Alpha-lipoic acid as a biological antioxidant
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Reed, 1951, Crystalline α-lipoic acid: a catalytic agent associated with pyruvate dehydrogenase, Science, 114, 93, 10.1126/science.114.2952.93
Reed, 1957, The chemistry and function of lipoic acids, Adv. Enzymol., 18, 319
Rosenberg, 1959, Effect of a-lipoic acid on vitamin C and vitamin E deficiencies, Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 80, 86, 10.1016/0003-9861(59)90345-5
Carreau, 1979, Biosynthesis of lipoic acid via unsaturated fatty acids, Meth. Enzymol., 62, 152, 10.1016/0076-6879(79)62212-7
Dupre, 1980, Biosynthesis of lipoic acid in the rat: Incorporation of35S- and14C-labeled precursors, Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 202, 361, 10.1016/0003-9861(80)90438-5
Rimm, 1993, Vitamin E consumption and the risk of coronary heart disease in men, N. Engl. J. Med., 328, 1450, 10.1056/NEJM199305203282004
Stampfer, 1993, Vitamin E consumption and the risk of coronary disease in women, N. Engl. J. Med., 328, 1444, 10.1056/NEJM199305203282003
Kagan, 1992, Dihydrolipoic acid: A universal antioxidant both in the membrane and in the aqueous phase, Biochem. Pharmacol., 44, 1637, 10.1016/0006-2952(92)90482-X
Handelman, 1994, α-Lipoic acid reduction by mammalian cells to the dithiol form and release into the culture medium, Biochem. Pharmacol., 10.1016/0006-2952(94)90298-4
Podda, 1994, Conversion of lipoic acid to dihydrolipoic acid in human keratinocytes, Clin. Res., 42, 41A
Suzuki, 1991, Thioctic acid and dihydrolipoic acid are novel antioxidants which interact with reactive oxygen species, Free Rad. Res. Comms., 15, 255, 10.3109/10715769109105221
Scott, 1994, Lipoic and dihydrolipoic acids as antioxidants: A critical evaluation, Free Rad. Res., 20, 119, 10.3109/10715769409147509
Haenen, 1991, Scavenging of hypochlorous acid by lipoic acid, Biochem. Pharmacol., 42, 2244, 10.1016/0006-2952(91)90363-A
Stevens, 1974, The photoperoxidation of unsaturated organic molecules: IX. Lipoic acid inhibition of rubrene autoperoxidation, Photochem. Photobiol., 19, 315, 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1974.tb06517.x
Kaiser, 1989, Lipoat und Singulettsauerstoff, 69
Devasagayam, 1991, Singlet oxygen induced single-strand breaks in plasmid pBR322 DNA: The enhancing effect of thiols, Biochim. Biophys. Acta., 1088, 409, 10.1016/0167-4781(91)90133-7
Devasagayam, 1993, Prevention of singlet oxygen-induced DNA damage by lipoate, Chem.-Biol. Interactions, 86, 79, 10.1016/0009-2797(93)90113-D
Saito, 1967, Studies on the oxidation products of lipoic acid, J. Vitaminology, 13, 115, 10.5925/jnsv1954.13.115
Müller, 1990, Studies on the efficacy of lipoate and dihydrolipoate in the alteration of cadmium2+ toxicity in isolated hepatocytes, Biochim. Biophys. Acta., 1052, 386, 10.1016/0167-4889(90)90147-6
Bast, 1988, Interplay between lipoic acid and glutathione in the protection against microsomal lipid peroxidation, Biochim. Biophys. Acta., 963, 558, 10.1016/0005-2760(88)90326-8
Sigel, 1978, Stability of binary and ternary complexes of a-lipoate and lipoate derivatives with Mn2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+ in solution, Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 187, 208, 10.1016/0003-9861(78)90025-5
Ou, 1994, Thioctic (Lipoic) acid: A therapeutic metal-chelating antioxidant?, Biochem. Pharmacol.
