An Event-Level Analysis of Condom Use as a Function of Mood, Alcohol Use, and Safer Sex Negotiations
Tóm tắt
Daily self-reports of condom-protected intercourse were analyzed as a function of emotional states, alcohol consumption, and safer sex negotiations in a sample of single, low-income Hispanic students. The sample included 15 women and 17 men who reported a minimum of four sexual episodes as well as inconsistent condom use over a 3-month self-reporting period. The analyses focused on 829 days out of 2,586 daily self-reports on which sexual intercourse was reported. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to predict condom-protected intercourse as a function of mood states, substance use, and safer sex negotiations. Safer sex negotiation was the strongest positive predictor of condom use. Contrary to expectation, unprotected intercourse was less likely to occur in episodes characterized by greater negative affect and more likely in episodes in which greater positive mood was reported. No main effect of alcohol consumption on safer sex was observed; however, an interaction between alcohol consumption and positive mood emerged, indicating that unprotected intercourse was most likely to occur when positive mood was combined with alcohol consumption. The results contradict the assumption that emotional distress predicts engagement in more risky sexual behavior and indicate that safer sex negotiations are likely to outweigh any effects of mood or alcohol consumption on subsequent condom use.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Abbey, S., Parkhill, M. R., Buck, P. O., & Saenz, C. (2007). Condom use with a casual partner: What distinguishes college students’ use when intoxicated? Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 21, 76–83.
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179–211.
Albarracin, D., Johnson, B. T., Fishbein, M., & Muellerleile, P. A. (2001). Theories of reasoned action and planned behavior as models of condom use: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 127, 142–161.
Becker, H. M. (1974). The Health Belief model and personal health behavior. Thorofare, NJ: Slack.
Brown, A., Yung, A., Cosgrave, E., Killackey, E., Buckby, J., Stanford, C., et al. (2006). Depressed mood as a risk factor for unprotected sex in young people. Australian Psychiatry, 14, 310–312.
Brown, L. K., DiClemente, R. J., & Reynolds, L. A. (1991). HIV prevention for adolescents: Utility of the Health Belief model. AIDS Education and Prevention, 3, 50–59.
Brown, L. K., Tolou-Shams, M., Lescano, C., Houck, C., Zeidman, J., Pugatch, D., et al. (2006). Depressive symptoms as a predictor of sexual risk among African American adolescents and young adults. Journal of Adolescent Health, 39, e1–e8.
Cooper, M. L. (2002). Alcohol use and sexual risk behavior among college students and youth: Evaluating the evidence. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 63, 101–117.
Corbin, W. R., & Fromme, K. (2002). Alcohol use and serial monogamy as risks for sexually transmitted diseases in young adults. Health Psychology, 21, 229–236.
Crepaz, N., & Marks, G. (2001). Are negative affective states associated with HIV sexual risk behaviors? A meta-analytic review. Health Psychology, 20, 291–299.
Ethier, K. A., Kershaw, T. S., Lewis, J. B., Milan, S., Niccolai, L. M., & Ickovics, J. R. (2006). Self-esteem, emotional distress and sexual behavior among adolescent females: Inter-relationships and temporal effects. Journal of Adolescent Health, 38, 268–274.
Fisher, J. D., & Fisher, W. A. (1996). The information-motivation-behavioral skills model of AIDS risk behavior change: Empirical support and application. In S. Oskamp & S. C. Thompson (Eds.), Understanding and preventing HIV risk behavior (pp. 100–127). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Fisher, J. D., Fisher, W. A., Williams, S. S., & Malloy, T. E. (1994). Empirical tests of an information-motivation-behavioral skills model of AIDS-preventive behavior with gay men and heterosexual university students. Health Psychology, 13, 238–250.
Gillmore, M. R., Morrison, D. M., Leigh, B. C., Hoppe, M. J., Gaylord, J., & Rainey, D. T. (2002). Does “high = high risk”? An event-based analysis of the relationship between substance use and unprotected anal sex among gay and bisexual men. AIDS and Behavior, 6, 361–370.
Kalichman, S. C., & Weinhardt, L. (2001). Negative affect and sexual risk behavior: Comment on Crepaz and Marks (2001). Health Psychology, 20, 300–301.
LaBrie, J., Earleywine, M., Schiffman, J., Pedersen, E., & Marriot, C. (2005). Effects of alcohol, expectancies, and partner type on condom use in college males: Event-level analyses. Journal of Sex Research, 42, 259–266.
Lucenko, B. A., Malow, R. M., Sanchez-Martinez, M., Jennings, T., & Dévieux, J. G. (2003). Negative affect and HIV risk in alcohol and other drug (AOD) abusing adolescent offenders. Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse, 13, 1–17.
Mazzaferro, K. E., Murray, P. J., Ness, R. B., Bass, D. C., Tyus, N., & Cook, R. L. (2006). Depression, stress, and social support as predictors of high-risk sexual behaviors and STIs in young women. Journal of Adolescent Health, 39, 601–603.
Mundt, J. C., Bohn, M. J., King, M., & Hartley, M. T. (2002). Automatic standard alcohol use assessment via interactive voice response technology. Alcohol: Clinical and Experimental Research, 26, 207–211.
Noar, S. M., Carlyle, K., & Cole, C. (2006). Why communication is crucial: Meta-analysis of the relationship between safer sexual communication and condom use. Journal of Health Communication, 11, 365–390.
Parkes, A., Wight, D., Henderson, M., & Hart, G. (2007). Explaining associations between adolescent substance use and condom use. Journal of Adolescent Health, 40, 180.e1–180.e18.
Perdue, T., Hagan, H., Thiede, H., & Valleroy, L. (2003). Depression and HIV risk behavior among Seattle-area injection drug users and young men who have sex with men. AIDS Education and Prevention, 15, 81–92.
Perrine, M. W., Mundt, J. C., Searles, J. S., & Lester, L. S. (1995). Validation of daily self-reported alcohol consumption using interactive voice response (IVR) technology. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 56, 487–490.
Perrine, M. W., Schroder, K. E. E., Forester, R., McGonagle-Moulton, P., & Huessy, F. (2004). The impact of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on alcohol consumption and distress: Reactions to a national trauma 300 miles from ground zero. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 65, 5–15.
Raudenbush, S. W., & Bryk, A. S. (2002). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Schroder, K. E. E., Johnson, C. J., & Wiebe, J. S. (2007). Interactive voice response technology applied to sexual behavior self-reports: A comparison of three methods. AIDS and Behavior, 11, 313–323.
Sheeran, P., Abraham, C., & Orbell, S. (1999). Psychosocial correlates of heterosexual condom use: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 90–132.
Sterk, C. E., Theall, K. P., & Elifson, K. W. (2006). The impact of emotional distress on HIV risk reduction among women. Substance Use & Misuse, 41, 157–173.
Walch, S. E., & Rudolph, S. M. (2006). Negative affect and risk for human immunodeficiency virus: One size may not fit all. American Journal of Health Promotion, 20, 324–333.
Weinstein, N. D. (1988). The precaution adoption process. Health Psychology, 7, 355–386.