Aluminum Particles–air Detonation at Elevated Pressures
Tóm tắt
The effect of initial pressure on aluminum particles–air detonation was experimentally investigated in a 13 m long, 80 mm diameter tube for 100 nm and 2 µm spherical particles. While the 100 nm Al–air detonation propagates at 1 atm initial pressure in the tube, transition to the 2 µm aluminum–air detonation occurs only when the initial pressure is increased to 2.5 atm. The detonation wave manifests itself in a spinning wave structure. An increase in initial pressure increases the detonation sensitivity and reduces the detonation transition distance. Global analysis suggests that the tube diameter for single-head spinning detonation or characteristic detonation cell size would be proportional to
$$d_{0}^{n} / p_{0}^{m}$$
(d
0: aluminum particle size, p
0: initial pressure). Its application to the experimental data results in m ~ O(1) and n ~ O(1) for 1 to 2 µm aluminum–air detonation, thus indicating a strong dependence on initial pressure and gas-phase kinetics for the aluminum reaction mechanism in detonation. Hence, combustion models based on the fuel droplet diffusion theory may not be adequate in describing micrometric aluminum–air detonation initiation, transition and propagation. For 2 µm aluminum–air mixtures at 2 atm initial pressure and below, experiments show a transition to a “dust quasi-detonation” that propagates quasi-steadily with a shock velocity deficit nearly 40% with respect to the theoretical C–J detonation value. The dust quasi- detonation wave can propagate in a tube with a diameter less than 0.4–0.5 times the diameter required for a spinning detonation wave.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Tulis A.J., Selman J.R. Detonation tube studies of aluminum particles dispersed in air. In: Proceedings of the 19th Symposium (Intl.) on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, pp. 655–663 (1982)
Borisov A.A., Khasainov B.A., Saneev E.L., Formin I.B., Khomik S.V., Veyssiere B. (1991) On the detonation of aluminum suspensions in air and in oxygen. In: Borisov A.A. (ed) Dynamic Structure of Detonation in Gaseous and Dispersed Media. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp. 215–253
Zhang F., Grönig H., van de Ven A. (2001) DDT and detonation waves in dust–air mixtures. Shock Waves 11: 53–71
Zhang F., Grönig H. (1991b) Transition to detonation in cornstarch dust–oxygen and -air mixtures. Combust. Flame 86: 21–32
Friedman R., Macek A. (1962) Ignition and combustion of aluminum particles in hot ambient gases. Combust. Flame 6: 9–19
Friedman R., Macek A. Combustion studies of single aluminum particles. In: Proceedings of the 9th Symp (Intl.) on Comb. The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, pp. 703–712 (1963)
Macek A. Fundamentals of combustion of single aluminum and beryllium particles. In: Proceedings of the 11th Symp (Intl.) on Comb. The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, pp. 203–217 (1967)
Davis A. (1963) Solid propellants: the combustion of particles of metal ingredients. Combust. Flame 7: 227–234
Pokhil P.F., Belyayev A.F., Frolov Y.V., Logachev V.S., Kotkov A.I. Combustion of powdered metal in active media. Nauka, USSR. US Air Force Foreign Technology Division Translation FTD-MT-24-551-73 (1972)
Melcher J.C., Burton R.L., Krier H. (2000) Combustion of aluminum particles in solid rocket motor flows. In: Yang V., Brill T.B., Ren W.Z. (eds) Solid Propellant Chemistry, Combustion, and Motor Interior Ballistics Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics. AIAA, Reston VA, vol 185. pp. 723–747
Melcher J.C., Krier H., Burton R.L. (2002) Burning aluminum particles inside a laboratory-scale solid rocket motor. J. Propul. Power 18: 631–640
Fontijn A., Felder W. (1977) HTFFR kinetic studies of AL + CO2 = AIO + CO from 300 to 1,800 K, a non-Arrenhius reaction. J. Chem. Phys. 67: 1561
King M.K. Modeling of single particle aluminum combustion in CO2 - N2 atmospheres. In: Proceedings of the 17th Symposium (Intl.) on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, pp. 1317–1328 (1978)
Gurevich M.A., Lapkina K.I., Ozerov E.S. (1970) Ignition limit of aluminum particles. Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves, 6(2): 172–175