Searls, 1960, α-Ketoglutaric dehydrogenase. 8. Isolation and some properties of a flavoprotein component, J. Biol. Chem., 235, 2485, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)64646-0
Scott, 1963, Purification and properties of glutathione reductase of human erythrocytes, J. Biol. Chem., 238, 3928, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)51808-1
Jocelyn, 1967, The standard redox potential of cysteine-cystine from the thiol-disulphide exchange reaction with glutathione and lipoic acid, Eur. J. Biochem., 2, 327, 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1967.tb00142.x
Suzuki, 1993, Antioxidant activities of dihydrolipoic acid and its structural homologues, Free Rad. Res. Comms., 18, 115, 10.3109/10715769309147348
Haenen, 1990, Mechanism of the reaction of ebselen with endogenous thiols: Dihydrolipoate is a better cofactor than glutathione in the peroxidase activity of ebselen, Mol. Pharmacol., 37, 412
Bonomi, 1985, Assembly of [FenSn(SR)4]2- (n = 2,4) in aqueous media from irons, salts, thiols, and sulfur, sulfide, or thiosulfate plus rhodanese, Inorg. Chem., 24, 4331, 10.1021/ic00219a026
Bonomi, 1992, Synthesis and characterization of iron derivatives of dihydrolipoic acid and dihydrolipoamide, Inorgan. Chim. Acta., 195, 109, 10.1016/S0020-1693(00)83857-8
Bonomi, 1986, Removal of ferritin-bound iron by DL-dihydrolipoate and DL-dihydrolipoamide, Eur. J. Biochem., 155, 295, 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1986.tb09489.x
Bonomi, 1989, Molecular aspects of the removal of ferritin-bound iron by DL-dihydrolipoate, Biochim. Biophys. Acta., 994, 180, 10.1016/0167-4838(89)90158-1
Reed, 1989, Single-strand cleavage of DNA by Cu(II) and thiols: A powerful chemical DNA-cleaving system, Bioch. Biophys. Res. Comm., 162, 1111, 10.1016/0006-291X(89)90788-2
Burton, 1981, Autoxidation of biological molecules: I. The antioxidant activity of vitamin E and related chain-breaking phenolic antioxidant in vitro, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 103, 6472, 10.1021/ja00411a035
Sies, 1993, Strategies of antioxidant defense, Eur. J. Biochem., 215, 213, 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1993.tb18025.x
Packer, 1992, New horizons in antioxidant research: Action of the thioctic acid/dihydrolipoic acid couple in biological systems, 35
Scholich, 1989, Antioxidant activity of dihydrolipoate against microsomal lipid peroxidation and its dependence on α-tocopherol, Biochim. Biophys. Acta., 1001, 256, 10.1016/0005-2760(89)90108-2
Bast, 1990, Regulation of lipid peroxidation of glutathione and lipoic acid: Involvement of liver microsomal vitamin E free radical reductase, 111
Kagan, 1992, Recycling of vitamin E in human low density lipoproteins, J. Lipid Res., 33, 385, 10.1016/S0022-2275(20)41529-9
Constantinescu, 1993, Vitamin E recycling in human erythrocyte membranes, J. Biol. Chem., 268, 10906, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)82071-3
Gotz, 1994, Effect of lipoic acid on redox state of coenzyme Q in mice treated with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine and diethyldithiocarbamate, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 266, 291, 10.1016/0922-4106(94)90139-2
Kagan, 1990, Antioxidant effects of ubiquinones in microsomes and mitochondria are mediated by tocopherol recycling, Bioch. Biophys. Res. Comm., 169, 851, 10.1016/0006-291X(90)91971-T
Podda, 1994, α-Lipoic acid supplementation prevents symptoms of vitamin E deficiency, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comms., 10.1006/bbrc.1994.2431
Busse, 1992, Influence of alpha-lipoic acid on intracellular glutathione in vitro and in vivo, Arzneimittel-Forschung, 42, 829
1989
Thomas, 1994, Protein S-thiolation and dethiolation, Meth. Enzymol., 233, 385, 10.1016/S0076-6879(94)33045-X
Romero, 1992, The reactivity of thiols and disulfides with different redox states of myoglobin: Redox and addition reactions and formation of thiyl radical intermediates, J. Biol. Chem., 267, 1680, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)45999-6
