Altruistic and Vicarious Fear of Crime: Fear for Others and Gendered Social Roles
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Alexander, Michele G., and Wendy Wood2000 “Women, men, and positive emotions: A social role interpretation.” In Agneta H. Fischer (ed.), Gender and Emotion: Social Psychological Perspectives: 189–210. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Argyle, Michael1991 Cooperation: The Basis of Sociability. London: Routledge.
Becker, Gary S.1981 A Treatise on the Family. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Belle, Deborah1982 “The stress of caring: Women as providers of social support.” In Leo Goldberger, and Shlomo Breznitz (eds.), The Handbook of Stress: Theoretical and Clinical Aspects: 496–505. New York: Free Press.
Block, Jeanne H.1984 Sex Role Identity and Ego Development. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Blum, Lawrence A.1980 Friendship, Altruism, and Morality. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Brines, Julie1994 “Economic dependency, gender, and the division of labor at home.” American Journal of Sociology 100:652–688.
Brody, Leslie R.2000 “The socialization of gender differences in emotional expression: Display rules, infant temperament, and differentiation.” In Agneta H. Fischer (ed.), Gender and Emotion: Social Psychological Perspectives: 24–47. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Brody, Leslie R., and Judith A. Hall1993 “Gender and emotion.” In Michael Lewis and Jeannette M. Haviland (eds.), Handbook of Emotions: 447–460. New York: Guilford Press.
Bronstein, Phyllis, Maria Briones, Teri Brookes, and Brookes Cowan1996 “Gender and family factors as predictors of late adolescent emotional expressiveness and adjustment: A longitudinal study.” Sex Roles 34:739–765.
Browne, Kingsley R.2002 Biology at Work: Rethinking Sexual Equality. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
Connell R. W.1987 Gender and Power: Society, the Person, and Sexual Politics. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Daniels, Arlene Kaplan1988 Invisible Careers: Women Civic Leaders from the Volunteer World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Delphy, Christine, and Diane Leonard1992 Familiar Exploitation: A New Analysis of Marriage in Contemporary Western Society. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Dohrenwend, Barbara Snell1977 “Anticipation and control of stressful life events: An exploratory analysis.” In John S. Strauss, Haroutun M. Babigian, and Merrill Roff (eds.), The Origins and Course of Psychopathology: 135–186. New York: Plenum Press.
Eisenberg, Nancy, and Randy Lennon1983 “Sex differences in empathy and related capacities.” Psychological Bulletin 94:100–131.
England, Paula, and George Farkas1986 Households, Employment, and Gender: A Social, Economic, and Demographic View. New York: Aldine.
Erickson, Rebecca J.1993 “Reconceptualizing family work: The effect of emotion work on perceptions of marital quality.” Journal of Marriage and Family 55:888–900.
Erickson, Rebecca J.2005 “Why emotion work matters: Sex, gender, and the division of household labor.” Journal of Marriage and the Family 67:337–351.
Eriksen, Shelley, and Naomi Gerstel2002 “A labor of love or labor itself: Care work among adult brothers and sisters.” Journal of Family Issues 23:836–856.
Ferraro, Kenneth F. 1995 Fear of Crime: Interpreting Victimization Risk. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Ferraro, Kenneth F.1996 “Women's fear of victimization: Shadow of sexual assault?” Social Forces 75:667–690.
Fisher, Bonnie S., and John J. Sloan III2003 “Unraveling the fear of victimization among college women: Is the ‘shadow of sexual assault hypothesis’ supported?” Justice Quarterly 20:633–659.
Gallagher, Sally K.1994 “Doing their share: Comparing patterns of help given by older and younger adults.” Journal of Marriage and the Family 56:567–578.
Garofalo, James1981 “The fear of crime: Causes and consequences.” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 72:839–857.
Gilchrist, Elizabeth, Jon Bannister, Jason Ditton, and Stephen Farral1998 “Women and the ‘fear of crime’: Challenging the accepted stereotype.” British Journal of Criminology 38:283–298.
Goodey, Jo1997 “Boys don't cry: Masculinities, fear of crime and fearlessness.” British Journal of Criminology 37:401–418.
Gordon, Margaret T., and Stephanie Riger 1989 The Female Fear. New York: Free Press.
Grossman, Michele, and Wendy Wood1993 “Sex difference in intensity of emotional experience: A social role interpretation.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 65:1010–1022.
Hochschild, Arlie Russell1979 “Emotion work, feelings rules, and social structure.” American Journal of Sociology 85:551–575.
Hochschild, Arlie Russell1983 The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Hochschild, Arlie Russell1989 The Second Shift: Working Parents and the Revolution at Home. New York: Viking.
Hoffman, Martin L.1976 “Empathy, role taking, guilt, and development of altruistic moves.” In Thomas Lickona (ed.), Moral Development and Behavior: Theory, Research and Social Issues: 124–143. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
Hoffman, Martin L. 1977 “Sex differences in empathy and related behaviors.” Psychological Bulletin 84:712–722.
Hoffman, Martin L.1981 “Is altruism part of human nature?” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 40:121–137.
Hollander, Jocelyn A.2001 “Vulnerability and dangerousness: The construction of gender through conversation about violence.” Gender and Society 15:83–109.
Horowitz, Amy1985 “Sons and daughters as caregivers to older parents: Differences in role performance and consequences.” Gerontologist 25:612–17.
