Allergic Rhinitis and Its Impact on Asthma
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
1994, Allergy, 49, 1
Dykewicz, 1998, Executive Summary of Joint Task Force Practice Parameters on Diagnosis and Management of Rhinitis, Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 81, 463, 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)63152-3
Van-Cauwenberge, 2000, Consensus statement on the treatment of allergic rhinitis, EAACI Position paper. Allergy, 55, 116
Bucholtz, 1991, A three-year aerobiologic pollen survey of the Tampa Bay area, Florida, Ann Allergy, 67, 534
D'Amato, 1992, Parietaria pollinosis: a review, Allergy, 47, 443, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1992.tb00661.x
Sibbald, 1991, Epidemiology of seasonal and perennial rhinitis: clinical presentation and medical history, Thorax, 46, 895, 10.1136/thx.46.12.895
Bruce, 1977, The role of ragweed pollen in autumnal asthma, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 59, 449, 10.1016/0091-6749(77)90009-4
Connell, 1968, Quantitative intranasal pollen challenges, II. Effect of daily pollen challenge, environmental pollen exposure and placebo challenge on the nasal membrane. J Allergy, 41, 123
Ciprandi, 1995, Minimal persistent inflammation is present at mucosal level in patients with asymptomatic rhinitis and mite allergy, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 96, 971, 10.1016/S0091-6749(95)70235-0
Sibbald, 1993, Epidemiologyof allergic rhinitis, ML B, editor. Epidemiology of clinical allergy. Monographs in Allergy. Basel: karger, 61
Wuthrich, 1995, Prevalence of atopy and pollinosis in the adult population of Switzerland (SAPALDIA study). Swiss Study on Air Pollution and Lung Diseases in Adults, Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 106, 149, 10.1159/000236836
Strachan, 1997, Worldwide variations in prevalence of symptoms of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis in children: the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC), Pediatr Allergy Immunol, 8, 161, 10.1111/j.1399-3038.1997.tb00156.x
Aberg, 1996, Prevalence of allergic diseases in schoolchildren in relation to family history, upper respiratory infections, and residential characteristics, Allergy, 51, 232
Ciprandi, 1996, Increase of asthma and allergic rhinitis prevalence in young Italian men, Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 111, 278, 10.1159/000237378
Gregory, 1999, Targeted intervention programs: creating a customized practice model to improve the treatment of allergic rhinitis in a managed care population, Am J Manag Care, 5, 485
Bousquet, 1994, Assessment of quality of life in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis with the French version of the SF-36 Health Status Questionnaire, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 94, 182, 10.1053/ai.1994.v94.a54939
Spaeth, 1996, Sedation in allergic rhinitis is caused by the condition and not by antihistamine treatment, Allergy, 51, 893, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1996.tb04490.x
Vuurman, 1993, Seasonal allergic rhinitis and antihistamine effects on children's learning, Ann Allergy, 71, 121
Simons, 1996, Learning impairment and allergic rhinitis, Allergy Asthma Proc, 17, 185, 10.2500/108854196778996895
Cockburn, 1999, Loss of work productivity due to illness and medical treatment, J Occup Environ Med, 41, 948, 10.1097/00043764-199911000-00005
Malone, 1997, A cost of illness study of allergic rhinitis in the United States, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 99, 22
Spector, 1997, Overview of comorbid associations of allergic rhinitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 99, S773, 10.1016/S0091-6749(97)70126-X
Rowe-Jones, 1997, The link between the nose and lung, perennial rhinitis and asthma—is it the same disease?, Allergy, 52, 20, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1997.tb04818.x
Vignola, 1998, Relationships between rhinitis and asthma, Allergy, 53, 833, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1998.tb03988.x
Corren, 1998, The impact of allergic rhinitis on bronchial asthma, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 101, S352, 10.1016/S0091-6749(98)70218-0
Townley, 1998, Allergic rhinitis: relationship to asthma: similarities, differences, and interactions, Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 80, 137, 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)62946-8
Immunobiology of Asthma and Rhinitis, 1999, Pathogenic factors and therapeutic options, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 160, 1778, 10.1164/ajrccm.160.5.ats7-99
Simons, 1999, Allergic rhinobronchitis: the asthma-allergic rhinitis link, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 104, 534, 10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70320-9
Leynaert, 1999, Perennial rhinitis: An independent risk factor for asthma in nonatopic subjects: Results from the European Community Respiratory Health Survey, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 301, 4
Szczeklik, 1999, Leukotrienes and aspirin-sensitive asthma, 165
Yawn, 1999, Allergic rhinitis in Rochester, Minnesota residents with asthma: frequency and impact on health care charges, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 103, 54, 10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70525-7
Woolf, 1999, Clinical guidelines: potential benefits, limitations, and harms of clinical guidelines, BMJ, 318, 527, 10.1136/bmj.318.7182.527
1992, Allergy, 47, 1
1995
Dykewicz, 1998, Joint Task Force Algorithm and Annotations for Diagnosis and Management of Rhinitis, Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 81, 469, 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)63153-5
Dykewicz, 1998, Diagnosis and management of rhinitis: complete guidelines of the Joint Task Force on Practice Parameters in Allergy, Asthma and Immunology. American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology, Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 81, 478, 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)63155-9
Dykewicz, 1998, Joint Task Force summary statements on Diagnosis and Management of Rhinitis, Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 81, 474, 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)63154-7
Passali, 1999, International Conference on Allergic Rhinitis in childhood, Allergy, 54, 4
Sackett, 1996, Evidence based medicine: what it is and what it isn't, BMJ, 312, 71, 10.1136/bmj.312.7023.71
Gwaltney, 1996, Acute community-acquired sinusitis, Clin Infect Dis, 23, 1209, 10.1093/clinids/23.6.1209
Melen, 1994, Chronic sinusitis: clinical and pathophysiological aspects, Acta Otolaryngol, 515, 45, 10.3109/00016489409124323
Williams, 1995, Sinusitis—beginning a new age of enlightenment?, West J Med, 163, 80
Shapiro, 1992, Introduction and definition of sinusitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 90, 417, 10.1016/0091-6749(92)90160-4
Williams, 1993, Simel DL, Does this patient have sinusitis? Diagnosing acute sinusitis by history and physical examination. Jama, 270, 1242
Lund, 1997, Infectious rhinosinusitis in adults: Classification, Etiology and Management, ENT J, 76, 1
Stankiewicz, 1994, Medical treatment of sinusitis, Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 110, 361, 10.1177/019459989411000402
Ferguson, 1995, Acute and chronic sinusitis. How to ease symptoms and locate the cause, Postgrad Med, 97, 45, 10.1080/00325481.1995.11945990
1997, 117, S1
Gwaltney, 1992, The microbial etiology and antimicrobial therapy of adults with acute community-acquired sinusitis: a fifteen-year experience at the University of Virginia and review of other selected studies, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 90, 457, 10.1016/0091-6749(92)90169-3
Van Cauwenberge, 1997, Microbiology of chronic sinusitis, Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg, 51, 239
Lawson, 1993, Fungal infections of the nose and paranasal sinuses. Part II, Otolaryngol Clin North Am, 26, 1037, 10.1016/S0030-6665(20)30743-X
deShazo, 1995, Diagnostic criteria for allergic fungal sinusitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 96, 24, 10.1016/S0091-6749(95)70029-3
Torres, 1996, Allergic fungal sinusitis: a clinicopathologic study of 16 cases, Hum Pathol, 27, 793, 10.1016/S0046-8177(96)90451-7
Schubert, 1998, Evaluation and treatment of allergic fungal sinusitis, I. Demographics and diagnosis. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 102, 387, 10.1016/S0091-6749(98)70125-3
Manning, 1998, Further evidence for allergic pathophysiology in allergic fungal sinusitis, Laryngoscope, 108, 1485, 10.1097/00005537-199810000-00012
Afzelius, 1976, A human syndrome caused by immotile cilia, Science, 193, 317, 10.1126/science.1084576
Pedersen, 1976, Absence of axonemal arms in nasal mucosa cilia in Kartagener's syndrome, Nature, 262, 494, 10.1038/262494a0
Lund, 1991, Immunologic aspects of chronic sinusitis, J Otolaryngol, 20, 379
Schiffman, 1992, Effect of environmental pollutants on taste and smell, Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 106, 693, 10.1177/019459989210600613
Girgis, 1974, Estimation of effect of drugs on the nasal circulation, J Laryngol Otol, 88, 1163, 10.1017/S0022215100079895
Bauer, 1973, The reversibility of side effects of guanethidine therapy, Med J Aust, 1, 930, 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1973.tb110803.x
Proud, 1990, Effects of a single-dose pretreatment with captopril on the immediate response to nasal challenge with allergen, Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol, 93, 165, 10.1159/000235296
Kaufman, 1986, Timolol-induced vasomotor rhinitis: a new iatrogenic syndrome, Arch Ophthalmol, 104, 967, 70, 10.1001/archopht.1986.01050190025003
Graf, 1997, Rhinitis medicamentosa: aspects of pathophysiology and treatment, Allergy, 52, 28, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1997.tb04881.x
Scadding, 1995, Rhinitis medicamentosa, Clin Exp Allergy, 25, 391, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1995.tb01068.x
Schwartz, 1989, Nasal symptoms associated with cocaine abuse during adolescence, Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 115, 63, 10.1001/archotol.1989.01860250065028
Dax, 1990, Drug dependence in the differential diagnosis of allergic respiratory disease, Ann Allergy, 64, 261
Ellegard, 1994, Nasal congestion during the menstrual cycle, Clin Otolaryngol, 19, 400, 10.1111/j.1365-2273.1994.tb01256.x
Ellegard, 1999, Nasal congestion during pregnancy, Clin Otolaryngol, 24, 307, 10.1046/j.1365-2273.1999.00264.x
Incaudo, 1991, Rhinosinusitis associated with endocrin conditions: hypothyroidism and pregnancy
Schatz, 1998, Special considerations for the pregnant woman and senior citizen with airway disease, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 101, S373, 10.1016/S0091-6749(98)70224-6
Leroyer, 1999, Chronic rhinitis in workers at risk of reactive airways dysfunction syndrome due to exposure to chlorine, Occup Environ Med, 56, 334, 10.1136/oem.56.5.334
Shusterman, 1998, Subjects with seasonal allergic rhinitis and nonrhinitic subjects react differentially to nasal provocation with chlorine gas, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 101, 732, 10.1016/S0091-6749(98)70302-1
Silvers, 1991, The skier's nose: a model of cold-induced rhinorrhea, Ann Allergy, 67, 32
Raphael, 1989, Gustatory rhinitis: a syndrome of food-induced rhinorrhea, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 83, 110, 10.1016/0091-6749(89)90484-3
Calderon-Garciduenas, 1992, Histopathologic changes of the nasal mucosa in southwest Metropolitan Mexico City inhabitants, Am J Pathol, 140, 225
Bousquet, 1997, Food allergy. Report of the Codex Alimentarius, ACI International, 9, 10
Lacroix, 1991, Improvement of symptoms of non-allergic chronic rhinitis by local treatment with capsaicin, Clin Exp Allergy, 21, 595, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1991.tb00852.x
Quirce, 1994, Occupational asthma and immunologic responses induced by inhaled carmine among employees at a factory making natural dyes, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 93, 44, 10.1016/0091-6749(94)90231-3
Mullarkey, 1980, Allergic and nonallergic rhinitis: their characterization with attention to the meaning of nasal eosinophilia, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 65, 122, 10.1016/0091-6749(80)90196-7
Jacobs, 1981, Nonallergic rhinitis with eosinophilia (NARES syndrome). Clinical and immunologic presentation, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 67, 253, 10.1016/0091-6749(81)90019-1
Leone, 1997, Bronchial responsiveness and airway inflammation in patients with nonallergic rhinitis with eosinophilia syndrome, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 100, 775, 10.1016/S0091-6749(97)70273-2
Moneret-Vautrin, 1992, NARES: a model of inflammation caused by activated eosinophils?, Rhinology, 30, 161
Moneret-Vautrin, 1990, Nonallergic rhinitis with eosinophilia syndrome a precursor of the triad: nasal polyposis, intrinsic asthma, and intolerance to aspirin, Ann Allergy, 64, 513
Nelson, 1982, Response of nonallergic rhinitis with eosinophilia (NARES) syndrome to 4% cromoly sodium nasal solution, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 70, 125, 10.1016/0091-6749(82)90240-8
Blom, 1997, The effect of nasal steroid aqueous spray on nasal complaint scores and cellular infiltrates in the nasal mucosa of patients with nonallergic, noninfectious perennial rhinitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 100, 739, 10.1016/S0091-6749(97)70267-7
Henriksen, 1959, The aetiology of azaena, Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand, 47, 380, 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1959.tb04814.x
Euler, 1998, Upper respiratory tract complications of gastroesophageal reflux in adult and pediatric-age patients, Dig Dis, 16, 111, 10.1159/000016854
Halstead, 1999, Role of gastroesophageal reflux in pediatric upper airway disorders, Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 120, 208, 10.1016/S0194-5998(99)70408-0
Aberg, 1989, Asthma and allergic rhinitis in Swedish conscripts, Clin Exp Allergy, 19, 59, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1989.tb02345.x
Lundback, 1998, Epidemiology of rhinitis and asthma, Clin Exp Allergy, 2, 3
Sakurai, 1998, Prevalence and risk factors of allergic rhinitis and cedar pollinosis among Japanese men, Prev Med, 27, 617, 10.1006/pmed.1998.0336
Sly, 1999, Changing prevalence of allergic rhinitis and asthma, Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 82, 233, 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)62603-8
Turkeltaub, 1991, Prevalence of upper and lower respiratory conditions in the US population by social and environmental factors: data from the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1976 to 1980 (NHANES II), Ann Allergy, 67, 147
Gergen, 1992, The association of individual allergen reactivity with respiratory disease in a national sample: data from the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1976-80 (NHANES II), J Allergy Clin Immunol, 90, 579, 10.1016/0091-6749(92)90130-T
Braun-Fahrlander, 1999, Prevalence of hay fever and allergic sensitization in farmer's children and their peers living in the same rural community. SCARPOL team. Swiss Study on Childhood Allergy and Respiratory Symptoms with Respect to Air Pollution, Clin Exp Allergy, 29, 28, 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1999.00479.x
Charpin, 1996, Epidemiologic identification of allergic rhinitis, Allergy, 51, 293, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1996.tb04612.x
Sibbald, 1995, Epidemiology of rhinitis, Busse W, Holgate S, editors. Asthma and rhinitis. London UK: Blackwell Scientific, 32
Medical Research Council's Committee on the Aetiology of Chronic Bronchitis, 1960, Standardized questionnaire on respiratory symptoms, BMJ, 2, 1665, 10.1136/bmj.2.5213.1665
Brille, 1962, European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC): high authority questionnaire on the study of chronic bronchitis and emphysemea, Luxembourg: ESCS
Burney, 1994, The European Community Respiratory Health Survey, Eur Respir J, 7, 954, 10.1183/09031936.94.07050954
Annesi-Maesano, 1998, Development and validation of a diagnostic criteria score for allergic rhinitis for use in epidemiological studies, Hospital validation. Eur Respir J, 10, 143S
Pariente, 1997, Quality-of-life outcomes and the use of antihistamines in a French national population-based sample of patients with perennial rhinitis, Pharmacoeconomics, 12, 585, 10.2165/00019053-199712050-00009
Tollerud, 1991, Asthma, hay fever, and phlegm production associated with distinct patterns of allergy skin test reactivity, eosinophilia, and serum IgE levels. The Normative Aging Study, Am Rev Respir Dis, 144, 776, 10.1164/ajrccm/144.4.776
Vervloet, 1991, Reliability of respiratory symptoms to diagnose atopy, Clin Exp Allergy, 21, 733, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1991.tb03203.x
Droste, 1996, Association of skin test reactivity, specific IgE, total IgE, and eosinophils with nasal symptoms in a community-based population study. The Dutch ECRHS Group, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 97, 922, 10.1016/S0091-6749(96)80066-2
Tschopp, 1998, Current allergic asthma and rhinitis: diagnostic efficiency of three commonly used atopic markers (IgE, skin prick tests, and Phadiatop). Results from 8329 randomized adults from the SAPALDIA Study. Swiss Study on Air Pollution and Lung Diseases in Adults, Allergy, 53, 608, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1998.tb03937.x
Annesi-Maesano, 2001, Rhinitis and asthma. Epidemiological evidence, Allergy & Clin Immunol Int, 13, 1, 10.1027/0838-1925.13.4.147
Jones, 1998, The prevalence of allergic rhinosinusitis: a review, J Laryngol Otol, 112, 1019, 10.1017/S0022215100142380
Varjonen, 1992, Prevalence of atopic disorders among adolescents in Turku, Finland, Allergy, 47, 243, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1992.tb00657.x
Harf, 1992, Biological and clinical prevalence of pollinosis caused by ragweeds of the upper valley of the Rhone corridor, Allerg Immunol (Paris), 24, 95
Dold, 1992, Genetic risk for asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis, Arch Dis Child, 67, 1018, 10.1136/adc.67.8.1018
Weiland, 1994, Self-reported wheezing and allergic rhinitis in children and traffic density on street of residence, Ann Epidemiol, 4, 243, 10.1016/1047-2797(94)90103-1
Astarita, 1988, An epidemiological study of atopy in children, Clin Allergy, 18, 341, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1988.tb02881.x
