Ameliorative Effects of Brassinosteroids on Growth and Productivity of Snap Beans Grown Under High Temperature

Ali B, Hayat S, Hasan SA, Ahmad A (2006) Effect of root applied 28-homobrassinolide on the performance of Lycopersicon eculentum L. Sci Hortic 110:267–273

Ali B, Hasan SA, Hayat S, Hayat Q, Yadav S, Fariduddin Q, Ahmad A (2008) A role of BRs in the amelioration of aluminium stress through antioxidant system in mung bean (Vigna radiate L. Wilczek). Environ Exp Bot 62:153–159

AOAC (1990) Official methods of analysis. 15th edn. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington DC

Bajguz A, Hayat S (2009) Effects of brassinosteroids on the plant responses to envi-ronmental stresses. Plant Physiol Biochem 47:1–8

Behnamnia M, Kalantari KM, Rezanejad F (2009) Exogenous application of brassinos-teroid alleviates drought-induced oxidative stress in Lycopersicon esculentum L. General Appl Plant Physiol 35(1–2):22–34

Clouse SD, Sasse JM (1998) Brassinosteroids: essential regulators of plant growth and development. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 49:427–451

Danial HD, George CM (1972) Peach seed dormancy in relation to endogenous inhibitors and applied growth substances. J Am Soc Hort Sci 17:651

Dhaubhadel S, Chaudhary S, Dobinson KF, Krishna P (1999) Treatment of 24-pibrassinolide, a brassinosteroid, increases the basic thermotolerance of Brassica napus and tomato seedlings. Plant Mol Biol 40:333–342

Dhaubhadel S, Browning KS, Gallie DR, Krishna P (2002) Brassinosteroid functions to protect the translational machinery and heat-shock protein synthesis following thermal stress. Plant J. 29:681–691

Fariduddin Q, Hasan SA, Ali B, Hayat S, Ahmad A (2008) Effect of modes of application of 28-homobrassinolide on mung bean. Turk J Biol 32:17–21

Gomez KA, Gomez AA (1984) Statistical procedures for agriculture research, 2nd edn. Wiley-Interscience, New York

Grove MD, Spencer FG, Rohwededer WK, Mandava NB, Worley JF, Warthen JD Jr, Steffens GL, Flippen-Anderson JL, Cook JC Jr (1979) Brassinolide, a plant growth promoting steroid isolated from Brassica napus pollen. Nature 281:216–217

Hasan SA, Hayat S, Ali B, Ahmad A (2008) 28-homobrassinolide protects chickpea (Cicer arietinum) from cadmium toxicity by stimulating antioxidants. Environ Pollut 151:60–66

Hayat S, Ahmad A, Hussain A, Mobin M (2001) Growth of wheat seedlings raised from the grains treated with 28-homobrassinolide. Acta Physiol Plant 23:27–30

Howell WM, Keller GE 3rd, Kirkpatrick JD, Jenkins RL (2007) Effects of the plant steroidal hormone, 24-epibrassinolide, on the mitotic index and growth of onion (Allium cepa) root tips. Genet Mol Res 6:50–58

Ibrahim SK, Shalaby MAF, El-Said Zaki M, Abou-Sedera FA, Abd Allah MSA (2012) Alleviation of high temperature stress on snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) by benzyl adenine and putrescine. J Appl Sci Res 8(1):192–199

Jian YP, Cheng F, Zhou YH, Xia XJ, Shi K, Yu JQ (2012) Interactive effects of CO2 enrichment and brassinosteroid on CO2 assimilation and photosynthetic electron transport in Cucumis sativus. Environ Exp Bot 75:98–106

Kang YY, Guo SR (2011) Role of brassinosteroids on horticultural crops. In: Hayat S, Ahmad A (eds) Brassinosteroids: a class of plant hormone. Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 269–288

Karas AN, Singer SM, Sawan OM, Abou Hadid AF (1999) Water consumption of bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) as affected by sowing dates. Egypt J Hort 26:19–34

