074107803

10.1023/A:1021869530253

10.1023/A:1021860301487

10.1023/A:1022874530586

10.1023/A:1022849813748

10.1023/A:1021808317416

10.1023/A:1016036302871

10.1016/S0032-3861(02)00818-2

10.1021/cm020953r

10.1021/bm034060j

10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(19970905)36:3<360::AID-JBM11>3.0.CO;2-I

10.1016/0267-6605(92)90083-6

10.1016/S0141-3910(99)00111-1

10.1002/(SICI)1099-0518(19980115)36:1<59::AID-POLA9>3.0.CO;2-X

10.1002/1097-4628(20000815)77:7<1452::AID-APP7>3.0.CO;2-S

10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19990222)71:8<1223::AID-APP2>3.0.CO;2-I

10.1016/0032-3861(94)90882-6

10.1016/0032-3861(81)90168-3

10.1016/0142-9612(95)94144-A

Gopferich A., 1997, Handbook of Biodegradable Polymers, 451

10.1016/S0141-3910(97)00204-8

10.1016/0142-9612(94)90223-2

10.1016/S0141-3910(99)00091-9

10.1016/0142-9612(95)98816-W

10.1016/S0142-9612(97)00226-3

10.1016/0142-9612(90)90124-9

10.1016/0142-9612(93)90121-H

10.1023/A:1021812418325

10.1002/masy.19981270129

10.1016/0267-6605(92)90081-4

10.1016/0142-9612(92)90120-D

10.1002/app.11605

10.1023/A:1016036302871

10.1023/A:1021139903549

10.1002/marc.200300008

10.1177/088391159100600106

10.1002/pat.222

10.1016/0378-5173(91)90266-Q

10.1016/0142-9612(92)90053-Q

10.1016/S0032-3861(99)00545-5

10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19960725)61:4<685::AID-APP12>3.0.CO;2-X

R. G.Sinclair “The First Corn Utilization Conference” St. Louis Missouri June 11–12 1987 p.1–16.

10.1002/app.11806

10.1021/bm030023g

10.1021/bm0300249

10.1016/0014-3057(88)90013-4

10.1016/0032-3861(79)90009-0

10.1016/S0142-9612(97)80009-9

10.1016/S0014-3057(99)00068-3

10.1002/app.13216

10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19981212)70:11<2259::AID-APP20>3.0.CO;2-J

10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(20000705)77:1<226::AID-APP29>3.0.CO;2-8

10.1002/(SICI)1099-0518(19960715)34:9<1799::AID-POLA18>3.0.CO;2-1

10.1002/polb.1994.090321505

10.1002/(SICI)1521-3935(20000301)201:6<733::AID-MACP733>3.0.CO;2-5

10.1023/A:1004787326273

10.1016/0032-3861(96)87642-7

10.1002/(SICI)1099-1581(199905)10:5<282::AID-PAT876>3.0.CO;2-X

10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19990425)72:4<477::AID-APP3>3.0.CO;2-Q

Park J. W., 1999, Korea Polym. J., 7, 93

Kim H. S., 1998, Korea Polym. J., 6, 422

10.1023/A:1023875227450

10.1094/CCHEM.2000.77.6.779

10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19980118)67:3<405::AID-APP3>3.0.CO;2-Q

10.1002/macp.1995.021961121

10.1002/(SICI)1099-0488(19970130)35:2<389::AID-POLB14>3.0.CO;2-E

10.1002/mame.200300156

10.1021/nl020284g

10.1021/ma011613e

10.1016/0032-3861(93)90868-B

10.1002/pen.760342205

10.1016/0032-3861(89)90058-X

10.1016/0142-9612(86)90099-2

10.1007/BF01185672

10.1016/S0142-9612(99)00191-X

10.1016/S0032-3861(97)10077-5

10.1016/0032-3861(96)83152-1

10.1016/0032-3861(96)00184-X

10.1016/S0032-3861(97)00178-X

10.1016/S0032-3861(00)00084-7

10.1016/S0032-3861(96)00455-7

10.1016/0032-3861(96)83146-6

10.1016/S0032-3861(99)00200-1

10.1016/0032-3861(96)81093-7

10.1016/S0032-3861(97)10048-9

10.1016/0032-3861(95)90987-D

10.1021/ma950889h

10.1021/ma00103a028

10.1021/ma00027a019

10.1002/(SICI)1099-0518(19990515)37:10<1513::AID-POLA13>3.0.CO;2-9

10.1002/app.1994.070541017

10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19970214)63:7<855::AID-APP5>3.0.CO;2-P

10.1002/app.1994.070530808

10.1002/mame.200290031

Farmaceutico S., 2003, Lactide/Glycolide Copolymers: Review on Toxicity, Biocompatibility, and Clinical Application (data up to 1999)

10.1021/ja0278584

10.1002/polb.10291

10.1002/app.12462

10.1016/S0032-3861(03)00676-1

10.1007/978-94-011-0157-8_16

Hartmann M. H., 1999, Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.), 40, 570

10.1016/0032-3861(95)93115-3

10.1016/S0032-3861(98)00562-X

O'Brien M., 2003, Cargill Dow's World‐scale Manufacturing Facility Comes On Line

Anonymous “Cargill Dow to Start up Giant PLA Plant” Modern Plastic February 2000.

O'Brien M., 2003, Biopolymer Industry Moves from Field of Dreams to Reality: Consumer Products Hitting Retail Shelves Across the Globe

O'Brien M., 2003, First North American Converter Takes Aim at Grocery Industry with NatureWorks™ PLA

O'Brien M., 2001, Unifi and Cargill Dow Provide Update on NatureWorks™ PLA Development, 2

2003, Faerch Plast to Market Food Packaging from Nature

2003, NatureWorks™ PLA Makes North American Commercial Debut in Grocery Stores Taking a Fresh Approach to Deli Packaging

NatureWorks™ PLA, 2003, Top It Off With NatureWorks™ PLA. Dairy and Delicatessen Container Lidding Solutions

Compostable Yard Bag BioCycle October1996.

2003, Kanebo Corn Fiber

10.1023/A:1016012818800

Lunt J., 2003, Polylactic Acid Polymers from Corn: Potential Applications in the Textiles Industry

10.1016/0032-3861(94)90953-9

Arai K., 2001, Biodegradable Lactide and Polyester Copolymers for use in Packaging and Their Film Properties

10.1002/mabi.200400023

10.1016/S0141-3910(02)00372-5

Mohan A. M., 2002, Packag. Digest, 30, 34

Nageroni J., 2001, Flexible Packag., 25

Michael O. B., 2003, Ilip Launches New Fresh Food Packaging Solution

Thông tin
Thông tin xuất bản

Macromolecular Bioscience

Tập 4 Số 9

835-864

Thông tin tác giả