Matricardi, 1997, Cross sectional retrospective study of prevalence of atopy among Italian military students with antibodies against hepatitis A virus, BMJ, 314, 999, 10.1136/bmj.314.7086.999
Ogino, 1990, Nasal allergy in medical students, Rhinology, 28, 163
Okano, 1999, Prevalence and prediction of allergic rhinitis using questionnaire and nasal smear examination in schoolchildren, Acta Otolaryngol Suppl, 540, 58, 10.1080/00016489950181215
Okuma, 1994, Arerugi, 43, 492
Min, 1997, Prevalence and risk factors for perennial allergic rhinitis in Korea: results of a nationwide survey, Clin Otolaryngol, 22, 139, 10.1046/j.1365-2273.1997.00879.x
Bakke, 1990, Hay fever, eczema and urticaria in southwest Norway, Lifetime prevalences and association with sex, age, smoking habits, occupational airborne exposures and respiratory symptoms. Allergy, 45, 515
Dotterud, 1994, A survey of atopic diseases among school children in Sor-Varanger community, Possible effects of subarctic climate and industrial pollution from Russia. Acta Derm Venereol, 74, 124
Breborowicz, 1995, Asthma, allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis in schoolchildren, Pneumonol Alergol Pol, 63, 157
Ng, 1994, Epidemiology of allergic rhinitis and its associated risk factors in Singapore, Int J Epidemiol, 23, 553, 10.1093/ije/23.3.553
Goh, 1996, Prevalence and severity of asthma, rhinitis, and eczema in Singapore schoolchildren, Arch Dis Child, 74, 131, 10.1136/adc.74.2.131
Azpiri, 1999, Prevalence of pollinosis in the Basque Country, Allergy, 54, 1100, 10.1034/j.1398-9995.1999.00146.x
Hattevig, 1993, Appearance of IgE antibodies to ingested and inhaled allergens during the first 12 years of life in atopic and non-atopic children, Pediatr Allergy Immunol, 4, 182, 10.1111/j.1399-3038.1993.tb00089.x
Aberg, 1995, Increase of asthma, allergic rhinitis and eczema in Swedish schoolchildren between 1979 and 1991, Clin Exp Allergy, 25, 815, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1995.tb00023.x
Norrman, 1994, Prevalence of positive skin prick tests, allergic asthma, and rhinoconjunctivitis in teenagers in northern Sweden, Allergy, 49, 808, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1994.tb00779.x
Varonier, 1984, Prevalence of allergies in children and adolescents, Helv Paediatr Acta, 39, 129
Kalyoncu, 1999, Prevalence of asthma and allergic diseases in primary school children in Ankara, Turkey: two cross-sectional studies, five years apart, Pediatr Allergy Immunol, 10, 261, 10.1034/j.1399-3038.1999.00031.x
Burr, 1989, Changes in asthma prevalence: two surveys 15 years apart, Arch Dis Child, 64, 1452, 10.1136/adc.64.10.1452
Howarth, 1989, Allergic rhinitis: a rational choice of treatment, Respir Med, 83, 179, 10.1016/S0954-6111(89)80029-0
Ninan, 1992, Respiratory symptoms and atopy in Aberdeen schoolchildren: evidence from two surveys 25 years apart, BMJ, 304, 873, 10.1136/bmj.304.6831.873
Richards, 1992, How many people think they have hay fever, and what they do about it, Br J Gen Pract, 42, 284
Strachan, 1995, Epidemiology of hay fever: towards a community diagnosis, Clin Exp Allergy, 25, 296, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1995.tb01046.x
Hagy, 1969, Bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis, and allergy skin tests among college students, J Allergy, 44, 323, 10.1016/0021-8707(69)90024-0
Broder, 1974, Epidemiology of asthma and allergic rhinitis in a total community, Tecumseh, Michigan. 3. Second survey of the community, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 53, 127, 10.1016/0091-6749(74)90001-3
Turkeltaub, 1991, Prevalence of upper and lower respiratory conditions in the US population by social and environmental factors: data from the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1976 to 1980 (NHANES II), Ann Allergy, 67, 147
Wright, 1994, Epidemiology of physician-diagnosed allergic rhinitis in childhood, Pediatrics, 94, 895, 10.1542/peds.94.6.895
Jessen, 1997, Definition, prevalence and development of nasal obstruction, Allergy, 52, 3, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1997.tb04876.x
Spector, 1979, Aspirin and concomitant idiosyncrasies in adult asthmatic patients, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 64, 500, 10.1016/0091-6749(79)90059-9
Szczeklik, 1999, Aspirin-induced asthma: advances in pathogenesis and management, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 104, 5, 10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70106-5
Hedman, 1999, Prevalence of asthma, aspirin intolerance, nasal polyposis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a population-based study, Int J Epidemiol, 28, 717, 10.1093/ije/28.4.717
Asher, 1995, International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC): rationale and methods, Eur Respir J, 8, 483, 10.1183/09031936.95.08030483
Asher, 1998, The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC), ISAAC Steeriing Committee. Clin Exp Allergy, 5, 52, 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1998.028s5052.x
Stewart, 1997, The effect of season-of-response to ISAAC questions about asthma, rhinitis and eczema in children, Int J Epidemiol, 26, 126, 10.1093/ije/26.1.126
Worldwide variation in prevalence of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, and atopic eczema: ISAAC, 1998, The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) Steering Committee, Lancet, 351, 1225
Bjorksten, 1998, Prevalence of childhood asthma, rhinitis and eczema in Scandinavia and Eastern Europe, Eur Respir J, 12, 432, 10.1183/09031936.98.12020432
Burr, 1999, Respiratory symptoms and home environment in children: a national survey, Thorax, 54, 27, 10.1136/thx.54.1.27
Duhme, 1998, Asthma and allergies among children in West and East Germany: a comparison between Munster and Greifswald using the ISAAC phase I protocol, International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood. Eur Respir J, 11, 840
Esamai, 1996, Prevalence of asthma, allergic rhinitis and dermatitis in primary school children in Uasin Gishu district, Kenya, East Afr Med J, 73, 474
Falade, 1998, Prevalence and severity of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhino-conjunctivitis and atopic eczema in secondary school children in Ibadan, Nigeria, East Afr Med J, 75, 695
Habbick, 1999, Prevalence of asthma, rhinitis and eczema among children in 2 Canadian cities: the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood, CMAJ, 160, 1824
Keil, 1996, The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC): objectives and methods; results from German ISAAC centres concerning traffic density and wheezing and allergic rhinitis, Toxicol Lett, 86, 99, 10.1016/0378-4274(96)03680-6
Lau, 1998, Prevalence and risk factors of childhood asthma, rhinitis and eczema in Hong Kong, J Paediatr Child Health, 34, 47, 10.1046/j.1440-1754.1998.00217.x
Leung, 1997, Prevalence of asthma and allergy in Hong Kong schoolchildren: an ISAAC study, Eur Respir J, 10, 354, 10.1183/09031936.97.10020354
Manning, 1997, Asthma, hay fever and eczema in Irish teenagers (ISAAC protocol), Ir Med J, 90, 110
Moyes, 1995, Respiratory symptoms and environmental factors in schoolchildren in the Bay of Plenty, N Z Med J, 108, 358
Montefort, 1998, Asthma, rhinitis and eczema in Maltese 13-15 year-old schoolchildren—prevalence, severity and associated factors [ISAAC]. International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood, Clin Exp Allergy, 28, 1089, 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1998.00350.x
Pin, 1999, Epidemiology of respiratory allergy in children, Arch Pediatr, 6, 6S, 10.1016/S0929-693X(99)80240-1
Quah, 1997, Prevalence of asthma, rhinitis and eczema among schoolchildren in Kelantan, Malaysia, Acta Paediatr Jpn, 39, 329, 10.1111/j.1442-200X.1997.tb03746.x
Remes, 1998, Prevalence of allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis among children in four regions of Finland, Allergy, 53, 682, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1998.tb03954.x
Robertson, 1998, Asthma and other atopic diseases in Australian children, Australian arm of the International Study of Asthma and Allergy in Childhood. Med J Aust, 168, 434
Vichyanond, 1998, Prevalence of asthma, rhinitis and eczema in children from the Bangkok area using the ISAAC (International Study for Asthma and Allergy in Children) questionnaires, J Med Assoc Thai, 81, 175
Suarez-Varela, 1999, Socioeconomic risk factors in the prevalence of asthma and other atopic diseases in children 6 to 7 years old in Valencia Spain, Eur J Epidemiol, 15, 35, 10.1023/A:1007592121308
Ronmark, 1998, Asthma, type-1 allergy and related conditions in 7- and 8-year-old children in northern Sweden: prevalence rates and risk factor pattern, Respir Med, 92, 316, 10.1016/S0954-6111(98)90115-9
Renzoni, 1999, Differences in parental- and self-report of asthma, rhinitis and eczema among Italian adolescents. SIDRIA collaborative group. Studi Italiani sui Disordini Respiratori dell' Infanzia e l'Ambiente, Eur Respir J, 14, 597, 10.1034/j.1399-3003.1999.14c19.x
Neukirch, 1995, Prevalence of asthma and asthma-like symptoms in three French cities, Respir Med, 89, 685, 10.1016/0954-6111(95)90136-1
Leynaert, 1997, Is bronchial hyperresponsiveness more frequent in women than in men? A population-based study, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 156, 1413, 10.1164/ajrccm.156.5.9701060
Papageorgiou, 1997, Prevalence of asthma and asthma-like symptoms in Athens, Greece, Respir Med, 91, 83, 10.1016/S0954-6111(97)90072-X
Kaiser, 1998, Use of transition probabilities to estimate the effect of smoking on the duration of episodes of respiratory symptoms in diary data: the Swiss Study on Air Pollution and Lung Diseases in Adults (SAPALDIA), Am J Epidemiol, 148, 600, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009686
Leuenberger, 1994, Passive smoking exposure in adults and chronic respiratory symptoms (SAPALDIA Study). Swiss Study on Air Pollution and Lung Diseases in Adults, SAPALDIA Team, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 150, 1221, 10.1164/ajrccm.150.5.7952544
Monn, 1998, Personal exposure to nitrogen dioxide in Switzerland. SAPALDIA team. Swiss Study on Air Pollution and Lung Diseases in Adults, Sci Total Environ, 215, 243, 10.1016/S0048-9697(98)00124-7
Martin, 1997, SAPALDIA: methods and participation in the cross-sectional part of the Swiss Study on Air Pollution and Lung Diseases in Adults, Soz Praventivmed, 42, 67, 10.1007/BF01318136
Wuthrich, 1996, IgE levels, atopy markers and hay fever in relation to age, sex and smoking status in a normal adult Swiss population. SAPALDIA (Swiss Study on Air Pollution and Lung Diseases in Adults) Team, Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 111, 396, 10.1159/000237398
Zemp, 1999, Long-term ambient air pollution and respiratory symptoms in adults (SAPALDIA study). The SAPALDIA Team, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 159, 1257, 10.1164/ajrccm.159.4.9807052
Braun-Fahrlander, 1997, Respiratory health and long-term exposure to air pollutants in Swiss schoolchildren. SCARPOL Team. Swiss Study on Childhood Allergy and Respiratory Symptoms with Respect to Air Pollution, Climate and Pollen, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 155, 1042, 10.1164/ajrccm.155.3.9116984
Barnes, 1998, The genetics and complexity of allergy and asthma, Immunol Today, 19, 325, 10.1016/S0167-5699(97)01241-3
Bahna, 1992, Factors determining development of allergy in infants, Allergy Proc, 13, 21, 10.2500/108854192778879006
Huovinen, 1999, Incidence and prevalence of asthma among adult Finnish men and women of the Finnish Twin Cohort from 1975 to 1990, and their relation to hay fever and chronic bronchitis, Chest, 115, 928, 10.1378/chest.115.4.928
Strachan, 1994, Is allergic disease programmed in early life?, Clin Exp Allergy, 24, 603, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1994.tb00961.x
von Mutius, 1998, Increasing prevalence of hay fever and atopy among children in Leipzig, East Germany, Lancet, 351, 862, 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)10100-3
Braback, 1998, Perinatal risk factors for atopic disease in conscripts, Clin Exp Allergy, 28, 936, 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1998.00282.x
Butland, 1997, Investigation into the increase in hay fever and eczema at age 16 observed between the 1958 and 1970 British birth cohorts, BMJ, 315, 717, 10.1136/bmj.315.7110.717
Bjorksten, 1980, Neonatal birch-pollen contact and subsequent allergy to birch pollen, Clin Allergy, 10, 585, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1980.tb02140.x
Kemp, 1979, Relationship between the time of birth and the development of immediate hypersensitivity to grass-pollen antigens, Med J Aust, 1, 263, 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1979.tb112072.x
Pedersen, 1983, Month of birth in asthma and allergic rhinitis, Scand J Prim Health Care, 1, 97, 10.3109/02813438309038476
Aberg, 1989, Birth season variation in asthma and allergic rhinitis, Clin Exp Allergy, 19, 643, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1989.tb02761.x
Sibbald, 1990, Birth month variation in atopic and non-atopic rhinitis, Clin Exp Allergy, 20, 285, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1990.tb02685.x
Gillam, 1989, Ethnic differences in consultation rates in urban general practice, BMJ, 299, 953, 10.1136/bmj.299.6705.953
Pattemore, 1989, Ethnic differences in prevalence of asthma symptoms and bronchial hyperresponsiveness in New Zealand schoolchildren, Thorax, 44, 168, 10.1136/thx.44.3.168
Smith, 1971, The long-term effect of moving on patients with asthma and hay fever, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 48, 191, 10.1016/0091-6749(71)90065-0
Svanes, 1999, Childhood environment and adult atopy: results from the European Community Respiratory Health Survey, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 103, 415, 10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70465-3
Ponsonby, 1999, Relationship between early life respiratory illness, family size over time, and the development of asthma and hay fever: a seven year follow up study, Thorax, 54, 664, 10.1136/thx.54.8.664
Romagnani, 1991, Human TH1 and TH2 subsets: doubt no more, Immunol Today, 12, 256, 10.1016/0167-5699(91)90120-I
Holt, 1995, Environmental factors and primary T-cell sensitization to inhalant allergens in infancy: reappraisal of the role of infections and air pollution, Pediatr Allergy Immunol, 6, 1, 10.1111/j.1399-3038.1995.tb00250.x
Holt, 1997, Development of long-term tolerance versus sensitisation to environmental allergens during the perinatal period, Curr Opin Immunol, 9, 782, 10.1016/S0952-7915(97)80178-1
von Mutius, 1998, The influence of birth order on the expression of atopy in families: a gene-environment interaction?, Clin Exp Allergy, 28, 1454, 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1998.0280121454.x
Kramer, 1999, Age of entry to day nursery and allergy in later childhood, Lancet, 353, 450, 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)06329-6
Shirakawa, 1997, The inverse association between tuberculin responses and atopic disorder, Science, 275, 77, 10.1126/science.275.5296.77
Alm, 1997, Early BCG vaccination and development of atopy, Lancet, 350, 400, 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)02207-1
Lewis, 1998, Measles infection, measles vaccination and the effect of birth order in the aetiology of hay fever, Clin Exp Allergy, 28, 1493, 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1998.00436.x
Paunio, 2000, Measles history and atopic diseases: a population-based cross-sectional study, Jama, 283, 343, 10.1001/jama.283.3.343
Baldini, 1999, A Polymorphism* in the 5′ flanking region of the CD14 gene is associated with circulating soluble CD14 levels and with total serum immunoglobulin E, Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 20, 976, 10.1165/ajrcmb.20.5.3494
Boulet, 1997, Comparative degree and type of sensitization to common indoor and outdoor allergens in subjects with allergic rhinitis and/or asthma, Clin Exp Allergy, 27, 52, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1997.tb00672.x
Wahn, 1997, The natural course of sensitisation and atopic disease in infancy and childhood, Pediatr Allergy Immunol, 8, 16
Frosh, 1999, Prevalence of rhinitis, pillow type and past and present ownership of furred pets, Clin Exp Allergy, 29, 457, 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1999.00473.x
Hesselmar, 1999, Does early exposure to cat or dog protect against later allergy development?, Clin Exp Allergy, 29, 611, 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1999.00534.x
von-Mutius, 1994, Prevalence of asthma and atopy in two areas of West and East Germany, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 149, 358, 10.1164/ajrccm.149.2.8306030
Crockett, 1995, The changing prevalence of asthma-like respiratory symptoms in South Australian rural schoolchildren, J Paediatr Child Health, 31, 213, 10.1111/j.1440-1754.1995.tb00788.x
Edfors-Lubs, 1971, Allergy in 7,000 twin pairs, Acta Allergol, 26, 249, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1971.tb01300.x
Pedersen, 1981, Allergic rhinitis in Danish general practice. Prevalence and consultation rates, Allergy, 36, 375, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1981.tb01841.x
Braback, 1988, Prevalence of bronchial asthma among schoolchildren in a Swedish district, Acta Paediatr Scand, 77, 821, 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1988.tb10762.x
Behrendt, 1997, Air pollution and allergy: experimental studies on modulation of allergen release from pollen by air pollutants, Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 113, 69, 10.1159/000237511
Molfino, 1992, The effects of air pollution on allergic bronchial responsiveness, Clin Exp Allergy, 22, 667, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1992.tb00189.x
Yemaneberhan, 1997, Prevalence of wheeze and asthma and relation to atopy in urban and rural Ethiopia, Lancet, 350, 85, 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)01151-3
Odhiambo, 1998, Urban-rural differences in questionnaire-derived markers of asthma in Kenyan school children, Eur Respir J, 12, 1105, 10.1183/09031936.98.12051105
von-Mutius, 1992, Prevalence of asthma and allergic disorders among children in united Germany: a descriptive comparison, BMJ, 305, 1395, 10.1136/bmj.305.6866.1395
Braback, 1994, Atopic sensitization and respiratory symptoms among Polish and Swedish school children, Clin Exp Allergy, 24, 826, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1994.tb01805.x
Heinrich J, Hoelscher B, Jacob B, Wjst M, Wichmann HE. Trends in allergies among children in a region of former East Germany between 1992-1993 and 1995-1996. Eur J Med Res 19:107-13.
