Almond agronomic response to long-term deficit irrigation applied since orchard establishment
Tóm tắt
This study assesses the long-term suitability of regulated (RDI) and sustained deficit irrigation (SDI) implemented over the first six growing seasons of an almond [Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb] orchard grown in a semiarid area in SE Spain. Four irrigation treatments were assessed: (i) full irrigation (FI), irrigated to satisfy maximum crop evapotranspiration (100% ETc); (ii) RDI, as FI but receiving 40% ETc during kernel-filling; (iii) mild-to-moderate SDI (SDImm), irrigated at 75–60% ETc over the entire growing season; and (iv) moderate-to-severe SDI (SDIms), irrigated at 60–30% ETc over the whole season. Application of water stress from orchard establishment did not amplify the negative effects of deficit irrigation on almond yield. Irrigation water productivity (IWP) increased proportionally to the mean relative water shortage. SDIms increased IWP by 92.5%, reduced yield by 29% and applied 63% less irrigation water. RDI and SDImm showed similar productive performances, but RDI was more efficient than SDImm to increase fruiting density and production efficiency (PE). We conclude that SDIms appears to be a promising DI option for arid regions with severe water scarcity, whereas for less water-scarce areas RDI and SDImm behaved similarly, except for the ability of RDI to more severely restrict vegetative development while increasing PE.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Allen RG, Pereira LS, Raes D, Smith M (1998) Crop evapotranspiration. Guidelines for computing crop water requirements. Irrigation drainage paper no. 56. FAO, Rome, p 300
Caruso G, Rapoport HF, Gucci R (2011) Long-term evaluation of yield components of young olive trees during the onset of fruit production under different irrigation regimes. Irr Sci. doi:10.1007/s00271-011-0286-0
Chalmers DJ, Mitchell PD, Van Heek LAG (1981) Control of peach tree growth and productivity by regulated water supply, tree density, and summer pruning. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 106:307–312
Dodd IC (2009) Rhizosphere manipulations to maximise “crop per drop” during deficit irrigation. J Exp Bot 60:2454–2459
Domingo R, Ruiz-Sánchez MC, Sánchez-Blanco MJ, Torrecillas A (1996) Water relations, growth and yield of Fino lemon trees under regulated deficit irrigation. Irrig Sci 16:115–123
Egea G, González-Real MM, Baille A, Nortes PA, Sánchez-Bel P, Domingo R (2009) The effects of contrasted deficit irrigation strategies on the fruit growth and kernel quality of mature almond trees. Agric Water Manage 96:1605–1614
Egea G, Nortes PA, González-Real MM, Baille A, Domingo R (2010) Agronomic response and water productivity of almond trees under contrasted deficit irrigation regimes. Agric Water Manage 97:171–181
Egea G, Dodd IC, González-Real MM, Domingo R, Baille A (2011a) Partial rootzone drying improves almond tree leaf-level water use efficiency and afternoon water status compared with regulated deficit irrigation. Funct Plant Biol 38:372–385
Egea G, González-Real MM, Baille A, Nortes PA, Díaz-Espejo A (2011b) Disentangling the contributions of ontogeny and water stress to photosynthetic limitations in almond trees. Plant Cell Environ 34:962–979
Esparza G, DeJong TM, Weinbaum SA, Klein I (2001) Effects of irrigation deprivation during the harvest period on yield determinants in mature almond trees. Tree Physiol 21:1073–1079
Fereres E, Goldhamer DA (2003) Suitability of stem diameter variations and water potential as indicators for irrigation scheduling of almond trees. J Hortic Sci Biotech 78:139–144
Fereres E, Soriano MA (2007) Deficit irrigation for reducing agricultural water use. J Exp Bot 58:147–159
Fereres E, Aldrich T, Schulbach H, Martinich D (1981) Responses of young almond trees to late-season drought. Calif Agric 35:11–12