Hatala, 1991, Biological thiols elicit prolactin proteolysis by glandular kallikrein and permit regulation by biochemical pathways linked to redox control, Biochemistry, 30, 7666, 10.1021/bi00245a002
Gleason, 1988, Thioredoxin and related protein in procaryotes, FEMS Microbiol. Rev., 54, 271, 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1988.tb02747.x
Holmgren, 1979, Thioredoxin catalyzes the reduction of insulin disulfides by dithiothreitol and dihydrolipoamide, J. Biol. Chem., 254, 9627, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)83562-7
Holmgren, 1989, Thioredoxin and glutaredoxin systems, J. Biol. Chem., 264, 13963, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)71625-6
Spector, 1988, Thioredoxin fragment 31–36 is reduced by dihydrolipoamide and reduces oxidized protein, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 150, 156, 10.1016/0006-291X(88)90499-8
Hayashi, 1993, Oxidoreductive regulation of nuclear factor kB: Involvement of a cellular reducing catalyst thioredoxin, J. Biol. Chem., 268, 11380, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)82135-4
Baeuerle, 1991, The inducible transcription activator NF-kB: Regulation by distinct protein subunits, Biochim. Biophys. Acta., 1072, 63
Toledano, 1991, Modulation of transcription factor NF-kB binding activity by oxidation-reduction in vitro, 88, 4328
Molitor, 1991, kB-Specific DNA binding proteins are differentially inhibited by enhancer mutations and biological oxidation, New Biol., 3, 987
Matthews, 1992, Thioredoxin regulates the DNA binding activity of NF-kB by reduction of a disulphide bond involving cysteine 62, Nucleic Acid Res., 20, 3821, 10.1093/nar/20.15.3821
Schenk, 1994, Distinct effects of thioredoxin and antioxidant on the activation of transcription factors NF-kB and AP-1, 91, 1672
Hayashi, 1993, Oxidoreductive regulation of nuclear factor kappa B: Involvement of a cellular reducing catalyst thioredoxin, J. Biol. Chem., 268, 11308, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)82135-4
Suzuki, 1992, α-Lipoic acid is a potent inhibitor of NF-kB activation in human T cells, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 189, 1709, 10.1016/0006-291X(92)90275-P
Suzuki, 1994, Redox regulation of NF-kB DNA binding activity by dihydrolipoate and α-lipoate, Arch. Biochem. Biophys.
Mizuno, 1994, Effects of α-lipoic acid and dihydrolipoic acid on expression of the proto-oncogene c-fos, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm., 220, 1136, 10.1006/bbrc.1994.1569
Fischer, 1985, Suppression of tumor promoter-induced chemiluminescence in mouse epidermal cells by several inhibitors of arachidonic acid metabolism, Cancer Res., 45, 3130
Bonser, 1986, Inhibition of phorbol ester stimulated superoxide production by 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol (OAG); fact or artefact?, FEBS Letters, 209, 134, 10.1016/0014-5793(86)81098-5
Shibanuma, 1987, Effects of the protein kinase C inhibitor H-7 and calmodulin antagonist W-7 on superoxide production in growing and resting human histiocytic leukemia cells (U937), Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm., 144, 1317, 10.1016/0006-291X(87)91454-9
Semba, 1992, Inhibitory effects of antipromoters and radical scavengers on the promotion process in two-stage cell transformation, Tohoku J. Exptl. Med., 168, 133, 10.1620/tjem.168.133
Packer, 1992, New horizons in vitamin E research-the vitamin E cycle, biochemistry and clinical applications, 1
Harrison, 1974, The metabolism of dl-[1,6-14C] lipoic acid in the rat, Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 160, 514, 10.1016/0003-9861(74)90428-7
Peinado, 1989, Hepatic lipoate uptake, Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 273, 389, 10.1016/0003-9861(89)90497-9
Teichert, 1992, HPLC-methods for determination of lipoic acid and its reduced form in human plasma, Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol., Therapy, and Toxicol., 30, 511
Spence, 1976, Lipoic acid metabolism in the rat, Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 174, 13, 10.1016/0003-9861(76)90318-0
Wolff, 1991, Protein glycation and oxidative stress in diabetes mellitus and ageing, Free Rad. Biol. Med., 10, 339, 10.1016/0891-5849(91)90040-A