Konsens I, Ofir M, Kigel J (1991) The effect of temperature on the production and abscission of flowers and pods in snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Ann Bot 67:391–399

Krishna P (2003) Brassinosteroid-mediated stress responses. J Plant Growth Regul 22(4):279–289

Kulaeva ON, Burkhanova EA, Fedina AB, Khokhlova VA, Bokebayeva GA, Vorbrodt HM, Adam G (1991) Effect of brassinosteroids on protein synthesis and plant cell ultrastructure under stress conditions. In: Cutler HG, Yokota T, Adam G (eds) Brassinosteroids: chemistry, bioactivity and applications, ACS symposium, Ser. 474:141–155. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC

Mai YY, Lin JM, Zeng XL, Pan RJ (1989) Effect of homobrassinolide of the activity of nitrate reductase in rice seedlings. Plant Physiol Commun 2:50–52

Masaya P, White JW (1991) Adaptation to photoperiod and temperature. In: Van Schoonhoven A, Voysest O (eds) Common beans-research for crop improvement. CIAT, Cali, pp. 445–500

Mitchell JW, Mandava NB, Worley JF, Plimmer JR, Smith MV (1970) Brassins: a new family of plant hormones from rape pollen. Nature 225:1065–1066

Monterroso VA, Wien HC (1990) Flower and pod abscission due to heat stress in beans. J Am Soc Hort Sci 115:631–634

Nomura T, Nakayama M, Reid JB, Takeuchi Y, Yokota T (1997) Blockage of brassinosteroid biosynthesis and sensitivity causes dwarfism in garden pea. Plant Physiol 113:31–37

Ogweno J, Xing Song, Kai Shi, Hu Wen, Wei Mao, Yan Zhou, Yu Jing, Salvador No-gués (2008) Brassinosteroids alleviate heat-induced inhibition of photosynthesis by increasing carboxylation efficiency and enhancing antioxidant systems in Lycopersicon esculentum L. J Plant Growth Regul 27:49–57

Omae H, Kumar A, Kashiwaba K, Shono M (2006) Influence of high temperature on morphological characters, biomass allocation, and yield components in snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Plant Product Sci 9(3):200–205

Pinol R, Simon E (2009) Effect of 24-epibrassinolide on chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthetic CO2 assimilation in Vicia faba plants treated with the photosynthesis-inhibiting herbicide terbutryn. J Plant Growth Regul 28:97–105

Plummer D (1978) An introduction to practical biochemistry, 2nd edn. McGraw-Hall Mook, London, pp 144

Prasad PVV, Boote KJ, Allen LH Jr (2002) Effects of elevated temperature and carbon dioxide on seed-set and yield of kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Global Change Biol 8:710–721

Saini JP, Negi SC (1998) Effect of sowing on growth and yield of french bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under dry temperate condition. Indian J Agron 43:110–113

Singh I, Shono M (2005) Physiological and molecular effects of 24-epibrassinolide, a brassinosteroid, on thermotolerance of tomato. Plant Growth Regul 47:111–119

Torres W, Nunez M (1997) The application of biobras-6 and its effect on potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) yields. Cultivos Trop 18:8–10

Wilen RW, Sacco M, Gusta LV Krishna P (1995) Effects of 24- epibrassinolide on freezing and thermotolerance of bromgrass (Bromus inermis) cell cultures. Plant Physiol 95:195–202

Xia XJ, Wang YJ, Zhou YH, Tao Y, Mao WH, Shi K, Asami T, Chen Z, Yu JQ (2009) Reactive oxygen species are involved in brassinosteroid-induced stress tolerance in cucumber. Plant Physiol 150(2):801–814

Zhu BC, Su J, Cham MC, Verma DPS, Fan YL, Wu R (1998) Overexpression of pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase gene and analysis of tolerance to water stress and salt stress in transgenic rice. Plant Sci 139:41–48