An Equivalent Continuum Approach to Efficiently Model the Response of Steel Wire Meshes to Rockfall Impacts
Tóm tắt
Steel wire meshes are a key component of rockfall protection barriers. The efficiency in reproducing the structure response with numerical methods relies upon the specific modelling technique employed to capture the wire mesh behaviour. The fabric of some rockfall meshes, such as chain-links is quite complex, which leads to sophisticated and costly numerical models, if modelled accurately. This paper presents an efficient approach to model the response of steel wire meshes to rockfall impacts by using shell elements to develop an equivalent continuum model. An elastoplastic behaviour is prescribed to the shell elements to reproduce the results of a set of experimental data, carried out on mesh portions under various load paths and boundary conditions. The idea is that simple laboratory tests can be used to calibrate an effective numerical model of the steel wire mesh with a significantly lower computational cost if compared to other effective solutions. The model’s ability in yielding consistent results when implemented at the structure scale is then assessed, based on the data of full-scale impact tests on a three-span low-energy rockfall barrier. The method can be extended to other wire mesh types and can find convenient application on exploring the response of a rockfall barrier with a cost-effective tool.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Abaqus (2013) Abaqus analysis user’s manual. version 6.13. Dassault Systèmes Simulia Corp, Providence
Al-Budairi H, Gao Z, Steel A, Davies T, Wheeler S (2017) Improving the design of low-energy rockfall catch fences. In: Proceedings of 6th interdisciplinary workshop on rockfall protection (RocExs 2017). 22–24 May 2017, Barcelona, Spain, pp 138–141
Barlow J (1976) Optimal stress locations in finite element models. Int J Numer Method Eng 10:243–251
Bertolo P, Oggeri C, Peila D (2009) Full-scale testing of draped nets for rock fall protection. Can Geotech J 46(3):306–317
Bertrand D, Nicot F, Gotteland P, Lambert S (2008) Discrete element method (DEM) numerical modeling of double-twisted hexagonal mesh. Can Geotech J 45(8):1104–1117
Bertrand D, Trad A, Limam A, Silvani C (2012) Full-scale dynamic analysis of an innovative rockfall fence under impact using the discrete element method: from the local scale to the structure scale. Rock Mech Rock Eng 45(5):885–900
Bourrier F, Baroth J, Lambert S (2016) Accounting for the variability of rock detachment conditions in designing rockfall protection structures. Nat Hazards 81(1):365–385
Buzzi O, Spadari M, Giacomini A, Fityus S, Sloan SW (2013) Testing of rockfall barriers designed for the low energy range of impact energy. Rock Mech Rock Eng 46(4):701–712
Buzzi O, Leonarduzzi E, Krummenacher B, Volkwein A, Giacomini A (2015) Performance of high strength rock fall meshes: effect of block size and mesh geometry. Rock Mech Rock Eng 48:1221–1231
Cazzani A, Mongiovì L, Frenez T (2002) Dynamic finite element analysis of interceptive devices for falling rocks. Int J Rock Mech Min 39:303–321
Coulibaly JB, Chanut M-A, Lambert S, Nicot F (2017) Non-linear discrete mechanical model of steel rings. J Eng Mech 143(9):04017087
de Miranda S, Gentilini C, Gottardi G, Govoni L, Mentani A, Ubertini F (2015) Virtual testing of existing semi-rigid rockfall protection barriers. Eng Struct 85:83–94
Dhakhal S, Bhandary NP, Yatabe R, Kinoshita R (2011) Experimental, numerical and analytical modelling of a newly developed rockfall protective cable-net structure. Nat Hazard Earth Sys 11:3197–3212
Effeindzourou A, Thoeni K, Giacomini A, Wendeler C (2017) Efficient discrete modelling of composite structures for rockfall protection. Comput Geotech 87:99–114
Escallon JP, Boetticher V, Wendeler C, Chatzi E, Bartelt P (2015) Mechanics of chain-link wire nets with loose connections. Eng Struct 101:68–87
Gentilini C, Gottardi G, Govoni L, Mentani A, Ubertini F (2013) Design of falling rock protection barriers using numerical models. Eng Struct 50:96–106
Geobrugg (2017) High-tensile steel wire mesh TECCO® G65/3 (European Technical Approval ETA-17/0118). https://www.geobrugg.com. Accessed 19 Sept 2017
Gottardi G, Govoni L, Mentani A, Gentilini C, Ubertini F (2014) Modelling for the design of passive protection measures against rock fall. In: Proceedings of the 8th international conference on physical modelling in geotechnics 2014 (ICPMG 2014), vol 2, pp 1179–1185
Gratchev I, Kim DH, Chung M (2015) Study of the interface friction between mesh and rock surface in drapery systems for rock fall hazard control. Eng Geol 199:12–18
Hambleton JP, Buzzi O, Giacomini A, Spadari M, Sloan SW (2013) Perforation of flexible rockfall barriers by normal block impact. Rock Mech Rock Eng 46(3):515–526
Hill R (1950) The mathematical theory of plasticity. Clarendon Press, Oxford
Leonardi A, Wittel FK, Mendoza M, Vetter R, Herrmann HJ (2014) Particle-fluid-structure interaction for debris flow impact on flexible barriers. Comput Aided Civ Inf 31(5):323–333
Mentani A, Giacomini A, Buzzi O, Gottardi G, Govoni L, Fityus S (2016) Numerical modelling of a low-energy rockfall barrier: new insight into the bullet effect. Rock Mech Rock Eng 49:1247–1262
Muhunthan B, Shu S, Sasiharan N, Hattamleh OA, Badger TC, Lowell SM, Duffy JD (2005) Analysis and design of wire mesh/cable net slope protection. Washington State Transportation Center (TRAC) Report No. WA-RD 612.1. Seattle, Washington
Sasiharan N, Muhunthan B, Badger TC, Shu S, Carradine DM (2006) Numerical analysis of the performance of wire mesh and cable net rockfall protection systems. Eng Geol 88:121–132
Spadari M, Giacomini A, Buzzi O, Hambleton JP (2012) Prediction of the bullet effect for rockfall barriers: a scaling approach. Rock Mech Rock Eng 45:131–144
Tahmasbi S, Giacomini A, Buzzi O, Wendeler C (2017) Numerical modelling of chain-link mesh. In: Proceedings of 6th interdisciplinary workshop on rockfall protection (RocExs 2017). 22–24 May 2017, Barcelona, Spain, pp 165–168
Thoeni K, Lambert C, Giacomini A, Sloan SW (2013) Discrete modelling of hexagonal wire meshes with a stochastically distorted contact model. Comput Geotech 49:158–169
Toe D, Mentani A, Govoni L, Bourrier F, Gottardi G, Lambert S (2018) Introducing meta-models for a more efficient hazard mitigation strategy with rockfall protection barriers. Rock Mech Rock Eng 51(4):1097–1109
Van Tran P, Maegawa K, Fukada S (2013) Experiments and dynamic finite element analysis of a wire-rope rockfall protective fence. Rock Mech Rock Eng 46:1183–1198
Volkwein A, Schellenberg K, Labiouse V, Agliardi F, Berger F, Bourrier F, Dorren LKA, Gerber W, Jaboyedoff M (2011) Rockfall characterisation and structural protection—a review. Nat Hazard Earth Sys 11:2617–2651