Heinrich, 1998, Is the prevalence of atopic diseases in East and West Germany already converging?, Eur J Epidemiol, 14, 239, 10.1023/A:1007465205976
Samet, 1993, Assessment of health effects in epidemiologic studies of air pollution, Environ Health Perspect, 4, 149, 10.1289/ehp.93101s4149
Lebowitz, 1996, Epidemiological studies of the respiratory effects of air pollution, Eur Respir J, 9, 1029, 10.1183/09031936.96.09051029
Pope Cr, 1995, Health effects of particulate air pollution: time for reassessment?, Environ Health Perspect, 103, 472, 10.1289/ehp.95103472
Calderon-Garciduenas, 1993, Nasal cytology in southwest metropolitan Mexico City inhabitants: a pilot intervention study, Environ Health Perspect, 101, 138, 10.1289/ehp.93101138
Calderon-Garciduenas, 1994, Human nasal mucosal changes after exposure to urban pollution, Environ Health Perspect, 102, 1074, 10.1289/ehp.941021074
Keles, 1999, The effects of different levels of air pollution on atopy and symptoms of allergic rhinitis, Am J Rhinol, 13, 185, 10.2500/105065899781389731
Corbo, 1993, Effects of environment on atopic status and respiratory disorders in children, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 92, 616, 10.1016/0091-6749(93)90086-U
Wongsurakiat, 1999, Respiratory symptoms and pulmonary function of traffic policemen in Thonburi, J Med Assoc Thai, 82, 435
Chen, 1998, Adverse effect of air pollution on respiratory health of primary school children in Taiwan, Environ Health Perspect, 106, 331, 10.1289/ehp.98106331
Burr, 1999, Indoor air pollution and the respiratory health of children, Pediatr Pulmonol, 18, 3, 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0496(1999)27:18+<3::AID-PPUL3>3.0.CO;2-O
Martinez, 1988, Parental smoking enhances bronchial responsiveness in nine-year-old children, Am Rev Respir Dis, 138, 518, 10.1164/ajrccm/138.3.518
Murray, 1990, It is children with atopic dermatitis who develop asthma more frequently if the mother smokes, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 86, 732, 10.1016/S0091-6749(05)80177-0
Murray, 1989, Passive smoking by asthmatics: its greater effect on boys than on girls and on older than on younger children, Pediatrics, 84, 451, 10.1542/peds.84.3.451
von-Mutius, 1996, Relation of indoor heating with asthma, allergic sensitisation, and bronchial responsiveness: survey of children in south Bavaria, BMJ, 312, 1448, 10.1136/bmj.312.7044.1448
Bechtold, 1993, Biological markers of exposure to SO2: S-sulfonates in nasal lavage, J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol, 3, 371
Hirvonen, 1999, Nitric Oxide and Proinflammatory Cytokines in Nasal Lavage Fluid Associated with Symptoms and Exposure to Moldy Building Microbes, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 160, 1943, 10.1164/ajrccm.160.6.9903023
Koren, 1990, Nasal lavage as a tool in assessing acute inflammation in response to inhaled pollutants, Toxicology, 60, 15, 10.1016/0300-483X(90)90159-E
Lee, 1996, The use of the single cell gel electrophoresis assay in detecting DNA single strand breaks in lung cells in vitro, Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 141, 195, 10.1016/S0041-008X(96)80025-1
Calderon-Garciduenas, 1997, DNA damage in nasal respiratory epithelium from children exposed to urban pollution, Environ Mol Mutagen, 30, 11, 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2280(1997)30:1<11::AID-EM3>3.0.CO;2-F
Annesi-Maesano, 1997, Relationship of upper airway disease to tobacco smoking and allergic markers: a cohort study of men followed up for 5 years, Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 114, 193, 10.1159/000237666
Jarvis, 1995, The association of age, gender and smoking with total IgE and specific IgE, Clin Exp Allergy, 25, 1083, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1995.tb03255.x
Jarvis, 1999, The association of smoking with sensitization to common environmental allergens: results from the European Community Respiratory Health Survey, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 104, 934, 10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70071-0
Venables, 1985, Interaction of smoking and atopy in producing specific IgE antibody against a hapten protein conjugate, Br Med J Clin Res, 290, 201, 10.1136/bmj.290.6463.201
Calverley, 1995, Platinum salt sensitivity in refinery workers: incidence and effects of smoking and exposure, Occup Environ Med, 52, 661, 10.1136/oem.52.10.661
Williams, 1994, Childhood eczema: disease of the advantaged?, Bmj, 308, 1132, 10.1136/bmj.308.6937.1132
Jones, 1998, The prevalence of allergic rhinitis and nasal symptoms in Nottingham, Clin Otolaryngol, 23, 547, 10.1046/j.1365-2273.1998.2360547.x
Linneberg, 1999, Increasing prevalence of allergic rhinitis symptoms in an adult Danish population, Allergy, 54, 1194, 10.1034/j.1398-9995.1999.00180.x
National health survey, 1991, 4373.0, 1
Alanko, 1970, Prevalence of asthma in a Finnish rural population, A study of symptomatic subjects tested for bronchial hyperreactivity. Scand J Respir Dis, 76, 1
Rimpela, 1995, Asthma and allergic rhinitis among Finnish adolescents in 1977-1991, Scand J Soc Med, 23, 60, 10.1177/140349489502300111
Haahtela, 1979, The prevalence of allergic conditions and immediate skin test reactions among Finnish adolescents, Clin Allergy, 9, 53, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1979.tb01522.x
Rehsteiner, 1926, Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Verbeitung des Heufiebers, Ssch Zeit Gesund, 1, 1
Wuthrich, 1989, Epidemiology of the allergic diseases: are they really on the increase?, Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol, 1, 3, 10.1159/000235067
Alm, 1999, Atopy in children of families with an anthroposophic lifestyle, Lancet, 353, 1485, 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)09344-1
Korsgaard, 1991, Epidemiology of house dust mite allergy, Allergy, 46, 14, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1991.tb00643.x
Davies, 1998, Why is allergy increasing?—environmental factors, Clin Exp Allergy, 6, 8, 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1998.0280s6008.x
Howarth, 1998, Is allergy increasing?—early life influences, Clin Exp Allergy, 6, 2, 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1998.0280s6002.x
Seaton, 1994, Increase in asthma: a more toxic environment or a more susceptible population?, Thorax, 49, 171, 10.1136/thx.49.2.171
Simola, 1999, Changes in skin and nasal sensitivity to allergens and the course of rhinitis; a long-term follow-up study, Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 82, 152, 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)62589-6
Eaton, 1982, The incidence of allergy—has it changed?, Clin Allergy, 12, 107, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1982.tb03132.x
Fleming, 1987, Prevalence of asthma and hay fever in England and Wales, Br Med J Clin Res Ed, 294, 279, 10.1136/bmj.294.6567.279
Hagy, 1971, Prognosis of positive allergy skin tests in an asymptomatic population. A three year follow-up of college students, J Allergy, 48, 200
Hagy, 1976, Risk factors for developing asthma and allergic rhinitis. A 7-year follow-up study of college students, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 58, 330, 10.1016/0091-6749(76)90139-1
Settipane, 1994, Long-term risk factors for developing asthma and allergic rhinitis: a 23-year follow-up study of college students, Allergy Proc, 15, 21, 10.2500/108854194778816634
Linna, 1992, A 10-year prognosis for childhood allergic rhinitis, Acta Paediatr, 81, 100, 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1992.tb12182.x
Danielsson, 1997, The natural course of allergic rhinitis during 12 years of follow-up, Allergy, 52, 331, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1997.tb00999.x
Viner, 1976, Retrospective survey of 1271 patients diagnosed as perennial rhinitis, Clin Allergy, 6, 251, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1976.tb01904.x
Tips, 1954, A study of inheritance of atopic hypersensitivity in lan, Am J Human Genet, 6
Gerrard, 1978, A genetic study of immunoglobulin E, Am J Hum Genet, 30, 46
Marsh, 1981, The epidemiology and genetics of atopic allergy, N Engl J Med, 305, 1551, 10.1056/NEJM198112243052603
Cookson, 1988, Dominant inheritance of atopic immunoglobulin-E responsiveness, Lancet, 1, 86, 10.1016/S0140-6736(88)90286-3
Martinez, 1994, Evidence for Mendelian inheritance of serum IgE levels in Hispanic and non-Hispanic white families, Am J Hum Genet, 55, 555
Postma, 1995, Genetic susceptibility to asthma—bronchial hyperresponsiveness coinherited with a major gene for atopy, N Engl J Med, 333, 894, 10.1056/NEJM199510053331402
Meyers, 1994, Evidence for a locus regulating total serum IgE levels mapping to chromosome 5, Genomics, 23, 464, 10.1006/geno.1994.1524
Bleecker, 1998, Mapping susceptibility genes for asthma and allergy, Clin Exp Allergy, 5, 6, 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1998.028s5006.x
Wilkinson, 1999, Candidate gene and mutational analysis in asthma and atopy, Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 118, 265, 10.1159/000024095
Marsh, 1994, Linkage analysis of IL4 and other chromosome 5q31.1 markers and total serum immunoglobulin E concentrations, Science, 264, 1152, 10.1126/science.8178175
Noguchi, 1997, Evidence for linkage between asthma/atopy in childhood and chromosome 5q31-q33 in a Japanese population, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 156, 1390, 10.1164/ajrccm.156.5.9702084
Cookson, 1989, Linkage between immunoglobulin E responses underlying asthma and rhinitis and chromosome 11q, Lancet, 1, 1292, 10.1016/S0140-6736(89)92687-1
Barnes, 1996, Linkage of asthma and total serum IgE concentration to markers on chromosome 12q: evidence from Afro-Caribbean and Caucasian populations, Genomics, 37, 41, 10.1006/geno.1996.0518
Moffatt, 1994, Genetic linkage of T-cell receptor alpha/delta complex to specific IgE responses, Lancet, 343, 1597, 10.1016/S0140-6736(94)93057-0
Noguchi, 1998, Evidence for linkage between the development of asthma in childhood and the T-cell receptor beta chain gene in Japanese, Genomics, 47, 121, 10.1006/geno.1997.5054
Mansur, 1999, Suggestive evidence for genetic linkage between IgE phenotypes and chromosome 14q markers, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 159, 1796, 10.1164/ajrccm.159.6.9804036
Deichmann, 1999, Linkage and association studies of atopy and the chromosome 11q13 region, J Med Genet, 36, 379
Daniels, 1996, A genome-wide search for quantitative trait loci underlying asthma, Nature, 383, 247, 10.1038/383247a0
Hizawa, 1998, Genetic regulation of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus-specific IgE responsiveness: a genome-wide multipoint linkage analysis in families recruited through 2 asthmatic sibs. Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Asthma (CSGA), J Allergy Clin Immunol, 102, 436, 10.1016/S0091-6749(98)70132-0
Marsh, 1982, HLA-Dw2: a genetic marker for human immune response to short ragweed pollen allergen Ra5. II. Response after ragweed immunotherapy, J Exp Med, 155, 1452, 10.1084/jem.155.5.1452
Zwollo, 1991, Sequencing of HLA-D in responders and nonresponders to short ragweed allergen, Amb a V, Immunogenetics, 33, 141, 10.1007/BF00210828
Blumenthal, 1992, HLA-DR2, [HLA-B7, SC31, DR2], and [HLA-B8, SC01, DR3] haplotypes distinguish subjects with asthma from those with rhinitis only in ragweed pollen allergy, J Immunol, 148, 411, 10.4049/jimmunol.148.2.411
Huang, 1995, A dominant T cell receptor beta-chain in response to a short ragweed allergen, Amb a 5, J Immunol, 154, 6157, 10.4049/jimmunol.154.11.6157
Doull, 1996, Allelic association of gene markers on chromosomes 5q and 11q with atopy and bronchial hyperresponsiveness, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 153, 1280, 10.1164/ajrccm.153.4.8616554
Sandford, 1993, Localisation of atopy and beta subunit of high-affinity IgE receptor (Fc epsilon RI) on chromosome 11q, Lancet, 341, 332, 10.1016/0140-6736(93)90136-5
Shirakawa, 1994, Association between atopy and variants of the beta subunit of the high-affinity immunoglobulin E receptor, Nat Genet, 7, 125, 10.1038/ng0694-125
Hill, 1995, Fc epsilon RI-beta polymorphism and risk of atopy in a general population sample, Bmj, 311, 776, 10.1136/bmj.311.7008.776
Amelung, 1998, Exclusion of chromosome 11q and the FcepsilonRI-beta gene as aetiological factors in allergy and asthma in a population of Dutch asthmatic families, Clin Exp Allergy, 28, 397, 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1998.00262.x
Kimura, 1999, Linkage and association of atopic asthma to markers on chromosome 13 in the Japanese population, Hum Mol Genet, 8, 1487, 10.1093/hmg/8.8.1487
Barnes, 1999, Dense mapping of chromosome 12q13.12-q23.3 and linkage to asthma and atopy, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 104, 485, 10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70398-2
Savolainen, 1990, IgE-, IgA- and IgG-antibody responses to carbohydrate and protein antigens of Candida albicans in asthmatic children, Allergy, 45, 54, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1990.tb01084.x
King, 1962, Isolation studies of allergens from ragweed pollen, Biochemistry, 1, 709, 10.1021/bi00910a027
Cromwell, 1997, Biochemistry of allergens, 797
Chua, 1988, Sequence analysis of cDNA coding for a major house dust mite allergen, Der p 1, Homology with cysteine proteases. J Exp Med, 167, 175
Scheiner, 1995, Basic and practical aspects of recombinant allergens, Allergy, 50, 384, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1995.tb01167.x
Sehon, 1997, New horizons in allergen immunotherapy
van-Ree, 1997, Analytical aspects of standardization of allergenic extracts, Allergy, 795, 806
Swoboda, 1995, Isoforms of Bet v 1, the major birch pollen allergen, analyzed by liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, and cDNA cloning, J Biol Chem, 270, 2607, 10.1074/jbc.270.6.2607
Lowenstein, 1995, The significance of isoallergenic variations in present and future specific immunotherapy, Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 107, 285, 10.1159/000237004
Schenk, 1995, T-cell epitopes of Phl p 1, major pollen allergen of timothy grass (Phleum pratense): evidence for crossreacting and non-crossreacting T-cell epitopes within grass group I allergens, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 96, 986, 10.1016/S0091-6749(95)70237-7
Ferreira, 1996, Induction of IgE antibodies with predefined specificity in rhesus monkeys with recombinant birch pollen allergens, Bet v 1 and Bet v 2, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 97, 95, 10.1016/S0091-6749(96)70287-7
Fedorov, 1997, Crystal structure and IgE-epitope mapping of birch pollen profilin: Molecular basis for allergen cross-reactivity, Structure, 15, 33, 10.1016/S0969-2126(97)00164-0
Gajhede, 1996, X-ray and NMR structure of Bet v1, the origin of birch pollen allergy, Nature Struct Biol, 3, 1040, 10.1038/nsb1296-1040
Smith, 1996, Reduction in IgE binding to allergen variants generated by site-directed mutagenesis: contribution of disulfide bonds to the antigenic structure of the major house dust mite allergen Der p 2, Mol Immunol, 33, 399, 10.1016/0161-5890(95)00150-6
Ferreira, 1998, Modulation of IgE reactivity of allergens by site-directed mutagenesis: potential use of hypoallergenic variants for immunotherapy, FASEB J, 12, 231, 10.1096/fasebj.12.2.231
Stewart, 1996, The biochemistry of common aeroallergens Clin Exp, Allergy, 26, 1020
Valenta, 1992, Profilins constitute a novel family of functional plant pan-allergens, J Exp Med, 175, 377, 10.1084/jem.175.2.377
Mahoney, 1997, Structure of the profilin-poly-L-proline complex involved in morphogenesis and cytoskeletal regulation, Nat Struct Biol, 4, 953, 10.1038/nsb1197-953
Bufe, 1996, The major birch pollen allergen, Bet v 1, shows ribonuclease activity, Planta, 199, 413, 10.1007/BF00195733
Swoboda, 1994, A birch gene family encoding pollen allergens and pathogenesis-related proteins, Biochim Biophys Acta, 1219, 457, 10.1016/0167-4781(94)90072-8
Huang, 1997, Characterization of a lily tapetal transcript that shares sequence similarity with a class of intracellular pathogenesis-related (IPR) proteins, Plant Mol Biol, 34, 681, 10.1023/A:1005824306560
Thomas, 1997, Molecular analysis of house dust mite allergens, 77
Platts-Mills, 1998, Indoor versus outdoor allergens in allergic respiratory disease, Curr Opin Immunol, 10, 634, 10.1016/S0952-7915(98)80081-2
Spieksma, 1997, Domestic mites from an acarologic perspective, Allergy, 52, 360, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1997.tb01012.x
Platts-Mills, 1997, Indoor allergens and asthma: report of the Third International Workshop, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 100, S2, 10.1016/S0091-6749(97)70292-6
Platts-Mills, 1992, Dust mite allergens and asthma: report of a second international workshop, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 89, 1046, 10.1016/0091-6749(92)90228-T
Morsy, 1995, Four species of house dust mites recovered from houses of patients with allergic respiratory diseases, J Egypt Soc Parasitol, 25, 195
Munir, 1995, Mite allergens in relation to home conditions and sensitization of asthmatic children from three climatic regions, Allergy, 50, 55, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1995.tb02483.x
Munir, 1995, Mite (Der p I, Der f I), cat (Fel d I) and dog (Can f I) allergens in dust from Swedish day-care centres, Clin Exp Allergy, 25, 119, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1995.tb01016.x
Placido, 1996, Indoor mite allergens in patients with respiratory allergy living in Porto, Portugal, Allergy, 51, 633, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1996.tb04683.x
Rizzo, 1997, IgE antibodies to aeroallergens in allergic children in Sao Paulo, Brazil, J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol, 7, 242
Colloff, 1991, House dust acarofauna and Der p I equivalent in Australia: the relative importance of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Euroglyphus maynei, Clin Exp Allergy, 21, 225, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1991.tb00834.x
Arruda, 1992, A review of recent immunochemical studies of Blomia tropicalis and Euroglyphus maynei allergens, Exp Appl Acarol, 16, 129, 10.1007/BF01201496
Walshaw, 1987, The effect of seasonal and domestic factors on the distribution of Euroglyphus maynei in the homes of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus allergic patients, Clin Allergy, 17, 7, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1987.tb02314.x