House, James S., Debra Umberson, and Karl Richard Landis1988 “Structure and processes of social support.” Annual Review of Sociology 14:293–318.
Jansz, Jeron2000 “Masculine identity and restrictive emotionality.” In Agneta H. Fischer (ed.), Gender and Emotion: Social Psychological Perspectives: 166–186. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kessler, Ronald C., and Jane D. MacLeod1984 “Sex differences in vulnerability to undesirable life event.” American Sociological Review 49:620–631.
Kessler, Ronald C., Jane D. MacLeod, and Elaine Wethington1985 “The cost of caring: A perspective on the relationship between sex and psychological distress.” In Irwin G. Sarason and Barbara R. Sarason (eds.), Social Support: Theory, Research and Application: 491–506. Boston: Kluwer.
Kirkpatrick, Clifford1963 The Family: As Process and Institution. New York: Ronald Press.
LaGrange, Randy L., and Kenneth Ferraro1989 “Assessing age and gender differences in perceived risk and fear of crime.” Criminology 27:697–719.
Lane, Jodi, and James W. Meeker2003 “Women's and men's fear of gang crimes: Sexual and nonsexual assault as perceptually contemporaneous offenses.” Justice Quarterly 20:337–371.
Levant, Ronald F.1995 “Toward the reconstruction of masculinity.” In Ronald F. Levant and William S. Pollack (eds.), A New Psychology of Men: 229–251. New York: Basic Books.
Lewis, Dan A., and Greta Salem1986 Fear of Crime: Incivility and the Production of a Social Problem. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.
Liska, Allen E., Andrew Sanchirico, and Mark D. Reed1988 “Fear of crime and constrained behavior: Specifying and estimating a reciprocal effects model.” Social Forces 66:827–837.
Maccoby, Eleanore E.1998 The Two Sexes: Growing Up Apart, Coming Together. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Maccoby, Eleanore Emmons, and Carol Nagy Janklin1974 The Psychology of Sex Differences. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Madriz, Esther1997 Nothing Bad Happens to Good Girls: Fear of Crime in Women's Lives. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Martin, Cathy D.2000 “More than work: Race and gender difference in caregiving burden.” Journal of Family Issues 21:986–1005.
May, David C.2001 “The effect of fear of sexual victimization on adolescent fear of crime.” Sociological Spectrum 21:141–174.
Merry, Sally Engle1981 Urban Danger: Life in a Neighborhood of Strangers. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Oliver, Pamela1984 “’If you don't do it, nobody else will’: Active and token contributions to local collective action.” American Sociological Review 49:601–610.
Olson, Mancur 1965 The Logic of Collective Action. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Parsons, Talcott, and Robert F. Bales1955 Family, Socialization and Interaction Process. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
Ragin, Charles C.1992 “Introduction: What is a case?” In C. Ragin and H. Becker (eds.), What Is a Case?: 1–52. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Riger, Stephanie, Margaret T. Gordon, and Robert LeBailly1978 “Women's fear of crime: From blaming the victim to restricting the victim.” Victimology 3:272–284.
Scott, Hannah2003 “Stranger danger: Explaining women's fear of crime.” Western Criminology Review 4:203–214.
Seery, Brenda L., and M. Sue Crowley2000 “Women's emotion work in the family.” Journal of Family Issues 21:100–127.
Shott, Susan1979 “Emotion and social life: A symbolic interactionist analysis.” American Journal of Sociology 84:1317–334.
Skogan, Wesley G., and Michael G. Maxfield 1981 Coping with Crime: Individual and Neighborhood Reactions. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Snedker, Karen Ann2004 Explaining the Dynamics of Fear of Crime: Crime, Disorder and Risk on New York City Neighborhoods. Dissertation Abstracts International 64 (9), 3489-A (UMI No. DA3105914).
Stafford, Mark, and Omer Galle1984 “Victimization rates, exposure to risk, and fear of crime.” Criminology 22:173–185.
Stanko, Elizabeth1990 Everyday Violence: How Women and Men Experience Sexual and Physical Danger. London: Pandora.
Stanko, Elizabeth1992 “The case of fearful women: Gender, personal safety, and fear of crime.” Women and Criminal Justice 4:117–135.
Stanko, Elizabeth, and Kathy Hobdell1993 “Assault on men: Masculinity and male victimization.” British Journal of Criminology 33:400–415.
Sutton, Robbie M., and Stephen Farral2005 “Gender, socially desirable responding and the fear of crime.” British Journal of Criminology 45:212–224.
Warr, Mark1984 “Fear of victimization: Why are women and the elderly more afraid?” Social Science Quarterly 65:681–702.
Warr, Mark1992 “Altruistic fear of victimization in households.” Social Science Quarterly 73:723–736.
Warr, Mark, and Christopher G. Ellison2000 “Rethinking social reactions to crime: Personal and altruistic fear in family households.” American Journal of Sociology 106:551–578.
Warr, Mark, and Mark Stafford1983 “Fear of victimization: A look at the proximate causes.” Social Forces 61:1033–1043.
Weber, Max1978 Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Wesely, Jennifer K., and Emily Gaarder2004 “The gendered ‘nature’ of the urban outdoors: Women negotiating fear of violence.” Gender and Society 18:645–663.
Wilson, John, and Marc Musick1997 “Who cares? Toward an integrated theory of volunteer work.” American Sociological Review 62:694–713.