Fox T.W., Rackett C.W., Nicholls J.A. Shock wave ignition of magnesium powders. In: Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Shock Waves and Tubes, Seattle, pp. 262–268 (1978)
Boiko V.M., Fedorov A.V., Formin V.M., Papyrin A.N., Soloukhin R.I. Ignition of small particle behind shock waves. In: Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, AIAA, New York, 87: 71–87 (1982)
Servaites J., Krier H., Melcher J.C., Burton R.L. (2001) Ignition and combustion of aluminum particles in shocked H2O/2 Ar and CO2 /O2 / Ar mixtures. Combust. Flame 125: 1040–1054
Lee J.J., Zhang F. Burning properties of Aluminum in H2O or CO2 Gas. In: Proceedings of the 20th International Colloquium on the Dynamics of Explosions and Reactive Systems, Montreal, Canada, pp. 179.1–179.7 (2005)
Borisov A.A., Gelfand B.E., Timofeev E.I., Tsyganov S.A., Khomic S.V. (1984) Ignition of dust suspensions behind shock waves. In: Bowen J.R., Manson N., Oppenheim A.K., Soloukhin R.I. (eds) Dynamics of Shock Waves, Explosions, and Detonations, Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics. AIAA, New York, Vol. 96, pp. 332–339
Khasainov B.A., Veyssiere B. (1987) Analysis of the steady, double-front detonation struture for a detonable gas laden with aluminum particles. Archiv. Combust. 7: 333–352
Zhang F., Thibault P.A., Murray S.B. (1998) Transition from deflagration to detonation in an end multiphase slug. Combust. Flame 114: 13–25
Zhang F., Grönig H. (1991) Spin detonation in reactive particles-oxidizing gas flow. Phys. Fluids A 3: 1983–1990
Fried L.E., Howard W.M., Souers P.C. Cheetah 2.0 User’s Manual. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, UCRL-MA-117541 Rev. 5 (1998)
Fay J.A. (1959) Two-dimensional detonations: velocity deficits. Phys. Fluids 2: 283–289
Manson N., Brochet C., Brossard J., Pujol Y. Vibratory phenomena and instabilities of self-sustained detonations in gases. In: Proceedings of the 9th Symposium (Int.) on Combustion, Academic, New York, pp. 461–469 (1963)
Edwards D.H., Thomas G.O., Nettleton M.A. (1979) The diffraction of a planar detonation wave at an abrupt area change. J. Fluid Mech. 95: 79–96
Moen I.O., Donato M., Knystautas R., Lee J.H. The influence of confinement on the propagation of detonations near the detonability limits. In: Proceedings of the 18th Symposium (Int.) on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, pp. 1615–1622 (1981)
Moen I.O., Sulmistras A., Thomas G.O., Bjerketvedt D., Thibault P.A. (1986) Influence of cellular regularity on the behavior of gaseous detonations. In: Bowen J.R., Leyer J.C., Soloukhin R.I. (eds) Dynamics of Explosions, Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics.AIAA, New York,Vol. 106, pp. 220–243
Peraldi O., Veyssiere B. (1986) Experimental study of detonations in starch particle suspensions with O2/ H2, H2/ O2 and C2H4/ O2 Mixtures. In: Bowen J.R., Leyer J.C., Soloukhin R.I. (eds) Dynamics of Explosions, Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics. AIAA, New York,Vol. 106, pp. 490–504
Zhang F. Detonation waves in Dust Media: A Review. AIAA-2002-0772 (2002)
Zeldovich Y.B., Kogarko S.M., Simonov M.N. (1956) An experimental investigation of sherical detonations of gases. Sov. Phys. Tech. Phys. 1: 1689–1713
Lee J.H.S., Knystautas R., Guirao C. (1982) The link between cell size, critical tube diameter, initiation energy and detonability limits. In: Lee J.H.S., Guirao C.M. (eds) Fuel-air explosions. University of Waterloo Press, Waterloo, Canada, pp. 157–187
Vasilev A.A. (1997) Gaseous fuels and detonation hazards. In: Eisenreich N. (ed) Proceedings of 28th ICT Conference. Karlsruhe, Germany 50.1–50.14
Glassman I. (1977). Combustion. Academic, New York, pp. 168–193
Foelsche R.O., Burton R.I., Krier H. (1998) Ignition and combustion of aluminum particles in H2/ O2/ N2 combustion products. J. Propul. Power 117: 1001–1008
Tanguay V., Goroshin S., Higgins A., Yoshinaka A., Zhang F. Reaction of metal particles in gas-phase detonation products. In: Proceedings of the 20th International Colloquium on the Dynamics of Explosions and Reactive Systems, Montreal, Canada, 225.1–225.16 (2005)
Kogarko S.M., Zeldovich Y.B. (1948) On detonation of gas mixtures. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR 63: 553–556
Strehlow R.A., Engel C.D.(1969) Transverse waves in detonation II: structure and spacing in H2 - O2, C2 H2 - O2, C2 H4 - O2, and CH4 - O2 systems. AIAA J. 7: 492–496