Kuklinski, 1991, Oxidativer Streβ und Altern, Z. Geriatrie., 4, 224
Natraj, 1984, Lipoic acid and diabetes: Effect of dihydrolipoic acid administration in diabetic rats and rabbits, J. Biosci., 6, 37, 10.1007/BF02702855
Gandhi, 1985, Lipoic acid and diabetes II: Mode of action of lipoic acid, J. Biosci., 9, 117, 10.1007/BF02716838
Wagh, 1986, Lipoic acid and diabetes: Part III. Metabolic role of acetyl dihydrolipoic acid, J. Biosci., 10, 171, 10.1007/BF02703474
Faust, 1994, Effect of lipoic acid on cyclophosphamide-induced diabetes and insulitis in nonobese diabetic mice, Int. J. Immunopharmac., 16, 61, 10.1016/0192-0561(94)90119-8
Burkart, 1993, Dihydrolipoic acid protects pancreatic islet cells from inflammatory attack, Agents and Actions, 38, 60, 10.1007/BF02027215
Haugaard, 1970, Stimulation of glucose utilization by thioctic acid in rat diaphragm incubated in vitro, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 222, 583, 10.1016/0304-4165(70)90183-2
Singh, 1970, Effect of D,L-alpha lipoic acid on the citrate concentration and phosphofructokinase activity of perfused hearts from normal and diabetic rats, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 41, 555, 10.1016/0006-291X(70)90048-3
Bashan, 1993, Effect of thioctic acid on glucose transport, 221
Henriksen, 1994, Chronic thioctic acid treatment increases insulin-stimulated glucose transport activity in skeletal muscle of obese Zucker rats, Diabetes. Suppl., 1, 122A
Jacob, 1994, Thioctic acid enhances glucose-disposal in patients with Type 2 diabetes, Horm Metab.
Henriksen, 1990, Effects of phenylarsine oxide on stimulation of glucose transport in rat skeletal muscle, Am. J. Physiol., 258, C648, 10.1152/ajpcell.1990.258.4.C648
Renold, 1978, Diabetes mellitus, 80
Baynes, 1991, Role of oxidative stress in development of complications in diabetes, Diabetes, 40, 405, 10.2337/diabetes.40.4.405
Brownlee, 1988, Advanced glycosylation end products in tissue and the diabetic basis of diabetic complications, N. Engl. J. Med., 318, 1315, 10.1056/NEJM198805193182007
Suzuki, 1992, Lipoate prevents glucose-induced protein modifications, Free Rad. Res. Comms., 17, 211, 10.3109/10715769209068167
Kawabata, 1994, Alpha-lipoate can protect against glycation of serum albumin, but not low density lipoprotein, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comms., 203, 99, 10.1006/bbrc.1994.2154
Keita, 1993, Effect of free fatty acids on the binding kinetics at the benzodiazepine binding site of glycated serum albumin, Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. Toxicol., 31, 337
van Boekel, 1992, Glycation of human serum albumin: Inhibition by Diclofenac, Biochim. Biophys. Acta., 1120, 201, 10.1016/0167-4838(92)90270-N
Lyons, 1992, Lipoprotein glycation and its metabolic consequences, Diabetes, 41, 67, 10.2337/diab.41.2.S67
Schepkin, 1994, NMR study of lipoic acid binding to bovine serum albumin, Biochem. Mol. Biol. Int., 33, 879
Kagan, 1991, Generation of probucol radicals and their reduction by ascorbate and dihydrolipoic acid in human low density lipoproteins, Free Rad. Res. Comms., 15, 265, 10.3109/10715769109105222
Low, 1991, Oxygen free radical effects in sciatic nerve in experimental diabetes, Diabetes, 40, 873, 10.2337/diabetes.40.7.873
Bravenboer, 1992, Potential use of glutathione for the prevention and treatment of diabetic neuropathy in the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat, Diabetologia, 35, 813, 10.1007/BF00399926
Dimpfel, 1990, Thioctic acid induces dose-dependent sprouting of neurites in cultured rat neuroblastoma cells, Dev. Pharmacol. Ther., 14, 193, 10.1159/000480918
Sachse, 1980, Efficacy of thioctic acid in the therapy of peripheral diabetic neuropathy, 9, 105
Ziegler, 1993, Effeckte einer Therapie mit a-Liponsaure gegenüber Vitamin B 1 bei der diabetischen Neuropathie, Diab. Stoffw., 2, 443
Kèhler, 1993, Diabetes mellitus-a free radical-associated disease: Effects of adjuvant supplementation of antioxidants, 33
Maitra, 1994, α-Lipooic acid prevents buthionine sulfoximine-induced cataract formation in newborn rats, Free Rad. Biol. Med.