Girona J, Mata M, Marsal J (2005) Regulated deficit irrigation during the kernel-filling period and optimal irrigation rates in almond. Agric Water Manage 75:152–167
Goldhamer DA, Smith TE (1995) Single-season drought irrigation strategies influence almond production. Calif Agric 49:19–22
Goldhamer DA, Viveros M (2000) Effects of preharvest irrigation cutoff durations and postharvest water deprivation on almond tree performance. Irrig Sci 19:125–131
Goldhamer DA, Viveros M, Salinas M (2006) Regulated deficit irrigation in almonds: effects of variations in applied water and stress timing on yield and yield components. Irrig Sci 24:101–114
Hsiao TC (1990) Measurements of plant water status. In: Steward BA, Nielsen DR (eds) Irrigation of agricultural crops. Agronomy monograph no 30. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wis, pp 243–279
Hutmacher RB, Nightingale HI, Rolston DE, Biggar JW, Dale F, Vail SS, Peters D (1994) Growth and yield responses of almond (Prunus-Amygdalus) to trickle irrigation. Irrig Sci 14:117–126
Intrigliolo DS, Castel JR (2005) Effects of regulated deficit irrigation on growth and yield of young Japanese plum trees. J Hortic Sci Biotech 80:177–182
IPCC (2007) Intergovernmental panel on climate change. Fourth assessment report (AR4) released in 2007. http://www.ipcc.ch/
Klein I, Esparza G, Weinbaum SA, DeJong TM (2001) Effects of irrigation deprivation during the harvest period on leaf persistence and function in mature almond trees. Tree Physiol 21:1063–1072
Lescourret F, Ben Mimoun M, Gènard M (1998) A simulation model of growth at the shoot-bearing fruit level I. Description and parameterization for peach. Europ J Agronomy 9:173–188
Martín-Vertedor AI, Pérez-Rodríguez JM, Losada HP, Fereres E (2011) Interactive responses to water deficits and crop load in olive (Olea europaea L., cv. Morisca). II. Water use, fruit and oil yield. Agric Water Manage 98:950–958
Myers BJ (1988) Water stress integral-a link between short-term stress and long-term growth. Tree Physiol 4:315–323
Nortes PA, Pérez-Pastor A, Egea G, Conejero W, Domingo R (2005) Comparison of changes in stem diameter and water potential values for detecting water stress in young almond trees. Agric Water Manage 77:296–307
Nortes PA, González-Real MM, Egea G, Baille A (2009) Seasonal effects of deficit irrigation on leaf photosynthetic traits of fruiting and non-fruiting shoots in almond trees. Tree Physiol 29:375–388
Pérez-Pastor A, Domingo R, Torrecillas A, Ruiz-Sanchez M (2009) Response of apricot trees to deficit irrigation strategies. Irrig Sci 27:231–242
Romero P, Botía P, García F (2004) Effects of regulated deficit irrigation under subsurface drip irrigation conditions on vegetative development and yield of mature almond trees. Plant Soil 260:169–181
Romero P, García J, Botía P (2006) Cost-benefit analysis of a regulated deficit-irrigated almond orchard under subsurbace drip irrigation conditions in Southeastern Spain. Irrig Sci 24:175–184
Shackel KA, Ahmadi H, Biasi W, Buchner R, Goldhamer DA, Gurusinghe SH, Hasey J, Kester D, Krueger B, Lampinen B, McGourty G, Micke W, Mitcham E, Olson B, Pelletrau K, Philips H, Ramos D, Schwankl LJ, Sibbet S, Snyder R, Southwick S, Stevenson M, Thorpe M, Weinbaum S, Yeager J (1997) Plant water status as an index of irrigation need in deciduous fruit trees. HortTechnology 7:23–29
Shackel KA, Gurusinghe SH, Kester D, Micke W (1998) Water stress responses of almond [Prunus dulcis (Mill.) Webb.] trees under field conditions. Acta Hortic 470:309–316
Torrecillas A, Ruiz-Sánchez MC, León A, Del Amor F (1989) The response of young almond trees to different drip-irrigated conditions—development and yield. J Hort Sci 64:1–7
Trentacoste ER, Puertas CM, Sadras VO (2010) Effect of fruit load on oil yield components and dynamics of fruit growth and oil accumulation in olive (Olea europaea L.). Europ J Agronomy 32:249–254
Wardlaw IF (1990) The control of carbon partitioning in plants. New Phytol 116:341–381