Colloff, 1991, A review of the biology and allergenicity of the house-dust mite Euroglyphus maynei (Acari: Pyroglyphidae) [published erratum appears in Exp Appl Acarol 1991 Sep;12:151], Exp Appl Acarol, 11, 177, 10.1007/BF01246090
Arlian, 1993, Allergenicity of the mite, Blomia tropicalis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 91, 1042, 10.1016/0091-6749(93)90218-5
Caraballo, 1994, Identification of allergens from the mite Blomia tropicalis, Clin Exp Allergy, 24, 1056, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1994.tb02743.x
Stanaland, 1994, Sensitization to Blomia tropicalis: skin test and cross-reactivity studies, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 94, 452, 10.1016/0091-6749(94)90200-3
Garcia-Robaina, 1997, Sensitization to Blomia kulagini in a general population of a subtropical region of Spain (Canary Islands), Allergy, 52, 727, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1997.tb01229.x
Fernandez-Caldas, 1993, Mite fauna, Der p I, Der f I and Blomia tropicalis allergen levels in a tropical environment, Clin Exp Allergy, 23, 292, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1993.tb00325.x
Puerta, 1993, Mite allergy in the tropics: sensitization to six domestic mite species in Cartagena, Colombia, J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol, 3, 198
Tsai, 1998, Sensitization to Blomia tropicalis among asthmatic patients in Taiwan, Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 115, 144, 10.1159/000023894
Stanaland, 1996, Positive nasal challenge responses to Blomia tropicalis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 97, 1045, 10.1016/S0091-6749(96)70256-7
Chew, 1999, Sensitization to local dust-mite fauna in Singapore, Allergy, 54, 1150, 10.1034/j.1398-9995.1999.00050.x
Pauli, 1993, Mite allergen content in mattress dust of Dermatophagoides-allergic asthmatics/rhinitics and matched controls, Clin Exp Allergy, 23, 606, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1993.tb00901.x
Pauli, 1997, The role of mattress bases in the mite infestation of dwellings, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 99, 261, 10.1016/S0091-6749(97)70107-6
van-der-Hoeven, 1992, The colonisation of new houses by house dust mites (Acari: Pyroglyphidae), Exp Appl Acarol, 16, 75, 10.1007/BF01201493
Van-Strien, 1994, Mite antigen in house dust: relationship with different housing characteristics in The Netherlands, Clin Exp Allergy, 24, 843, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1994.tb01807.x
Zock, 1994, House dust mite allergen in bedroom floor dust and respiratory health of children with asthmatic symptoms, Eur Respir J, 7, 1254, 10.1183/09031936.94.07071254
Custovic, 1994, House dust mite and cat allergen in different indoor environments, Clin Exp Allergy, 24, 1164, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1994.tb03323.x
Lintner, 1993, The effects of season, climate, and airconditioning on the prevalence of Dermatophagoides mite allergens in household dust, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 91, 862, 10.1016/0091-6749(93)90343-E
Kalra, 1992, Absence of seasonal variation in concentrations of the house dust mite allergen Der p1 in south Manchester homes, Thorax, 47, 928, 10.1136/thx.47.11.928
Platts-Mills, 1987, Seasonal variation in dust mite and grass-pollen allergens in dust from the houses of patients with asthma, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 79, 781, 10.1016/0091-6749(87)90211-9
Chan-Yeung, 1995, House dust mite allergen levels in two cities in Canada: effects of season, humidity, city and home characteristics, Clin Exp Allergy, 25, 240, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1995.tb01035.x
Lau, 1989, High mite-allergen exposure increases the risk of sensitization in atopic children and young adults, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 84, 718, 10.1016/0091-6749(89)90300-X
Sporik, 1990, Exposure to house-dust mite allergen (Der p I) and the development of asthma in childhood. A prospective study, N Engl J Med, 323, 502, 10.1056/NEJM199008233230802
Kuehr, 1994, Mite allergen exposure is a risk for the incidence of specific sensitization, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 94, 44, 10.1016/0091-6749(94)90070-1
Terho, 1987, Sensitization to storage mites and other work-related and common allergens among Finnish dairy farmers, Eur J Respir Dis Suppl, 152, 165
Iversen, 1990, Mite allergy and exposure to storage mites and house dust mites in farmers, Clin Exp Allergy, 20, 211, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1990.tb02670.x
van-Hage-Hamsten, 1985, Storage mite allergy is common in a farming population, Clin Allergy, 15, 555, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1985.tb02309.x
Bernd, 1996, Storage mite allergy in perennial rhinitis patients not sensitized to house dust mites, J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol, 6, 94
Patussi, 1994, Storage mites and their role in the onset of asthma and oculorhinitis among cattle farmers in north-east Italy, Med Lav, 85, 402
Burches, 1996, Occupational allergy due to spider mites: Tetranychus urticae (Koch) and Panonychus citri (Koch), Clin Exp Allergy, 26, 1262, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1996.tb00523.x
Delgado, 1994, Occupational rhinoconjunctivitis and asthma caused by Tetranychus urticae (red spider mite). A case report, Clin Exp Allergy, 24, 477, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1994.tb00937.x
Kim, 1999, Citrus red mite (Panonychus citri) is the most common sensitizing allergen of asthma and rhinitis in citrus farmers, Clin Exp Allergy, 29, 1102, 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1999.00607.x
Kim, 1999, Spider mite allergy in apple-cultivating farmers: european red mite (Panonychus ulmi) and two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) may be important allergens in the development of work-related asthma and rhinitis symptoms, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 104, 1285, 10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70026-6
Lutsky, 1984, Occupational asthma due to poultry mites, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 73, 56, 10.1016/0091-6749(84)90484-6
Bousquet, 1985, Occupational allergy to sunflower pollen, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 75, 70, 10.1016/0091-6749(85)90015-6
Kanerva, 1995, Occupational allergy caused by spathe flower (Spathiphyllum wallisii), Allergy, 50, 174, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1995.tb05076.x
Jimenez, 1994, Sensitization to sunflower pollen: only an occupational allergy?, Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 105, 297, 10.1159/000236772
Goldberg, 1998, Allergic responses to pollen of ornamental plants: high incidence in the general atopic population and especially among flower growers, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 102, 210, 10.1016/S0091-6749(98)70088-0
D'Amato, 1989, Allergenic pollens in the southern Mediterranean area, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 83, 116, 10.1016/0091-6749(89)90485-5
Ariano, 1994, Pollinosis in a Mediterranean area (Riviera Ligure, Italy): ten years of pollen counts, correlation with clinical sensitization and meteorological data, J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol, 4, 81
D'Amato, 1998, Pollen-related allergy in Europe, Allergy, 53, 567, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1998.tb03932.x
Cvitanovic, 1986, Allergy induced by Parietaria officinalis pollen in southern Croatia, Allergy, 41, 543, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1986.tb00341.x
Cvitanovic, 1993, Hypersensitivity to Parietaria officinalis pollen in newcomers to the area with the plant, Allergy, 48, 592, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1993.tb00754.x
Holgate, 1988, Sensitivity to Parietaria pollen in the Southampton area as determined by skin-prick and RAST tests, Clin Allergy, 18, 549, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1988.tb02906.x
Kaufman, 1990, Parietaria: an unrecognized cause of respiratory allergy in the United States, Ann Allergy, 64, 293
Botey, 1999, Parietaria allergy in children, Pediatr Pulmonol Suppl, 18, 157, 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0496(1999)27:18+<157::AID-PPUL52>3.0.CO;2-5
Lewis, 1975, Allergy epidemiology in the St. Louis, Missouri, area. III. Trees, Ann Allergy, 35, 113
Eriksson, 1978, Allergy to pollen from different deciduous trees in Sweden. An investigation with skin tests, provocation tests and the radioallergosorbent test (RAST) in springtime hay fever patients, Allergy, 33, 299, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1978.tb01555.x
Eriksson, 1984, Tree pollen allergy. II. Sensitization to various tree pollen allergens in Sweden. A multicentre study, Allergy, 39, 610, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1984.tb01981.x
Strandhede, 1984, Tree pollen allergy. I. Features of plant geography and pollen counts, Allergy, 39, 602, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1984.tb01980.x
Eriksson, 1987, Tree pollen allergy. III. Cross reactions based on results from skin prick tests and the RAST in hay fever patients. A multi-centre study, Allergy, 42, 205, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1987.tb02201.x
Laurent, 1993, Evidence for chestnut pollinosis in Paris, Clin Exp Allergy, 23, 39, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1993.tb02482.x
Bousquet, 1985, Allergy in the Mediterranean area. III: Cross reactivity among Oleaceae pollens, Clin Allergy, 15, 439, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1985.tb02293.x
Tamir, 1991, Olive pollen induces asthmatic response, Clin Exp Allergy, 21, 329, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1991.tb01664.x
Liccardi, 1996, Oleaceae pollinosis: a review, Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 111, 210, 10.1159/000237370
Varela, 1997, Platanus pollen as an important cause of pollinosis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 100, 748, 10.1016/S0091-6749(97)70268-9
Bousquet, 1984, Allergy in the Mediterranean area. I. Pollen counts and pollinosis of Montpellier, Clin Allergy, 14, 249, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1984.tb02204.x
Bousquet, 1993, Heterogeneity of atopy. I. Clinical and immunologic characteristics of patients allergic to cypress pollen, Allergy, 48, 183, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1993.tb00711.x
Caballero, 1996, Cupressaceae pollinosis in the Madrid area, Clin Exp Allergy, 26, 197, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1996.tb00080.x
Barletta, 1996, Cross-reactivity between Cupressus arizonica and Cupressus sempervirens pollen extracts, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 98, 797, 10.1016/S0091-6749(96)70129-X
Iacovacci, 1998, Juniperus oxycedrus: a new allergenic pollen from the Cupressaceae family, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 101, 755, 10.1016/S0091-6749(98)70304-5
Guerin, 1996, Allergic rhinitis to thuja pollen, Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 110, 91, 10.1159/000237317
Ganbo, 1995, Detection of specific IgE antibodies to Japanese cypress pollen in patients with nasal allergy: a comparative study with Japanese cedar, Auris Nasus Larynx, 22, 158, 10.1016/S0385-8146(12)80053-8
Ramirez, 1984, The natural history of mountain cedar pollinosis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 73, 88, 10.1016/0091-6749(84)90489-5
Bucholtz, 1985, Bald cypress tree (Taxodium distichum) pollen, an allergen, Ann Allergy, 55, 805
Solomon, 1983, Allergen carriage by atmospheric aerosol. I. Ragweed pollen determinants in smaller micronic fractions, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 72, 443, 10.1016/0091-6749(83)90579-1
Suphioglu, 1992, Mechanism of grass-pollen-induced asthma, Lancet, 339, 569, 10.1016/0140-6736(92)90864-Y
Bellomo, 1992, Two consecutive thunderstorm associated epidemics of asthma in the city of Melbourne. The possible role of rye grass pollen, Med J Aust, 156, 834, 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1992.tb136994.x
Knox, 1993, Grass pollen, thunderstorms and asthma, Clin Exp Allergy, 23, 354, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1993.tb00339.x
Venables, 1997, Thunderstorm-related asthma—the epidemic of 24/25 June 1994, Clin Exp Allergy, 27, 725, 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1997.790893.x
Scheiner, 1997, Cross-reacting allergens in tree pollen and pollen-related food allergy: implications for diagnosis of specific IgE, Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 113, 105, 10.1159/000237519
Fedorov, 1997, The molecular basis for allergen cross-reactivity: crystal structure and IgE-epitope mapping of birch pollen profilin, Structure, 5, 33, 10.1016/S0969-2126(97)00164-0
Ipsen, 1997, Basic features of crossreactivity in tree and grass pollen allergy, Clin Rev Allergy Immunol, 15, 389, 10.1007/BF02737734
Pham, 1995, Allergenic relationship between taxonomically diverse pollens, Clin Exp Allergy, 25, 599, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1995.tb01107.x
Baldo, 1992, Olive (Olea europea) and privet (Ligustrum vulgare) pollen allergens. Identification and cross-reactivity with grass pollen proteins, Mol Immunol, 29, 1209, 10.1016/0161-5890(92)90057-5
Batanero, 1996, Ole e 3, an olive-tree allergen, belongs to a widespread family of pollen proteins, Eur J Biochem, 241, 772, 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1996.00772.x
Hirschwehr, 1992, Identification of common allergenic structures in hazel pollen and hazelnuts: a possible explanation for sensitivity to hazelnuts in patients allergic to tree pollen, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 90, 927, 10.1016/0091-6749(92)90465-E
Pham, 1994, Cypress pollen allergy. Identification of allergens and crossreactivity between divergent species, Clin Exp Allergy, 24, 558, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1994.tb00953.x
Corbi, 1985, Allergenic cross-reactivity among pollens of Urticaceae, Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol, 77, 377, 10.1159/000233812
Bousquet, 1986, Allergy in the Mediterranean area. II: Cross-allergenicity among Urticaceae pollens (Parietaria and Urtica), Clin Allergy, 16, 57, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1986.tb01954.x
Leiferman, 1976, The cross-reactivity of IgE antibodies with pollen allergens. II. Analyses of various species of ragweed and other fall weed pollens, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 58, 140, 10.1016/0091-6749(76)90149-4
Fernandez, 1993, Analysis of cross-reactivity between sunflower pollen and other pollens of the Compositae family, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 92, 660, 10.1016/0091-6749(93)90008-4
Hirschwehr, 1998, Identification of common allergenic structures in mugwort and ragweed pollen, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 101, 196, 10.1016/S0091-6749(98)70384-7
Freidhoff, 1986, A study of the human immune response to Lolium perenne (rye) pollen and its components, Lol p I and Lol p II (rye I and rye II). I. Prevalence of reactivity to the allergens and correlations among skin test, IgE antibody, and IgG antibody data, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 78, 1190, 10.1016/0091-6749(86)90271-X
Hiller, 1997, Mapping of an allergenically important determinant of grass group I allergens, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 100, 335, 10.1016/S0091-6749(97)70246-X
Mourad, 1988, Study of the epitope structure of purified Dac G I and Lol p I, the major allergens of Dactylis glomerata and Lolium perenne pollens, using monoclonal antibodies, J Immunol, 141, 3486, 10.4049/jimmunol.141.10.3486
Matthiesen, 1991, Characterization of the major allergen of Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass) pollen, Cyn d I, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 88, 763, 10.1016/0091-6749(91)90184-P
Lovborg, 1998, A species-specific monoclonal antibody to Cynodon dactylon, Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 117, 220, 10.1159/000024014
Phillips, 1989, Bahia grass pollen, a significant aeroallergen: evidence for the lack of clinical cross-reactivity with timothy grass pollen, Ann Allergy, 63, 503
Gordon, 1997, Allergy to furred animals, Clin Exp Allergy, 27, 479, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1997.tb00734.x
Luczynska, 1990, Airborne concentrations and particle size distribution of allergen derived from domestic cats (Felis domesticus). Measurements using cascade impactor, liquid impinger, and a two-site monoclonal antibody assay for Fel d I, Am Rev Respir Dis, 141, 361, 10.1164/ajrccm/141.2.361
Wood, 1989, Eggleston PA. The effect of cat removal on allergen content in household-dust samples, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 83, 730, 10.1016/0091-6749(89)90006-7
Berge, 1998, Concentrations of cat (Fel d1), dog (Can f1) and mite (Der f1 and Der p1) allergens in the clothing and school environment of Swedish schoolchildren with and without pets at home, Pediatr Allergy Immunol, 9, 25, 10.1111/j.1399-3038.1998.tb00296.x
Perzanowski, 1999, Relevance of allergens from cats and dogs to asthma in the northernmost province of Sweden: schools as a major site of exposure, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 103, 1018, 10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70173-9
Almqvist, 1999, School as a risk environment for children allergic to cats and a site for transfer of cat allergen to homes, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 103, 1012, 10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70172-7
Custovic, 1996, Domestic allergens in public places. II: Dog (Can f1) and cockroach (Bla g 2) allergens in dust and mite, cat, dog and cockroach allergens in the air in public buildings, Clin Exp Allergy, 26, 1246, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1996.tb00521.x
Bollinger, 1996, Cat antigen in homes with and without cats may induce allergic symptoms, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 97, 907, 10.1016/S0091-6749(96)80064-9
Konieczny, 1997, The major dog allergens, Can f 1 and Can f 2, are salivary lipocalin proteins: cloning and immunological characterization of the recombinant forms, Immunology, 92, 577, 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1997.00386.x
Spitzauer, 1991, Allergen profiles of dog hair and dander, body fluids and tissues as defined by immunoblotting, Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol, 94, 346, 10.1159/000235399
