An Evidence‐Based Approach To Male Circumcision: What Do We Know?

Lenhart JG, 1997, Local anesthesia for circumcision: which technique is most effective, J Am Bd Fam Pract, 10, 13 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)02392-7 10.1542/peds.101.3.423 10.1136/sti.74.5.368 Holman JR, 1999, Adult circumcision, Am Fam Physician, 59, 1514 10.1097/00006454-199708000-00002 Encyclopedia Encarta.Circumcision. Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia2000http:encarta.msn.com1997–2000 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. 10.1136/bmj.312.7033.779c HoubenK.The adoption of medical circumcision in the United States from 1870 to 1920.(Master's thesis). New Haven (CT):Yale University 1999. American Academy of Pediatrics.History of AAP.www.cirp.orgAAPhistory.html. 10.1056/NEJM199005033221810 1989, American Academy of Pediatrics: Report of the Task Force on Circumcision, Pediatrics, 84, 388, 10.1542/peds.84.2.388 10.1542/peds.103.3.686 10.1136/sti.74.5.364 10.1542/peds.105.4.789 10.1542/peds.105.4.860 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)06126-0 10.1016/S0022-5347(17)37014-3 10.1016/S0022-3476(96)70423-7 10.1016/S0022-5347(17)41909-4 Hellerstein S, 1998, Urinary tract infections in children: why they occur and how to prevent them, Am Fam Physician, 57, 2440 10.1016/S0022-3476(88)80625-5 Serour F, 1997, Comparative periurethral bacteriology of uncircumcised and circumcised males, Genitourinary Med, 73, 288 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1983.tb122467.x 10.2105/AJPH.84.2.197 10.1086/314884 Laumann EO, 1997, Circumcision in the United States. Prevalence, prophylactic effects, and sexual practice, JAMA, 277, 1052, 10.1001/jama.1997.03540370042034 Donovan B, 1994, Male circumcision and common sexually transmissible diseases in a developed nation setting, Genitourinary Med, 70, 317 10.1046/j.1464-410x.1999.00104.x 10.1136/sti.75.5.347 10.1016/S0140-6736(99)03421-2 Moses S, 1996, Association between lack of male circumcision and risk for HIV infection: review of the epidemiological evidence 10.1136/adc.77.3.194 10.1097/00002030-199703110-00002 10.1056/NEJM200003303421303 BuveA AuvertB LagareE KahindoM HayesR CaraelM.Male circumcision and HIV spread in sub‐Saharan Africa. Program and abstracts of the XIII International AIDS Conference; July 9–14 2000; Durban South Africa. Abstract MoOrC192. 10.1097/00002030-200010200-00018 CIRP.Penile cancer cervical cancer and circumcision.www.cirp.orglibrarydiseasecancer. 10.1136/bmj.312.7033.779c Prakash S, 1982, Subpreputial wetness—its nature, Ann Nat Med Sci (India), 18, 109 10.1080/00365590050509913 10.1016/S0022-5347(01)66967-2 10.1056/NEJM198710083171502 10.1542/peds.105.3.e36 10.1136/bmj.311.7018.1471 10.1002/1097-0142(196910)24:4<777::AID-CNCR2820240418>3.0.CO;2-C 10.1002/1097-0142(197911)44:5<1870::AID-CNCR2820440546>3.0.CO;2-E 10.1038/bjc.1980.66 Harbinson M, 1997, The arguments for and against circumcision, Nurs Standard, 11, 42 American Academy of Pediatrics.Care of the uncircumcised penis.www.aap.orgpolicyre9850.html.2001. Masters W, 1966, Human sexual response Laumann EO, 1997, Circumcision in the United States; prevalence, prophylactic effects, and sexual practice, JAMA, 277, 1052, 10.1001/jama.1997.03540370042034 10.1177/000992289403301204 American Academy of Pediatrics, 1987, Neonatal anesthesia (RE7095), Pediatrics, 80, 446, 10.1542/peds.80.3.446 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)10316-0 10.1016/S0140-6736(95)90278-3 American Academy of Family Physicians, 1996, AAFP positions on the clinical aspects of medical practices, fact sheet for physicians regarding neonatal circumcision, Kansas City (MC): American Academy of Family Physician, 969 Taddio A, 1999, Lidocaine‐prilocaine cream for analgesia during circumcision in newborn boys (Cochrane Review) 10.1542/peds.101.2.e1 10.1097/00006250-199905000-00028 Lenhart JG, 1997, Local anesthesia for circumcision: which technique is most effective, J Am Bd Fam Pract, 10, 13 Williamson PS, 1983, Physiologic stress reduction by a local anesthetic during newborn circumcision, Pediatrics, 71, 36, 10.1542/peds.71.1.36 10.2307/3465386 Lander J, 1997, Comparison of ring block, dorsal penile nerve block, and topical anesthesia for neonatal circumcision: a randomized controlled trial, JAMA, 278, 2157, 10.1001/jama.1997.03550240047032