Kilic, 1994, Modeling cortical cataractogenesis 17: In vitro effect of a-lipoic acid on glucose-induced lens membrane damage, a model of diabetic cataractogenesis, Exptl. Eye Res.
Packer, 1993, The role of anti-oxidative treatment of diabetes mellitus, Diabetologia., 36, 1212, 10.1007/BF00401070
Scheer, 1993, Dihydrolipoic acid prevents hypoxic/ reoxygenation and peroxidative damage in rat heart mitochondria, Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 302, 385, 10.1006/abbi.1993.1228
Serbinova, 1992, Thioctic acid protects against ischemia-reperfusion injury in the isolated perfused Langendorff heart, Free Rad. Res. Comms., 17, 49, 10.3109/10715769209061088
Haramaki, 1993, Cardiac recovery during postischemic reperfusion is improved by combination of vitamin E with dihydrolipoic acid, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 196, 1101, 10.1006/bbrc.1993.2364
Assadnazari, 1993, Cardioprotective efficiency of dihydrolipoic acid in working rat hearts during hypoxia and reoxygenation, 43, 425
Prehn, 1990, Dihydrolipoic acid protects neurons against ischemic/hypoxic damage, 357
Prehn, 1992, Dihydrolipoate reduces neuronal injury after cerebral ischemia, J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab., 12, 78, 10.1038/jcbfm.1992.10
Boveris, 1994, Effect of lipoic acid on short-term ischemia-reperfusion in rat intestine, 77
Teutsch, 1978, Amanita mushroom poisoning with recovery from coma: A case report, Ann. Neurol., 3, 177, 10.1002/ana.410030214
Plotzker, 1982, Case report:Amanita virosa acute hepatic necrosis: Treatment with thioctic acid, Am. J. Med. Sci., 283, 79, 10.1097/00000441-198203000-00005
Vesconi, 1985, Therapy of cytotoxic mushroom intoxication, Crit. Care Med., 13, 402, 10.1097/00003246-198505000-00007
Bani, 1970, Sperimentazione clinica di un complesso coenzymatico in epatopazienti, Cl. Terap., 52, 267
Colombi, 1969, Einfluss von Conenzym A, Nicotinamid-adenin-dinucleotid (NAD), a-Liponsèure und Cocar☐ylase auf die akute Hepatits (Doppelblindversuch), Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 2, 133
Müller, 1976, Ein Beitrag zur Behandlung chronischer Lebererkrankungen, Med. Klin., 71, 1831
Marshall, 1982, Treatment of alcohol-related liver disease with thioctic acid: A six month randomised double-blind trial, Gut, 23, 1088, 10.1136/gut.23.12.1088
Legrand-Poels, 1990, Activation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by oxidative stress, Aids Res. Hum. Retrovir., 6, 1389, 10.1089/aid.1990.6.1389
Freed, 1987, Inhibition of early events in the human T-lymphocyte response to mitogens and alloantigens by hydrogen peroxide, Arch. Surg., 122, 99, 10.1001/archsurg.1987.01400130105016
Aune, T. M.; Pierce, C. W. Conversion of soluble immune response suppressor to
Dworkin, 1990, Dietary intake in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), patients with AIDS-related complex, and serologically positive human immunodeficiency virus patients: Correlations with nutritional status, Jpen. J. Parent Ent. Nutr., 14, 605, 10.1177/0148607190014006605
Bohl, 1989, Systemic glutathione deficiency in symptom-free HIV-seropositive individuals, Lancet, 2, 1294, 10.1016/S0140-6736(89)91909-0
Fuchs, 1993, Studies on lipoate effects on blood redox state in human immunodeficiency virus infected patients, Arzneimittel-Forschung, 43, 1359
Baur, 1991, Alpha-lipoic acid is an effective inhibitor of human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV-1) replication, Klin. Wochenschr., 69, 722, 10.1007/BF01649442
Boveris, 1973, The mitochondrial generation of hydrogen peroxide: General properties and the effect of hyperbaric oxygen, Biochem. J., 134, 707, 10.1042/bj1340707
Nohl, 1986, The mitochondrial site of superoxide formation, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 138, 533, 10.1016/S0006-291X(86)80529-0
Richter, 1988, Normal oxidative damage to mitochondrial and nuclear DNA is extensive, 85, 6465
Takeshige, 1979, NADH- and NADPH-dependent formation of superoxide amines by bovine heart submitochondrial particles, Biochem. J., 180, 129, 10.1042/bj1800129