Wuthrich, 1985, Cross-allergenicity between extracts of hair from different dog breeds and cat fur, Clin Allergy, 15, 87, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1985.tb02260.x
Boutin, 1988, Allergenicity and cross-reactivity of cat and dog allergenic extracts, Clin Allergy, 18, 287, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1988.tb02871.x
Spitzauer, 1994, Molecular characterization of dog albumin as a cross-reactive allergen, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 93, 614, 10.1016/S0091-6749(94)70073-7
Spitzauer, 1997, Major cat and dog allergens share IgE epitopes, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 99, 100
Berrens, 1978, Allergy to horse dander allergens, Clin Allergy, 8, 311, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1978.tb03229.x
Gregoire, 1996, cDNA cloning and sequencing reveal the major horse allergen Equ c1 to be a glycoprotein member of the lipocalin superfamily, J Biol Chem, 271, 32951, 10.1074/jbc.271.51.32951
Goubran Botros, 1996, Cross-antigenicity of horse serum albumin with dog and cat albumins: study of three short peptides with significant inhibitory activity towards specific human IgE and IgG antibodies, Immunology, 88, 340, 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1996.d01-669.x
van-Ketel, 1982, A farmer with allergy to cows. Contact, Dermatitis, 8, 279, 10.1111/j.1600-0536.1982.tb04224.x
Prahl, 1981, Allergens in cow hair and dander. Origin of cow allergens in the environment, Allergy, 36, 561, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1981.tb01874.x
Virtanen, 1996, Immune reactivity of cow-asthmatic dairy farmers to the major allergen of cow (BDA20) and to other cow-derived proteins. The use of purified BDA20 increases the performance of diagnostic tests in respiratory cow allergy, Clin Exp Allergy, 26, 188, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1996.tb00079.x
Gillespie, 1985, Inhalant allergy to wild animals (deer and elk), Ann Allergy, 55, 122
Bush, 1998, Laboratory animal allergy, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 102, 99, 10.1016/S0091-6749(98)70060-0
Krakowiak, 1999, Allergy to laboratory animals in children of parents occupationally exposed to mice, rats and hamsters, Eur Respir J, 14, 352, 10.1183/09031936.99.14235299
Slovak, 1981, Laboratory animal allergy: a clinical survey of an exposed population, Br J Ind Med, 38, 38
Sjostedt, 1993, A follow-up study of laboratory animal exposed workers: the influence of atopy for the development of occupational asthma, Am J Ind Med, 24, 459, 10.1002/ajim.4700240410
Renstrom, 1994, Prospective study of laboratory-animal allergy: factors predisposing to sensitization and development of allergic symptoms, Allergy, 49, 548, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1994.tb01127.x
Venables, 1988, Smoking, atopy, and laboratory animal allergy, Br J Ind Med, 45, 667
Heederik, 1999, Exposure-response relationships for work-related sensitization in workers exposed to rat urinary allergens: results from a pooled study, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 103, 678, 10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70242-3
Wahn, 1980, Siraganian RP. Studies on the allergenic significance and structure of rat serum albumin, J Immunol, 125, 2544, 10.4049/jimmunol.125.6.2544
Tariq, 1996, Sensitization to Alternaria and Cladosporium by the age of 4 years, Clin Exp Allergy, 26, 794, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1996.tb00610.x
Malling, 1986, Diagnosis and immunotherapy of mould allergy. III. Diagnosis of Cladosporium allergy by means of symptom score, bronchial provocation test, skin prick test, RAST, CRIE and histamine release, Allergy, 41, 57, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1986.tb00276.x
Fadel, 1992, Alternaria spore and mycelium sensitivity in allergic patients: in vivo and in vitro studies, Ann Allergy, 69, 329
Corsico, 1998, Prevalence of sensitization to Alternaria in allergic patients in Italy, Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 80, 71, 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)62943-2
Solomon, 1976, A volumetric study of winter fungus prevalence in the air of midwestern homes, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 57, 46, 10.1016/0091-6749(76)90078-6
Moustafa, 1976, A study of fungal spore poupulations in the atmosphere of Kuwait, Mycopathologia, 59, 29, 10.1007/BF00491201
Torras, 1981, Air-borne fungi in the air of Barcelona (Spain). IV. The genus Cladosporium, Mycopathologia, 74, 19, 10.1007/BF00441437
Beaumont, 1984, A volumetricaerobiologic study of seasonal fungus prevalence inside and outside dwellings of asthmatic patients living in northeast Netherlands, Ann Allergy, 53, 486
Olonitola, 1994, Fungal spores in the homes of asthmatic patients in Zaria, Nigeria, Ann Allergy, 73, 273
Li, 1995, Fungus allergens inside and outside the residences of atopic and control children [published erratum appears in Arch Environ Health 1996 Jan-Feb;51:87], Arch Environ Health, 50, 38, 10.1080/00039896.1995.9955011
Pumhirun, 1997, Aeroallergen sensitivity of Thai patients with allergic rhinitis, Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol, 15, 183
Sneller, 1987, Comparison of airborne fungi in evaporative cooled and air conditioned homes, Ann Allergy, 59, 317
Katz, 1999, Indoor survey of moulds and prevalence of mould atopy in Israel, Clin Exp Allergy, 29, 186, 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1999.00403.x
Jaakkola, 1993, Home dampness and molds as determinants of respiratory symptoms and asthma in pre-school children, J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol, 1, 129
Yang, 1997, Damp housing conditions and respiratory symptoms in primary school children, Pediatr Pulmonol, 24, 73, 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0496(199708)24:2<73::AID-PPUL1>3.0.CO;2-J
Rylander, 1999, Introduction and Summary: Workshop on Children's Health and Indoor Mold Exposure, Environ Health Perspect, 3, 465, 10.1289/ehp.99107s3465
Etzel, 1999, Indoor Mold and Children's Health, Environ Health Perspect, 3, 463, 10.1289/ehp.107-1566224
Baldo, 1988, Inhalant allergies to fungi: reactions to bakers' yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and identification of bakers' yeast enolase as an important allergen, Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol, 86, 201, 10.1159/000234572
Lindgren, 1995, Occurrence and clinical features of sensitization to Pityrosporum orbiculare and other allergens in children with atopic dermatitis, Acta Derm Venereol, 75, 300, 10.2340/0001555575300304
Nordvall, 1990, IgE antibodies to Pityrosporum orbiculare in children with atopic diseases, Acta Paediatr Scand, 79, 343, 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1990.tb11467.x
Savolainen, 1993, Candida albicans and atopic dermatitis, Clin Exp Allergy, 23, 332, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1993.tb00331.x
Morita, 1999, An assessment of the role of Candida albicans antigen in atopic dermatitis, J Dermatol, 26, 282, 10.1111/j.1346-8138.1999.tb03473.x
Koivikko, 1988, Allergenic cross-reactivity of yeasts, Allergy, 43, 192, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1988.tb00418.x
Lehrer, 1994, Prevalence of basidiomycete allergy in the USA and Europe and its relationship to allergic respiratory symptoms, Allergy, 49, 460, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1994.tb00840.x
Symington, 1981, Type I allergy in mushroom soup processors, Clin Allergy, 11, 43, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1981.tb01564.x
Baur, 1992, Insect hemoglobins (Chi tI) of the diptera family Chironomidae are relevant environmental, occupational, and hobby-related allergens, Int Arch Occup Environ Health, 64, 185, 10.1007/BF00380907
van-Kampen, 1994, Chironomidae hemoglobin allergy in Japanese, Swedish, and German populations, Allergy, 49, 9, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1994.tb00766.x
Lugo, 1994, A new risk of occupational disease: allergic asthma and rhinoconjunctivitis in persons working with beneficial arthropods. Preliminary data, Int Arch Occup Environ Health, 65, 291, 10.1007/BF00405691
Kang, 1991, Cockroach-allergen study: allergen patterns of three common cockroach species probed by allergic sera collected in two cities, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 87, 1073, 10.1016/0091-6749(91)92152-Q
Garcia, 1994, Cockroach allergy in Kentucky: a comparison of inner city, suburban, and rural small town populations, Ann Allergy, 72, 203
Barnes, 1996, Quality of housing and allergy to cockroaches in the Dominican Republic, Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 109, 68, 10.1159/000237233
Lan, 1988, Cockroach hypersensitivity: preliminary study of allergic cockroach asthma in Taiwan, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 82, 736, 10.1016/0091-6749(88)90072-3
Sakaguchi, 1994, Sensitization to cockroach allergens of asthma patients in Japan, Arerugi, 43, 1309
Riario-Sforza, 1997, Sensitization to cockroach in Italy: a multicentric study, Allergy Asthma Proc, 18, 23, 10.2500/108854197778612790
Sastre, 1996, Allergy to cockroaches in patients with asthma and rhinitis in an urban area (Madrid), Allergy, 51, 582, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1996.tb00116.x
Rosenstreich, 1997, The role of cockroach allergy and exposure to cockroach allergen in causing morbidity among inner-city children with asthma, N Engl J Med, 336, 1356, 10.1056/NEJM199705083361904
Eggleston, 1998, Relationship of indoor allergen exposure to skin test sensitivity in inner-city children with asthma, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 102, 563, 10.1016/S0091-6749(98)70272-6
Kay, 1983, The prevalence of asthma and rhinitis in a Sudanese community seasonally exposed to a potent airborne allergen (the “green nimitti” midge, Cladotanytarsus lewisi), J Allergy Clin Immunol, 71, 345, 10.1016/0091-6749(83)90090-8
Cranston, 1983, Immediate-type skin reactivity to extracts of the ‘green nimitti' midge, (Cladotanytarsus lewisi), and other chironomids in asthmatic subjects in the Sudan and Egypt, Ann Trop Med Parasitol, 77, 527, 10.1080/00034983.1983.11811746
Axelsson, 1987, A new indoor allergen from a common non-flowering plant, Allergy, 42, 604, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1987.tb00391.x
Brehler, 1998, Cross-reactivity between Ficus benjamina (weeping fig) and natural rubber latex, Allergy, 53, 402, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1998.tb03912.x
Bircher, 1995, The allergen of Ficus benja-mina in house dust, Clin Exp Allergy, 25, 228, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1995.tb01033.x
Pepys, 1973, Clinical and immunological responses to enzymes of Bacillus subtilis in factory workers and consumers, Clin Allergy, 3, 143, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1973.tb01318.x
Flood, 1985, Lung function, atopy, specific hypersensitivity, and smoking of workers in the enzyme detergent industry over 11 years, Br J Ind Med, 42, 43
Bernstein, 1999, Immune responses in farm workers after exposure to Bacillus thuringiensis pesticides, Environ Health Perspect, 107, 575, 10.1289/ehp.99107575
Hourihane, 1997, Clinical characteristics of peanut allergy, Clin Exp Allergy, 27, 634, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1997.tb01190.x
Bousquet, 1998, Scientific criteria and the selection of allergenic foods for product labelling, Allergy, 53, 3, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1998.tb04987.x
Baur, 1996, Heating inactivates the enzymatic activity and partially inactivates the allergenic activity of Asp o2, Clin Exp Allergy, 26, 232, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1996.tb00084.x
Bjorksten, 1980, Extraction and properties of apple allergens, Allergy, 35, 671, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1980.tb02020.x
Malanin, 1995, Anaphylactic reaction caused by neoallergens in heated pecan nut, Allergy, 50, 988, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1995.tb02513.x
Metcalfe, 1996, Assessment of the allergenic potential of foods derived from genetically engineered crop plants, Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 36, S165, 10.1080/10408399609527763
Nordlee, 1996, Identification of a Brazil-nut allergen in transgenic soybeans, N Engl J Med, 334, 688, 10.1056/NEJM199603143341103
Eriksson, 1982, Food hypersensitivity in patients with pollen allergy, Allergy, 37, 437, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1982.tb02323.x
Pastorello, 1996, Identification of the allergenic components of kiwi fruit and evaluation of their cross-reactivity with timothy and birch pollens, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 98, 601, 10.1016/S0091-6749(96)70094-5
Ebner, 1991, Common epitopes of birch pollen and apples—studies by western and northern blot, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 88, 588, 10.1016/0091-6749(91)90152-E
Bauer, 1996, IgE cross-reactivity between birch pollen, mugwort pollen and celery is due to at least three distinct cross-reacting allergens: immunoblot investigation of the birch-mugwort-celery syndrome, Clin Exp Allergy, 26, 1161, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1996.tb00503.x
Pauli, 1985, Celery sensitivity: clinical and immunological correlations with pollen allergy, Clin Allergy, 15, 273, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1985.tb02285.x
Wuthrich, 1990, Celery allergy associated with birch and mugwort pollinosis, Allergy, 45, 566, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1990.tb00941.x
Enberg, 1987, Watermelon and ragweed share allergens, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 79, 867, 10.1016/0091-6749(87)90234-X
Garcia Ortiz, 1995, Melon sensitivity shares allergens with Plantago and grass pollens, Allergy, 50, 269, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1995.tb01145.x
Jones, 1995, Immunologic cross-reactivity among cereal grains and grasses in children with food hypersensitivity, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 96, 341, 10.1016/S0091-6749(95)70053-6
M'Raihi, 1991, Cross-reactivity between latex and banana, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 87, 129, 10.1016/0091-6749(91)90224-C
Moller, 1998, Determination and characterization of cross-reacting allergens in latex, avocado, banana, and kiwi fruit, Allergy, 53, 289, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1998.tb03889.x
Burks, 1999, Peanut-Induced Anaphylactic Reactions, Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 119, 165, 10.1159/000024191
Breiteneder, 1995, Molecular characterization of Api g 1, the major allergen of celery (Apium graveolens), and its immunological and structural relationships to a group of 17-kDa tree pollen allergens, Eur J Biochem, 233, 484, 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1995.484_2.x
Menz, 1996, Serological and skin-test diagnosis of birch pollen allergy with recombinant Bet v I, the major birch pollen allergen, Clin Exp Allergy, 26, 50, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1996.tb00056.x
Valenta, 1991, Identification of profilin as a novel pollen allergen; IgE autoreactivity in sensitized individuals, Science, 253, 557, 10.1126/science.1857985
Ebner, 1996, Identification of allergens in apple, pear, celery, carrot and potato: cross-reactivity with pollen allergens, Monogr Allergy, 32, 73
Hoffmann-Sommergruber, 1999, IgE reactivity to Api g 1, a major celery allergen, in a Central European population is based on primary sensitization by Bet v 1, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 104, 478, 10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70397-0
Pastorello, 1994, Allergenic cross-reactivity among peach, apricot, plum, and cherry in patients with oral allergy syndrome: an in vivo and in vitro study, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 94, 699, 10.1016/0091-6749(94)90177-5
Ebner, 1995, Identification of allergens in fruits and vegetables: IgE crossreactivities with the important birch pollen allergens Bet v 1 and Bet v 2 (birch profilin), J Allergy Clin Immunol, 95, 962, 10.1016/S0091-6749(95)70096-X
Sanchez-Monge, 1999, Lipid-transfer proteins are relevant allergens in fruit allergy, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 103, 514, 10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70479-3
Pastorello, 1999, The major allergen of peach (Prunus persica) is a lipid transfer protein, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 103, 520, 10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70480-X
Malo, 1997, Prevalence and intensity of rhinoconjunctivitis in subjects with occupational asthma, Eur Respir J, 10, 1513, 10.1183/09031936.97.10071513
Hytonen, 1997, The risk of occupational rhinitis, Int Arch Occup Environ Health, 69, 487, 10.1007/s004200050178
Nutter, 1979, Contact urticaria to rubber, Br J Dermatol, 101, 597, 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1979.tb11893.x
Wakelin, 1999, Natural rubber latex allergy, Clin Exp Dermatol, 24, 245, 10.1046/j.1365-2230.1999.00470.x
Sussman, 1998, Incidence of latex sensitization among latex glove users, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 101, 171, 10.1016/S0091-6749(98)70381-1
Baur, 1993, Health risk in hospitals through airborne allergens for patients presensitised to latex, Lancet, 342, 1148, 10.1016/0140-6736(93)92127-F
Liss, 1997, Latex allergy: epidemiological study of 1351 hospital workers, Occup Environ Med, 54, 335, 10.1136/oem.54.5.335
Tarlo, 1997, Latex sensitivity in dental students and staff: a cross-sectional study, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 99, 396, 10.1016/S0091-6749(97)70058-7
Kujala, 1999, A review of current literature on epidemiology of immediate glove irritation and latex allergy, Occup Med, 49, 3, 10.1093/occmed/49.1.3
Tarlo, 1990, Occupational asthma caused by latex in a surgical glove manufacturing plant, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 85, 626, 10.1016/0091-6749(90)90103-B
Bernardini, 1998, Prevalence of and risk factors for latex sensitization in patients with spina bifida, J Urol, 160, 1775, 10.1016/S0022-5347(01)62403-0
Masuyama, 1998, Latex allergy in a dental nurse: late nasal response associated with eosinophil recruitment and Th2-type cytokine messenger RNA expression, Int Allergol, 47, 103, 10.2332/allergolint.47.103
Raulf-Heimsoth M, Wirtz C, Papenfuss F, Baur X. Nasal lavage mediator profile and cellular composition of nasal brushing material during latex challenge tests. Clin Exp Allergy ;30:110-21.
Jaeger, 1992, Latex-specific proteins causing immediate-type cutaneous, nasal, bronchial, and systemic reactions, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 89, 759, 10.1016/0091-6749(92)90385-F
Hamilton, 1998, Diagnosis of natural rubber latex allergy: multicenter latex skin testing efficacy study. Multicenter Latex Skin Testing Study Task Force, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 102, 482, 10.1016/S0091-6749(98)70139-3
Turjanmaa, 1997, Latex allergy diagnosis: in vivo and in vitro standardization of a natural rubber latex extract, Allergy, 52, 41, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1997.tb02544.x
Sari-Minodier, 1999, Prevalence of self-reported respiratory symptoms in workers exposed to isocyanates, J Occup Environ Med, 41, 582, 10.1097/00043764-199907000-00006
Yokota, 1999, Exposure-response relationships in rhinitis and conjunctivitis caused by methyltetrahydrophthalic anhydride, Int Arch Occup Environ Health, 72, 14, 10.1007/s004200050328
Piirila, 1997, Rhinitis caused by ninhydrin develops into occupational asthma, Eur Respir J, 10, 1918, 10.1183/09031936.97.10081918
Moscato, 1995, Occupational asthma, rhinitis and urticaria due to piperacillin sodium in a pharmaceutical worker, Eur Respir J, 8, 467, 10.1183/09031936.95.08030467
Moscato, 1997, Occupational asthma and rhinitis caused by 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one in a chemical worker, Occup Med Oxf, 47, 249, 10.1093/occmed/47.4.249
Bousquet, 1991, Allergy to formaldehyde and ethylene-oxide, Clin Rev Allergy, 9, 357, 10.1007/BF02802313
Maurice, 1986, Anaphylactic shock caused by formaldehyde in a patient undergoing long-term hemodialysis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 77, 594, 10.1016/0091-6749(86)90351-9
Dykewicz, 1991, Serum IgE and IgG to formaldehyde-human serum albumin: lack of relation to gaseous formaldehyde exposure and symptoms, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 87, 48, 10.1016/0091-6749(91)90212-7
Norback, 1995, Asthmatic symptoms and volatile organic compounds, formaldehyde, and carbon dioxide in dwellings, Occup Environ Med, 52, 388, 10.1136/oem.52.6.388
Wantke, 1996, Exposure to gaseous formaldehyde induces IgE-mediated sensitization to formaldehyde in school-children, Clin Exp Allergy, 26, 276, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1996.tb00092.x
Smedley, 1996, Is formaldehyde an important cause of allergic respiratory disease?, Clin Exp Allergy, 26, 247, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1996.tb00087.x
Baur, 1999, Baker's asthma: causes and prevention, Int Arch Occup Environ Health, 72, 292, 10.1007/s004200050377
Musk, 1989, Respiratory symptoms, lung function, and sensitisation to flour in a British bakery, Br J Ind Med, 46, 636
Brisman, 1999, Bakery work, atopy and the incidence of self-reported hay fever and rhinitis, Eur Respir J, 13, 502, 10.1183/09031936.99.13350299
Baur, 1998, Baker's asthma: still among the most frequent occupational respiratory disorders, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 102, 984, 10.1016/S0091-6749(98)70337-9
Brisman, 1999, Bakery work, atopy and the incidence of self-reported hay fever and rhinitis, Eur Respir J, 13, 502, 10.1183/09031936.99.13350299
Brisman, 1998, Nasal symptoms and indices of nasal inflammation in flour-dust-exposed bakers, Int Arch Occup Environ Health, 71, 525, 10.1007/s004200050318
Larese, 1998, Sensitization to green coffee beans and work-related allergic symptoms in coffee workers, Am J Ind Med, 34, 623, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0274(199812)34:6<623::AID-AJIM11>3.0.CO;2-R
Pepys, 1985, A longitudinal study of possible allergy to enzyme detergents, Clin Allergy, 15, 101, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1985.tb02262.x
Johnsen, 1997, Allergy risk in an enzyme producing plant: a retrospective follow up study, Occup Environ Med, 54, 671, 10.1136/oem.54.9.671
Park, 1997, New occupational allergen in a pharmaceutical industry: serratial peptidase and lysozyme chloride, Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 78, 225, 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)63392-3
Giavina, 1997, Castro FF, Machado ML, Duarte AJ. Occupational respiratory allergic disease induced by Passiflora alata and Rhamnus purshiana, Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 79, 449, 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)63042-6
Wilhelmsson, 1984, Nasal hypersensitivity in wood furniture workers. An allergological and immunological investigation with special reference to mould and wood, Allergy, 39, 586, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1984.tb01978.x
Kanerva, 1993, Occupational allergic rhinitis in Finland, Int Arch Occup Environ Health, 64, 565, 10.1007/BF00517702
Fernandez-Rivas, 1997, Occupational asthma and rhinitis caused by ash (Fraxinus excelsior) wood dust, Allergy, 52, 196, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1997.tb00974.x
Health effects of outdoor air pollution, 1996, Committee of the Environmental and Occupational Health Assembly of the American Thoracic Society, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 153, 3, 10.1164/ajrccm.153.1.8542133
Burr, 1999, Indoor air pollution and the respiratory health of children, Pediatr Pulmonol, 18, 3, 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0496(1999)27:18+<3::AID-PPUL3>3.0.CO;2-O
Volkmer, 1995, The prevalence of respiratory symptoms in South Australian preschool children. II. Factors associated with indoor air quality, J Paediatr Child Health, 31, 116, 10.1111/j.1440-1754.1995.tb00758.x
Ostro, 1994, Indoor air pollution and asthma. Results from a panel study, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 149, 1400, 10.1164/ajrccm.149.6.8004290
Kerkhof, 1999, The effect of gas cooking on bronchial hyperresponsiveness and the role of immunoglobulin E, Eur Respir J, 14, 839, 10.1034/j.1399-3003.1999.14d20.x
Wardlaw, 1995, Air pollution and allergic disease. Report of a Working Party of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Clin Exp Allergy, 3, 6
Linn, 1996, Short-term air pollution exposures and responses in Los Angeles area schoolchildren, J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol, 6, 449
Schierhorn, 1997, Ozone-induced augmentation of eicosanoid metabolism in human nasal mucosa in vitro, Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 113, 312, 10.1159/000237585
Devlin, 1991, Exposure of humans to ambient levels of ozone for 6.6 hours causes cellular and biochemical changes in the lung, Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 4, 72, 10.1165/ajrcmb/4.1.72
Graham, 1990, Biomarkers of inflammation in ozone-exposed humans. Comparison of the nasal and bronchoalveolar lavage, Am Rev Respir Dis, 142, 152, 10.1164/ajrccm/142.1.152
McBride, 1994, Inflammatory effects of ozone in the upper airways of subjects with asthma, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 149, 1192, 10.1164/ajrccm.149.5.8173759
Frischer, 1993, Ambient ozone causes upper airways inflammation in children, Am Rev Respir Dis, 148, 961, 10.1164/ajrccm/148.4_Pt_1.961
Peden, 1995, Devlin RB. Ozone exposure has both a priming effect on allergen-induced responses and an intrinsic inflammatory action in the nasal airways of perennially allergic asthmatics, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 151, 1336, 10.1164/ajrccm.151.5.7735583
Michelson, 1999, Ozone effects on the immediate-phase response to allergen in the nasal airways of allergic asthmatic subjects, Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 120, 225, 10.1016/S0194-5998(99)70411-0
Kopp, 1999, Upper airway inflammation in children exposed to ambient ozone and potential signs of adaptation, Eur Respir J, 14, 854, 10.1034/j.1399-3003.1999.14d22.x
Zwick, 1991, Effects of ozone on the respiratory health, allergic sensitization, and cellular immune system in children [published erratum appears in Am Rev Respir Dis 1992 Apr;145:980], Am Rev Respir Dis, 144, 1075, 10.1164/ajrccm/144.5.1075
McManus, 1989, Human nasal epithelium: characterization and effects of in vitro exposure to sulfur dioxide, Exp Lung Res, 15, 849, 10.3109/01902148909069631
Koenig, 1988, Indoor and outdoor pollutants and the upper respiratory tract, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 81, 1055, 10.1016/0091-6749(88)90180-7
Braun-Fahrlander, 1992, Air pollution and respiratory symptoms in preschool children, Am Rev Respir Dis, 145, 42, 10.1164/ajrccm/145.1.42
Seaton, 1995, Particulate air pollution and acute health effects, Lancet, 345, 176, 10.1016/S0140-6736(95)90173-6
Pope Cd, 1991, Respiratory health and PM10 pollution. A daily time series analysis, Am Rev Respir Dis, 144, 668, 10.1164/ajrccm/144.3_Pt_1.668
Pope Cd, 1992, Acute health effects of PM10 pollution on symptomatic and asymptomatic children, Am Rev Respir Dis, 145, 1123, 10.1164/ajrccm/145.5.1123
Imbus, 1985, Clinical evaluation of patients with complaints related to formaldehyde exposure, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 76, 831, 10.1016/0091-6749(85)90757-2
Frew, 1997, Diesel exhaust particles and respiratory allergy, Clin Exp Allergy, 27, 237, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1997.tb00700.x
Nel, 1998, Enhancement of allergic inflammation by the interaction between diesel exhaust particles and the immune system, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 102, 539, 10.1016/S0091-6749(98)70269-6
Diaz-Sanchez, 1997, Combined diesel exhaust particulate and ragweed allergen challenge markedly enhances human in vivo nasal ragweed-specific IgE and skews cytokine production to a T helper cell 2-type pattern, J Immunol, 158, 2406, 10.4049/jimmunol.158.5.2406
Diaz-Sanchez, 1996, Enhanced nasal cytokine production in human beings after in vivo challenge with diesel exhaust particles, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 98, 114, 10.1016/S0091-6749(96)70233-6
Boland, 1999, Diesel exhaust particles are taken up by human airway epithelial cells in vitro and alter cytokine production, Am J Physiol, 276, L604
Fahy, 1999, Effects of diesel organic extracts on chemokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 103, 1115, 10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70187-9
Muranaka, 1986, Adjuvant activity of diesel-exhaust particulates for the production of IgE antibody in mice, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 77, 616, 10.1016/0091-6749(86)90355-6
Takafuji, 1987, Diesel-exhaust particulates inoculated by the intranasal route have an adjuvant activity for IgE production in mice, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 79, 639, 10.1016/S0091-6749(87)80161-6
Kanoh, 1996, Adjuvant activities of pyrene, anthracene, fluoranthene and benzo(a) pyrene in production of anti-IgE antibody to Japanese cedar pollen allergen in mice, J Clin Lab Immunol, 48, 133
Takano, 1997, Diesel exhaust particles enhance antigen-induced airway inflammation and local cytokine expression in mice, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 156, 36, 10.1164/ajrccm.156.1.9610054
Miyabara, 1998, Diesel exhaust enhances allergic airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness in mice, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 157, 1138, 10.1164/ajrccm.157.4.9708066
Fujieda, 1998, Combined nasal challenge with diesel exhaust particles and allergen induces In vivo IgE isotype switching, Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 19, 507, 10.1165/ajrcmb.19.3.3143
Terada, 1999, Diesel exhaust particulates upregulate histamine receptor mRNA and increase histamine-induced IL-8 and GM-CSF production in nasal epithelial cells and endothelial cells, Clin Exp Allergy, 29, 52, 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1999.00406.x
Steerenberg, 1998, Diesel exhaust particles induced release of interleukin 6 and 8 by (primed) human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS 2B) in vitro, Exp Lung Res, 24, 85, 10.3109/01902149809046056
Bayram, 1998, Comparison of ciliary activity and inflammatory mediator release from bronchial epithelial cells of nonatopic nonasthmatic subjects and atopic asthmatic patients and the effect of diesel exhaust particles in vitro, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 102, 771, 10.1016/S0091-6749(98)70017-X
Devalia, 1999, Differences between cytokine release from bronchial epithelial cells of asthmatic patients and non-asthmatic subjects: effect of exposure to diesel exhaust particles, Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 118, 437, 10.1159/000024157
Ohtoshi, 1998, Diesel exhaust particles stimulate human airway epithelial cells to produce cytokines relevant to airway inflammation in vitro, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 101, 778, 10.1016/S0091-6749(98)70307-0
Knox, 1997, Major grass pollen allergen Lol p 1 binds to diesel exhaust particles: implications for asthma and air pollution, Clin Exp Allergy, 27, 246, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1997.tb00702.x
Takenaka, 1995, Enhanced human IgE production results from exposure to the aromatic hydrocarbons from diesel exhaust: direct effects on B-cell IgE production, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 95, 103, 10.1016/S0091-6749(95)70158-3
Miyamoto, 1997, Epidemiology of pollution-induced airway disease in Japan, Allergy, 52, 30, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1997.tb04867.x
Ishizaki, 1987, Studies of prevalence of Japanese cedar pollinosis among the residents in a densely cultivated area, Ann Allergy, 58, 265
Bascom, 1996, Tobacco smoke upper respiratory response relationships in healthy nonsmokers, Fundam Appl Toxicol, 29, 86, 10.1006/faat.1996.0009
Jinot, 1996, Respiratory health effects of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, Rev Environ Health, 11, 89, 10.1515/REVEH.1996.11.3.89
Bascom, 1991, Upper respiratory tract environmental tobacco smoke sensitivity, Am Rev Respir Dis, 143, 1304, 10.1164/ajrccm/143.6.1304
Gleich, 1980, Allergy to tobacco: an occupational hazard, N Engl J Med, 302, 617, 10.1056/NEJM198003133021107
Ortega, 1999, Tobacco allergy: demonstration of cross-reactivity with other members of Solanaceae family and mugwort pollen, Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 82, 194, 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)62596-3
Bascom, 1995, Sidestream tobacco smoke exposure acutely alters human nasal mucociliary clearance, Environ Health Perspect, 103, 1026, 10.1289/ehp.951031026
Vinke, 1999, Passive smoking causes an “allergic” cell infiltrate in the nasal mucosa of non-atopic children, Int J Ped Otorhinol, 51, 73, 10.1016/S0165-5876(99)00244-X
Szczeklik, 1975, Relationship of inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis by analgesics to asthma attacks in aspirin-sensitive patients, Br Med J, 1, 67, 10.1136/bmj.1.5949.67
Roche, 1997, Allergic and nonallergic interactions between house dust mite allergens and airway mucosa, Eur Respir J, 10, 719, 10.1183/09031936.97.10030719
Thompson, 1998, Unique role of allergens and the epithelium in asthma, Clin Exp Allergy, 5, 110, 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1998.028s5110.x
King, 1998, Dust mite proteolytic allergens induce cytokine release from cultured airway epithelium, J Immunol, 161, 3645, 10.4049/jimmunol.161.7.3645
Wan, 1999, Der p 1 facilitates transepithelial allergen delivery by disruption of tight junctions, J Clin Invest, 104, 123, 10.1172/JCI5844
Winton, 1998, Class specific inhibition of house dust mite proteinases which cleave cell adhesion, induce cell death and which increase the permeability of lung epithelium, Br J Pharmacol, 124, 1048, 10.1038/sj.bjp.0701905
Pipkorn, 1988, Hay fever: in the laboratory and at natural allergen exposure, Allergy, 8, 41, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1988.tb02444.x
Naclerio, 1983, Mediator release after nasal airway challenge with allergen, Am Rev Respir Dis, 128, 597
Clement, 1984, Rhinomanometry—a review, Orl J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec, 46, 173, 10.1159/000275707
Eccles, 1995, Rhinitis as a mechanism of respiratory defense, Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol Suppl, 1, S2, 10.1007/BF02484428
Widdicombe, 1997, Microvascular anatomy of the nose, Allergy, 52, 7, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1997.tb04877.x
Holmberg, 1988, Nasal mucosal blood flow after intranasal allergen challenge, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 81, 541, 10.1016/0091-6749(88)90192-3
Eccles, 1981, Asymmetry in the autonomic nervous system with reference to the nasal cycle, migraine, anisocoria and Meniere's syndrome, Rhinology, 19, 121
Van Cauwenberge, 1984, Nasal cycle in children, Arch Otolaryngol, 110, 108, 10.1001/archotol.1984.00800280042013
Mygind, 1987, Upper respiratory tract secretions: pathophysiology, Eur J Respir Dis, 153, 26
Tos, 1983, Distribution of mucus producing elements in the respiratory tract, Differences between upper and lower airway. Eur J Respir Dis Suppl, 128, 269
Larsen, 1986, Nasal glands and goblet cells in chronic hypertrophic rhinitis, Am J Otolaryngol, 7, 28, 10.1016/S0196-0709(86)80031-X
Karlsson, 1989, Natural allergen exposure does not influence the density of goblet cells in the nasal mucosa of patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis, ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec, 51, 171, 10.1159/000276053