Zaccarato, 1988, Pathways of hydrogen-peroxide generation in guinea-pig cerebral cortex mitochondria, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 154, 727, 10.1016/0006-291X(88)90200-8
Saggu, 1989, A selective increase in particulate superoxide dismutase activity in parkinsonian substantia nigra, J. Neurochem., 53, 692, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1989.tb11759.x
Dexter, 1991, Alterations in the levels of iron, ferritin and other trace metals in Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases affecting the basal ganglia, Brain, 114, 1953, 10.1093/brain/114.4.1953
Jenner, 1992, Oxidative stress as a cause of nigral cell death in Parkinson's disease and incidental Levy body disease, Ann. Neurol., 32, S87, 10.1002/ana.410320714
Shoffner, 1991, Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation defects in Parkinson's disease, Ann. Neurol., 30, 332, 10.1002/ana.410300304
Volicer, 1990, Involvement of free radicals in dementia of the Alzheimer typer: A hypothesis, Neurobiol. Aging., 11, 567, 10.1016/0197-4580(90)90119-K
Wallace, 1988, Mitochondrial DNA mutation associated with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy, Science, 242, 1427, 10.1126/science.3201231
Stoll, 1993, The potent free radical scavenger α-lipoic acid improves memory in aged mice: Putative relationship to NMDA receptor deficits, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 46, 799, 10.1016/0091-3057(93)90204-7
Greenamyre, 1994, The endogenous cofactors, thioctic acid and dihydrolipoic acid, are neuroprotective against NMDA and malonic acid lesions of striatum, Neurosci. Lett., 171, 17, 10.1016/0304-3940(94)90593-2
Choi, 1988, Glutamate neurotoxicity and diseases of the nervous system, Neuron, 1, 623, 10.1016/0896-6273(88)90162-6
Altenkirch, 1990, Effects of lipoic acid in hexacarbon-induced neuropathy, Neurotoxicol. Teratol., 12, 619, 10.1016/0892-0362(90)90073-L
Ramakrishnan, 1992, Radioprotection of hematopoietic tissues in mice by lipoic acid, Radiation Res., 130, 360, 10.2307/3578382
Korkina, 1993, Antioxidant therapy in children affected by irradiation from the Chernobyl nuclear accident, Bioch. Soc. Trans., 21, 314S, 10.1042/bst021314s
Pryor, 1987, Cigarette smoke and the involvement of free radical reactions in chemical carcinogenesis, Br. J. Cancer. Suppl., 85, 19
Church, 1985, Free-radical chemistry of cigarette smoke and its toxicological implications, Environ. Health Perspect., 64, 111, 10.2307/3430003
Frei, 1991, Gas phase oxidants of cigarette smoke induce lipid peroxidation and changes in lipoprotein properties in human blood plasma: Protective effects of ascorbic acid, Biochem. J., 277, 133, 10.1042/bj2770133
Cross, 1993, Cigarette smoke oxidation of human plasma constituents, Vol. 686, 72
Reznick, 1992, Modification of plasma proteins by cigartette smoke as measured by protein carbonyl formation, Biochem. J., 286, 607, 10.1042/bj2860607
Tsuchiya, 1992, Superoxide formed from cigarette smoke impairs polymorphonuclear leukocyte active oxygen generation activity, Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 299, 30, 10.1016/0003-9861(92)90240-W
Grunert, 1960, The effect of DL-α-lipoic acid on heavy-metal intoxication in mice and dogs, Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 86, 190, 10.1016/0003-9861(60)90402-1
Sumathi, 1994, DL α-lipoic acid protection against cadmium-induced tissue lipid peroxidation, Med. Sci. Res., 22, 23
Gregus, 1992, Effect of lipoic acid on biliary excretion of glutathione and metals, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 114, 88, 10.1016/0041-008X(92)90100-7
Cardinale, 1968, The use of sulphydryl containing drugs and chelating agents to reduce renal irradiation during 203Hg chlormerodrin scintigraphy, J. Nucl. Biol. Med., 12, 121
Carpintero, 1983, Uso del acido tioctico para la prevention de los efectos secondarios provacodos por el benznidazol en pacientes con infeccion de Chaga chronica, Medicina (Buenos Aires), 43, 285
Asta Medica, α-Lipoic acid prescribing information.