Berger, 1997, Goblet cell density of the inferior turbinates in patients with perennial allergic and nonallergic rhinitis, Am J Rhinol, 11, 233, 10.2500/105065897781751875
Brofeldt, 1986, Biochemical analysis of nasal secretions induced by methacholine, histamine, and allergen provocations, Am Rev Respir Dis, 133, 1138
Berger, 1999, Inferior turbinate goblet cell secretion in patients with perennial allergic and nonallergic rhinitis, Am J Rhinol, 13, 473, 10.2500/105065899781329728
Persson, 1991, Plasma exudation as a first line respiratory mucosal defence, Clin Exp Allergy, 21, 17, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1991.tb00799.x
Pedersen, 1982, Rhinitis, sinusitis and otitis media in Kartagener's syndrome (primary ciliary dyskinesia), Clin Otolaryngol, 7, 373, 10.1111/j.1365-2273.1982.tb01400.x
Fokkens, 1989, Fluctuation of the number of CD-1(T6)-positive dendritic cells, presumably Langerhans cells, in the nasal mucosa of patients with an isolated grass-pollen allergy before, during, and after the grass-pollen season, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 84, 39, 10.1016/0091-6749(89)90176-0
Fokkens, 1992, Dynamics of mast cells in the nasal mucosa of patients with allergic rhinitis and non-allergic controls: a biopsy study, Clin Exp Allergy, 22, 701, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1992.tb00194.x
Gomez, 1986, Direct in vivo evidence for mast cell degranulation during allergen-induced reactions in man, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 78, 637, 10.1016/0091-6749(86)90082-5
Bentley, 1992, Immunohistology of the nasal mucosa in seasonal allergic rhinitis: increases in activated eosinophils and epithelial mast cells, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 89, 877, 10.1016/0091-6749(92)90444-7
Igarashi, 1993, Quantification of resident inflammatory cells in the human nasal mucosa, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 91, 1082, 10.1016/0091-6749(93)90223-3
Brandtzaeg, 1995, Immunocompetent cells of the upper airway: functions in normal and diseased mucosa, Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol Suppl, 1, S8, 10.1007/BF02484429
Yang, 1995, Electron microscopical studies of the cell population in nasal secretions, Rhinology, 33, 70
Anggard, 1979, Vasomotor rhinitis—pathophysiological aspects, Rhinology, 17, 31
Hauser-Kronberger, 1993, Autonomic and peptidergic innervation of human nasal mucosa, Acta Otolaryngol Stockh, 113, 387, 10.3109/00016489309135831
Okayama, 1993, Muscarinic receptor subtypes in human nasal mucosa: characterization, autoradiographic localization, and function in vitro, Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 8, 176, 10.1165/ajrcmb/8.2.176
Baraniuk, 1990, Vasoactive intestinal peptide in human nasal mucosa, J Clin Invest, 86, 825, 10.1172/JCI114780
Baraniuk, 1990, Bradykinin and respiratory mucous membranes. Analysis of bradykinin binding site distribution and secretory responses in vitro and in vivo, Am Rev Respir Dis, 141, 706, 10.1164/ajrccm/141.3.706
Baraniuk, 1990, Neuropeptide Y (NPY) in human nasal mucosa, Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 3, 165, 10.1165/ajrcmb/3.2.165
Baraniuk, 1990, Gastrin-releasing peptide in human nasal mucosa, J Clin Invest, 85, 998, 10.1172/JCI114577
Baraniuk, 1990, Calcitonin gene-related peptide in human nasal mucosa, Am J Physiol, 258, L81
Baraniuk, 1993, Identification of neutral endopeptidase mRNA in human nasal mucosa, J Appl Physiol, 74, 272, 10.1152/jappl.1993.74.1.272
Lacroix, 1990, Neuropeptide Y: presence in sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation of the nasal mucosa, Cell Tissue Res, 259, 119, 10.1007/BF00571436
Anggard, 1993, Basic mechanisms in autonomic nervous responses in specific and nonspecific nasal hyperreactivity, Acta Otolaryngol Stockh, 113, 394, 10.3109/00016489309135832
Joos, 1994, Sensory neuropeptides and the human lower airways: present state and future directions, Eur Respir J, 7, 1161, 10.1183/09031936.94.07061161
Bertrand, 1996, Tachykinin and kinin receptor antagonists: therapeutic perspectives in allergic airway disease, Trends Pharmacol Sci, 17, 255, 10.1016/0165-6147(96)10027-4
Tani, 1990, Histamine acts directly on calcitonin gene-related peptide- and substance P-containing trigeminal ganglion neurons as assessed by calcium influx and immunocytochemistry, Neurosci Lett, 115, 171, 10.1016/0304-3940(90)90450-N
Tonnesen, 1987, Substance P and vasoactive intestinal peptide in serotonin-induced nasal secretions in normal subjects, Allergy, 42, 146, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1987.tb02373.x
Baraniuk, 1991, Substance P and neurokinin A in human nasal mucosa, Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 4, 228, 10.1165/ajrcmb/4.3.228
Guarnaccia, 1994, Calcitonin gene-related peptide nasal provocation in humans, Ann Allergy, 72, 515
Mullol, 1992, The effects of neuropeptides on mucous glycoprotein secretion from human nasal mucosa in vitro, Neuropeptides, 21, 231, 10.1016/0143-4179(92)90027-T
Geppetti, 1988, Secretion, pain and sneezing induced by the application of capsaicin to the nasal mucosa in man, Br J Pharmacol, 93, 509, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1988.tb10305.x
Miadonna, 1988, Activity of substance P on human skin and nasal airways, Ann Allergy, 61, 220
Devillier, 1988, Nasal response to substance P and methacholine in subjects with and without allergic rhinitis, Eur Respir J, 1, 356, 10.1183/09031936.93.01040356
Fajac, 1995, Selective recruitment of eosinophils by substance P after repeated allergen exposure in allergic rhinitis, Allergy, 50, 970, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1995.tb02509.x
Cervin, 1999, Functional Effects of Neuropeptide Y Receptors on Blood Flow and Nitric Oxide Levels in the Human Nose, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 160, 1724, 10.1164/ajrccm.160.5.9902102
Baraniuk, 1992, Neuropeptide Y is a vasoconstrictor in human nasal mucosa, J Appl Physiol, 73, 1867, 10.1152/jappl.1992.73.5.1867
Baraniuk, 1992, Bombesin stimulates human nasal mucous and serous cell secretion in vivo, Am J Physiol, 262, L48
Baraniuk, 1990, Neuropeptides and nasal secretion, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 86, 620, 10.1016/S0091-6749(05)80226-X
Riley, 1967, Amine secreting tumors. The amine content of mast cells, Proc R Soc Med, 60, 797
Enerback, 1966, Mast cells in rat gastrointestinal mucosa, I. Effects of fixation. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand, 66, 289, 10.1111/apm.1966.66.3.289
Irani, 1986, Two types of human mast cells that have distinct neutral protease compositions, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 83, 4464, 10.1073/pnas.83.12.4464
Kirshenbaum, 1991, Demonstration of the origin of human mast cells from CD34+ bone marrow progenitor cells, J Immunol, 146, 1410, 10.4049/jimmunol.146.5.1410
Costa, 1996, Recombinant human stem cell factor (kit ligand) promotes human mast cell and melanocyte hyperplasia and functional activation in vivo, J Exp Med, 183, 2681, 10.1084/jem.183.6.2681
Enerback, 1986, Intraepithelial migration of muco-sal mast cells in hay fever: ultrastructural observations, Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol, 81, 289, 10.1159/000234152
Kawabori, 1997, Existence of c-kit receptor-positive, tryptase-negative, IgE-negative cells in human allergic nasal mucosa: a candidate for mast cell progenitor, Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 112, 36, 10.1159/000237429
Bradding, 1995, Cytokine immunoreactivity in seasonal rhinitis: regulation by a topical cortico-steroid, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 151, 1900, 10.1164/ajrccm.151.6.7767538
Bradding, 1992, Interleukin 4 is localized to and released by human mast cells, J Exp Med, 176, 1381, 10.1084/jem.176.5.1381
Bradding, 1994, Interleukin-4, -5, and -6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in normal and asthmatic airways: evidence for the human mast cell as a source of these cytokines, Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 10, 471, 10.1165/ajrcmb.10.5.8179909
Gordon, 1990, Mast cells as a source of multifunctional cytokines, Immunol Today, 11, 458, 10.1016/0167-5699(90)90176-A
Bradding, 1995, TNF alpha is localized to nasal mucosal mast cells and is released in acute allergic rhinitis, Clin Exp Allergy, 25, 406, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1995.tb01071.x
Bradding, 1995, Heterogeneity of human mast cells based on cytokine content, J Immunol, 155, 297, 10.4049/jimmunol.155.1.297
Pawankar, 1997, Nasal mast cells in perennial allergic rhinitics exhibit increased expression of the Fc epsilonRI, CD40L, IL-4, and IL-13, and can induce IgE synthesis in B cells, J Clin Invest, 99, 1492, 10.1172/JCI119311
Galli, 1999, Mast cells as sentinels of innate immunity, Curr Opin Immunol, 11, 53, 10.1016/S0952-7915(99)80010-7
Okuda, 1985, Ultrastructural heterogeneity of the basophilic cells in the allergic nasal mucosa, Ann Allergy, 54, 152
Friedman, 1985, In situ degranulation of human nasal muco-sal mast cells: ultrastructural features and cell-cell associations, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 76, 70, 10.1016/0091-6749(85)90807-3
Lebel, 1988, Correlation between symptoms and the threshold for release of mediators in nasal secretions during nasal challenge with grass-pollen grains, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 82, 869, 10.1016/0091-6749(88)90092-9
Creticos, 1984, Peptide leukotriene release after antigen challenge in patients sensitive to ragweed, N Engl J Med, 310, 1626, 10.1056/NEJM198406213102502
Castells, 1988, Tryptase levels in nasal-lavage fluid as an indicator of the immediate allergic response, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 82, 348, 10.1016/0091-6749(88)90005-X
Pawankar, 1998, IgE-Fc epsilonRI-mast cell axis in the allergic cycle, Clin Exp Allergy, 3, 6
Pawankar, 1996, Heterogeneity of mast cells and T cells in the nasal mucosa, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 98, S248, 10.1016/S0091-6749(96)70073-8
Boesiger, 1998, Mast cells can secrete vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial cell growth factor and exhibit enhanced release after immunoglobulin E-dependent upregulation of fc epsilon receptor I expression, J Exp Med, 188, 1135, 10.1084/jem.188.6.1135
Costa, 1997, The cells of the allergic response: mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils, JAMA, 278, 1815, 10.1001/jama.1997.03550220021005
Pawankar, 1999, Mast cell function modulating IgE-mediated allergy, Allerg Inter, 48, 171, 10.1046/j.1440-1592.1999.00138.x
Enerback, 1997, The differentiation and maturation of inflammatory cells involved in the allergic response: mast cells and basophils, Allergy, 52, 4, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1997.tb02539.x
Burdach, 1998, The physiologic role of interleukin-3, interleukin-5, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and the beta c receptor system, Curr Opin Hematol, 5, 177, 10.1097/00062752-199805000-00005
Denburg, 1994, Basophil and eosinophil differentiation in allergic reactions, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 94, 1135, 10.1016/0091-6749(94)90321-2
Schroeder, 1995, The role of the basophil in allergic inflammation, Allergy, 50, 463, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1995.tb01180.x
Naclerio, 1985, Inflammatory mediators in late antigen-induced rhinitis, N Engl J Med, 313, 65, 10.1056/NEJM198507113130201
Mueller, 1994, Immunolocalization of intracellular interleukin-4 in normal human peripheral blood basophils, Eur J Immunol, 24, 2935, 10.1002/eji.1830241203
Devouassoux, 1999, Frequency and characterization of antigen-specific IL-4- and IL-13-producing basophils and T cells in peripheral blood of healthy and asthmatic subjects, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 104, 811, 10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70292-7
Redrup, 1998, Kagey-Sobotka A, Lich-tenstein LM, Schroeder JT. Differential regulation of IL-4 and IL-13 secretion by human basophils: their relationship to histamine release in mixed leukocyte cultures, J Immunol, 160, 1957, 10.4049/jimmunol.160.4.1957
Kasaian, 1996, IL-4 production by allergen-stimulated primary cultures: identification of basophils as the major IL-4-producing cell type, Int Immunol, 8, 1287, 10.1093/intimm/8.8.1287
Silberstein, 1995, Eosinophil function in health and disease, Crit Rev Oncol Hematol, 19, 47, 10.1016/1040-8428(94)00127-F
Denburg, 1999, Bone marrow in atopy and asthma: hematopoietic mechanisms in allergic inflammation, Immunol Today, 20, 111, 10.1016/S0167-5699(98)01423-6
Linden, 1999, Circulating eosinophil/basophil progenitors and nasal muco-sal cytokines in seasonal allergic rhinitis, Allergy, 54, 212, 10.1034/j.1398-9995.1999.00756.x
Kim, 1999, Immunolocalization of CD34 in nasal polyposis. Effect of topical corticosteroids, Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 20, 388, 10.1165/ajrcmb.20.3.3060
Lopez, 1988, Recombinant human interleukin 5 is a selective activator of human eosinophil function, J Exp Med, 167, 219, 10.1084/jem.167.1.219
Roboz, 1999, Interleukin-5 and the regulation of eosinophil production, Curr Opin Hematol, 6, 164, 10.1097/00062752-199905000-00007
Neeley, 1994, Augmentation of stimulated eosinophil degranulation by VLA-4 (CD49d)-mediated adhesion to fibronectin, Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 11, 206, 10.1165/ajrcmb.11.2.8049081
Sedgwick, 1995, Effect of interleukin-5 and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor on in vitro eosinophil function: comparison with airway eosinophils, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 96, 375, 10.1016/S0091-6749(95)70057-9
Sung, 1997, Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor regulates the functional adhesive state of very late antigen-4 expressed by eosinophils, J Immunol, 158, 919, 10.4049/jimmunol.158.2.919
Alam, 1993, RANTES is a chemotactic and activating factor for human eosinophils, J Immunol, 150, 3442, 10.4049/jimmunol.150.8.3442
Baggiolini, 1994, CC chemokines in allergic inflammation, Immunol Today, 15, 127, 10.1016/0167-5699(94)90156-2
Garcia-Zepeda, 1996, Human eotaxin is a specific chemoattractant for eosinophil cells and provides a new mechanism to explain tissue eosinophilia, Nat Med, 2, 449, 10.1038/nm0496-449
Simon, 1997, Direct demonstration of delayed eosinophil apoptosis as a mechanism causing tissue eosinophilia, J Immunol, 158, 3902, 10.4049/jimmunol.158.8.3902
Simon, 1998, Eosinophil apoptosis in allergic diseases—an emerging new issue, Clin Exp Allergy, 28, 1321, 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1998.00415.x
Revillard, 1998, Apoptosis: potential for disease therapies, Immunol Today, 19, 291, 10.1016/S0167-5699(98)01279-1
Plager, 1998, Human eosinophil granule major basic protein and its novel homolog, Allergy, 53, 33, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1998.tb04937.x
Venge, 1999, Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP): molecular and biological properties and the use of ECP as a marker of eosinophil activation in disease, Clin Exp Allergy, 29, 1172, 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1999.00542.x
Egesten, 1994, Arylsulfatase B is present in crystalloid-containing granules of human eosinophil granulocytes, Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 104, 207, 10.1159/000236732
Broide, 1992, Eosinophils express interleukin 5 and granulocyte macrophage-colony-stimulating factor mRNA at sites of allergic inflammation in asthmatics, J Clin Invest, 90, 1414, 10.1172/JCI116008
KleinJan, 1999, Increase in IL-8, IL-10, IL-13, and RANTES mRNA levels (in situ hybridization) in the nasal mucosa after nasal allergen provocation, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 103, 441, 10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70469-0
Owen, 1987, Soberman RJ, Yoshimoto T, Sheffer AL, Lewis RA, Austen KF. Synthesis and release of leukotriene C4 by human eosinophils, J Immunol, 138, 532, 10.4049/jimmunol.138.2.532
Weller, 1984, Biochemical characterization of human eosinophil Charcot-Leyden crystal protein (lysophospholipase), J Biol Chem, 259, 15100, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)42520-8
Zeiger, 1977, Histaminase release from human eosinophils, J Immunol, 118, 540, 10.4049/jimmunol.118.2.540
Gounni, 1994, High-affinity IgE receptor on eosinophils is involved in defence against parasites, Nature, 367, 183, 10.1038/367183a0
Capron, 1995, Eosinophils: from low- to high-affinity immunoglobulin E receptors, Allergy, 50, 20, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1995.tb04270.x
Capron, 1997, Immunobiology of eosinophils in allergy and inflammation, Res Immunol, 148, 29, 10.1016/S0923-2494(97)86271-2
Schleimer, 1992, IL-4 induces adherence of human eosinophils and basophils but not neutrophils to endothelium. Association with expression of VCAM-1, J Immunol, 148, 1086, 10.4049/jimmunol.148.4.1086
Varney, 1992, Immunohistology of the nasal mucosa following allergen-induced rhinitis. Identification of activated T lymphocytes, eosinophils, and neutrophils, Am Rev Respir Dis, 146, 170, 10.1164/ajrccm/146.1.170
Durham, 1992, Cytokine messenger RNA expression for IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, and granulocyte/macrophage-colony-stimulating factor in the nasal mucosa after local allergen provocation: relationship to tissue eosinophilia, J Immunol, 148, 2390, 10.4049/jimmunol.148.8.2390
Fokkens, 1997, Allergic rhinitis and inflammation: the effect of nasal corticosteroid therapy, Allergy, 52, 29, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1997.tb04819.x
Knani, 1992, Indirect evidence of nasal inflammation assessed by titration of inflammatory mediators and enumeration of cells in nasal secretions of patients with chronic rhinitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 90, 880, 10.1016/0091-6749(92)90460-J
Fokkens, 1998, Local corticosteroid treatment: the effect on cells and cytokines in nasal allergic inflammation, Am J Rhinol, 12, 21, 10.2500/105065898782102990
Mosmann, 1986, Two types of murine helper T cell clone. I. Definition according to profiles of lymphokine activities and secreted proteins, J Immunol, 136, 2348, 10.4049/jimmunol.136.7.2348
de-Vries, 1991, Do human TH1 and TH2 CD4+ clones exist?, Res Immunol, 142, 59, 10.1016/0923-2494(91)90014-A
Borish, 1997, TH1/TH2 lymphocytes: doubt some more, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 99, 161, 10.1016/S0091-6749(97)70090-3
Parronchi, 1999, Redirecting Th2 responses in allergy, Curr Top Microbiol Immunol, 238, 27
de Vries, 1999, Receptors and cytokines involved in allergic TH2 cell responses, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 103, S492, 10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70166-1
Kulkarni, 1997, Inflammation and TGF beta 1: lessons from the TGF beta 1 null mouse, Res Immunol, 148, 453, 10.1016/S0923-2494(97)82669-7
Snijdewint, 1993, Prostaglandin E2 differentially modulates cytokine secretion profiles of human T helper lymphocytes, J Immunol, 150, 5321, 10.4049/jimmunol.150.12.5321
Romagnani, 1994, Regulation of the development of type 2 T-helper cells in allergy, Curr Opin Immunol, 6, 838, 10.1016/0952-7915(94)90002-7
Lichtman, 1997, T-cell subsets: recruiting the right kind of help, Curr Biol, 7, R242, 10.1016/S0960-9822(06)00111-4
Sallusto, 1997, Selective expression of the eotaxin receptor CCR3 by human T helper 2 cells, Science, 277, 2005, 10.1126/science.277.5334.2005
Sallusto, 1998, Chemokines and chemokine receptors in T-cell priming and Th1/Th2-mediated responses, Immunol Today, 19, 568, 10.1016/S0167-5699(98)01346-2
Pawankar, 1995, Lymphocyte subsets of the nasal mucosa in perennial allergic rhinitis, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 152, 2049, 10.1164/ajrccm.152.6.8520775
Ying, 1993, T cells are the principal source of interleukin-5 mRNA in allergen-induced rhinitis, Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 9, 356, 10.1165/ajrcmb/9.4.356
Pawankar, 1995, Interleukin-13 expression in the nasal mucosa of perennial allergic rhinitis, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 152, 2059, 10.1164/ajrccm.152.6.8520776
Varga, 1999, Cellular infiltration and cytokine mRNA expression in perennial allergic rhinitis, Allergy, 54, 338, 10.1034/j.1398-9995.1999.00957.x
Pawankar, 1996, Phenotypic and molecular characteristics of nasal mucosal gamma delta T cells in allergic and infectious rhinitis, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 153, 1655, 10.1164/ajrccm.153.5.8630617
Vercelli, 1993, Regulation of IgE synthesis: from the membrane to the genes, Springer Semin Immunopathol, 15, 5, 10.1007/BF00204622
Zuany-Amorim, 1998, Requirement for gammadelta T cells in allergic airway inflammation, Science, 280, 1265, 10.1126/science.280.5367.1265
Holt, 1999, gammadelta T cells provide a breath of fresh air for asthma research, Nat Med, 5, 1127, 10.1038/13447
Born, 1999, Immunoregulatory functions of gamma delta T cells, Adv Immunol, 71, 77, 10.1016/S0065-2776(08)60400-9
Hayakawa, 1997, B lymphocyte developmental lineages, Ann N Y Acad Sci, 815, 15, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb52041.x
Ghia, 1998, B-cell development: a comparison between mouse and man, Immunol Today, 19, 480, 10.1016/S0167-5699(98)01330-9
Burrows, 1997, B cell development and differentiation, Curr Opin Immunol, 9, 239, 10.1016/S0952-7915(97)80142-2
Fokkens, 1990, Characterization and quantification of cellular infiltrates in nasal mucosa of patients with grass pollen allergy, non-allergic patients with nasal polyps and controls, Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol, 93, 66, 10.1159/000235281
Durham, 1997, Local IgE production in nasal allergy, Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 113, 128, 10.1159/000237525
Davidsson, 1994, Allergen-induced changes of B-cell phenotypes in patients with allergic rhinitis, Rhinology, 32, 184
Bousquet, 1996, Monocytes and macrophages in asthma, 263
Juliusson, 1991, Macrophages on the nasal mucosal surface in provoked and naturally occurring allergic rhinitis, Acta Otolaryngol Stockh, 111, 946, 10.3109/00016489109138435
Godthelp, 1996, Antigen presenting cells in the nasal mucosa of patients with allergic rhinitis during allergen provocation, Clin Exp Allergy, 26, 677, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1996.tb00594.x
Fokkens, 1989, CD-1 (T6), HLA-DR-expressing cells, presumably Langerhans cells, in nasal mucosa, Allergy, 44, 167, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1989.tb02257.x
Fokkens, 1991, Langerhans cells in nasal mucosa of patients with grass pollen allergy, Immunobiology, 182, 135, 10.1016/S0171-2985(11)80197-X
Aderem, 1999, Mechanisms of phagocytosis in macrophages, Annu Rev Immunol, 17, 593, 10.1146/annurev.immunol.17.1.593
Keshav, 1990, Macrophage products in inflammation, Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis, 13, 439, 10.1016/0732-8893(90)90016-O
Morrissette, 1999, The macrophage—a cell for all seasons, Trends Cell Biol, 9, 199, 10.1016/S0962-8924(99)01540-8
Wilson, 1997, Wound healing: the role of macrophages, Nurs Crit Care, 2, 291
Doherty, 1995, T-cell regulation of macrophage function, Curr Opin Immunol, 7, 400, 10.1016/0952-7915(95)80117-0
Holt, 1993, Regulation of antigen-presenting cell function(s) in lung and airway tissues, Eur Respir J, 6, 120, 10.1183/09031936.93.06010120
Cella, 1997, Origin, maturation and antigen presenting function of dendritic cells, Curr Opin Immunol, 9, 10, 10.1016/S0952-7915(97)80153-7
Lane, 1999, Developmental regulation of dendritic cell function, Curr Opin Immunol, 11, 308, 10.1016/S0952-7915(99)80049-1
Kapsenberg, 1999, The paradigm of type 1 and type 2 antigen-presenting cells. Implications for atopic allergy, Clin Exp Allergy, 2, 33, 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1999.00006.x-i2
Holt, 1994, Origin and steady-state turnover of class II MHC-bearing dendritic cells in the epithelium of the conducting airways, J Immunol, 153, 256, 10.4049/jimmunol.153.1.256
Holt, 1999, Functional studies on dendritic cells in the respiratory tract and related mucosal tissues, J Leukoc Biol, 66, 272, 10.1002/jlb.66.2.272
Stumbles, 1999, Regulation of T helper cell differentiation by respiratory tract dendritic cells, Immunol Cell Biol, 77, 428, 10.1046/j.1440-1711.1999.00850.x
Lambrecht, 1998, Dendritic cells are required for the development of chronic eosinophilic airway inflammation in response to inhaled antigen in sensitized mice, J Immunol, 160, 4090, 10.4049/jimmunol.160.8.4090
Nelson, 1995, Modulation of airway intraepithelial dendritic cells following exposure to steroids, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 151, 475, 10.1164/ajrccm.151.2.7842209
Holm, 1995, Effect of 3 months' nasal steroid therapy on nasal T cells and Langerhans cells in patients suffering from allergic rhinitis, Allergy, 50, 204, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1995.tb01134.x
Hunter, 1985, Predominant generation of 15-lipoxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid by epithelial cells from human trachea, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 82, 4633, 10.1073/pnas.82.14.4633
Shoji, 1990, Bronchial epithelial cells respond to insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I as a chemoattractant, Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 2, 553, 10.1165/ajrcmb/2.6.553
Campbell, 1993, Functional characteristics of bronchial epithelium obtained by brushing from asthmatic and normal subjects, Am Rev Respir Dis, 147, 529, 10.1164/ajrccm/147.3.529
Luts, 1993, Peptide-containing nerve fibers in human airways: distribution and coexistence pattern, Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 101, 52, 10.1159/000236498
Vignola, 1993, HLA-DR and ICAM-1 expression on bronchial epithelial cells in asthma and chronic bronchitis, Am Rev Respir Dis, 148, 689, 10.1164/ajrccm/148.3.689
Vignola, 1993, Functional and phenotypic characteristics of bronchial epithelial cells obtained by brushing from asthmatic and normal subjects, Allergy, 48, 32, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1993.tb04696.x
Montefort, 1993, Leucocyte-endothelial adhesion molecules and their role in bronchial asthma and allergic rhinitis, Eur Respir J, 6, 1044, 10.1183/09031936.93.06071044
Ciprandi, 1994, Evidence of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression on nasal epithelial cells in acute rhinoconjunctivitis caused by pollen exposure, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 94, 738, 10.1016/0091-6749(94)90182-1
Canonica, 1995, ICAM-1 on epithelial cells in allergic subjects: a hallmark of allergic inflammation, Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 107, 99, 10.1159/000236943
Kato, 1995, Soluble ICAM-1 as a regulator of nasal allergic reaction under natural allergen provocation, Clin Exp Allergy, 25, 744, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1995.tb00012.x
Cromwell, 1992, Expression and generation of interleukin-8, IL-6 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor by bronchial epithelial cells and enhancement by IL-1 beta and tumour necrosis factor-alpha, Immunology, 77, 330
Becker, 1993, Interleukin-8 expression in normal nasal epithelium and its modulation by infection with respiratory syncytial virus and cytokines tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-1, and interleukin-6, Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 8, 20, 10.1165/ajrcmb/8.1.20
Kenney, 1994, Synthesis of interleukin-1 alpha, interleukin-6, and interleukin-8 by cultured human nasal epithelial cells, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 93, 1060, 10.1016/S0091-6749(94)70055-9
Mullol, 1995, Cytokine gene expression and release from epithelial cells. A comparison study between healthy nasal mucosa and nasal polyps, Clin Exp Allergy, 25, 607, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1995.tb01108.x
Nonaka, 1996, GM-CSF, IL-8, IL-1R, TNF-alpha R, and HLA-DR in nasal epithelial cells in allergic rhinitis, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 153, 1675, 10.1164/ajrccm.153.5.8630619
Terada, 1997, Eosinophil adhesion regulates RANTES production in nasal epithelial cells, J Immunol, 158, 5464, 10.4049/jimmunol.158.11.5464
Lilly, 1997, Expression of eotaxin by human lung epithelial cells: induction by cytokines and inhibition by glucocorticoids, J Clin Invest, 99, 1767, 10.1172/JCI119341
Li, 1999, Effects of Th2 cytokines on chemokine expression in the lung: IL-13 potently induces eotaxin expression by airway epithelial cells, J Immunol, 162, 2477, 10.4049/jimmunol.162.5.2477
Pertovaara, 1994, Vascular endothelial growth factor is induced in response to transforming growth factor-beta in fibroblastic and epithelial cells, J Biol Chem, 269, 6271, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)37365-9
Vignola, 1997, Transforming growth factor-beta expression in mucosal biopsies in asthma and chronic bronchitis, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 156, 591, 10.1164/ajrccm.156.2.9609066
Yao, 1996, Expression of matrix metalloproteinase gelatinases A and B by cultured epithelial cells from human bronchial explants, J Biol Chem, 271, 15580, 10.1074/jbc.271.26.15580
Otsuka, 1998, Stem cell factor mRNA expression and production in human nasal epithelial cells: contribution to the accumulation of mast cells in the nasal epithelium of allergy, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 102, 757, 10.1016/S0091-6749(98)70015-6
Campbell, 1998, Expression of the high-affinity receptor for IgE on bronchial epithelial cells of asthmatics, Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 19, 92, 10.1165/ajrcmb.19.1.2648
Campbell, 1994, Low-affinity receptor for IgE on human bronchial epithelial cells in asthma, Immunology, 82, 506
Tomee, 1998, Interactions between inhalant allergen extracts and airway epithelial cells: effect on cytokine production and cell detachment, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 102, 75, 10.1016/S0091-6749(98)70057-0
Vignola, 1995, Inhibitory activity of loratadine and descarboethoxyloratadine on expression of ICAM-1 and HLA-DR by nasal epithelial cells, Allergy, 50, 200, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1995.tb01133.x
Vignola, 1993, Activation by histamine of bronchial epithelial cells from nonasthmatic subjects, Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 9, 411, 10.1165/ajrcmb/9.4.411
Takizawa, 1995, Histamine activates bronchial epithelial cells to release inflammatory cytokines in vitro, Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 108, 260, 10.1159/000237162
Kato, 1998, Evidence of potential regulation by interleukin-4 of the soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 level in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis under provocation by a small amount of natural allergen, Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol, 107, 232, 10.1177/000348949810700308
Jayawickreme, 1999, Regulation of 15-lipoxygenase expression and mucus secretion by IL-4 in human bronchial epithelial cells, Am J Physiol, 276, L596
Zhu, 1999, Pulmonary expression of interleukin-13 causes inflammation, mucus hypersecretion, subepithelial fibrosis, physiologic abnormalities, and eotaxin production, J Clin Invest, 103, 779, 10.1172/JCI5909
Pearlman, 1999, Pathophysiology of the inflammatory response, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 104, S132, 10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70308-8
Bochner, 1994, The role of adhesion molecules in human eosinophil and basophil recruitment, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 94, 427, 10.1016/0091-6749(94)90195-3
Montefort, 1992, The expression of leukocyte-endothelial adhesion molecules is increased in perennial allergic rhinitis, Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 7, 393, 10.1165/ajrcmb/7.4.393
Karlsson, 1996, Endothelial adhesion molecules for nasal-homing T cells in allergy, Virchows Arch, 429, 49, 10.1007/BF00196820
Jahnsen, 1995, Eosinophil infiltration is related to increased expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in nasal polyps, Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 12, 624, 10.1165/ajrcmb.12.6.7539273
Terada, 1996, The effect of anti-VLA-4 monoclonal antibody on eosinophil accumulation and leukotriene production in nasal mucosa, Acta Otolaryngol, 116, 883, 10.3109/00016489609137945
Sironi, 1994, Regulation of endothelial and mesothelial cell function by interleukin- 13: selective induction of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and amplification of interleukin-6 production, Blood, 84, 1913, 10.1182/blood.V84.6.1913.1913
Iademarco, 1995, Regulation of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression by IL-4 and TNF-alpha in cultured endothelial cells, J Clin Invest, 95, 264, 10.1172/JCI117650
Bochner, 1995, IL-13 selectively induces vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression in human endothelial cells, J Immunol, 154, 799, 10.4049/jimmunol.154.2.799
Hohki, 1997, The effects of eotaxin on the surface adhesion molecules of endothelial cells and on eosinophil adhesion to microvascular endothelial cells, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 241, 136, 10.1006/bbrc.1997.7785
Delneste, 1995, Allergen-stimulated T lymphocytes from allergic patients induce vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) expression and IL-6 production by endothelial cells, Clin Exp Immunol, 101, 164, 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1995.tb02293.x
Terada, 1996, RANTES production in nasal epithelial cells and endothelial cells, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 98, S230, 10.1016/S0091-6749(96)70071-4
Jeannin, 1994, Histamine induces interleukin-8 secretion by endothelial cells, Blood, 84, 2229, 10.1182/blood.V84.7.2229.2229
Delneste, 1994, Histamine induces IL-6 production by human endothelial cells, Clin Exp Immunol, 98, 344, 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1994.tb06148.x
Nonaka, 1999, Distinct Expression of RANTES and GM-CSF by Lipopolysaccharide in Human Nasal Fibroblasts but Not in Other Airway Fibroblasts, Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 119, 314, 10.1159/000024209
Maune, 1996, Fibroblasts but not epithelial cells obtained from human nasal mucosa produce the chemokine RANTES, Rhinology, 34, 210
Maune, 1997, Fibroblasts obtained from human nasal, laryngeal and tracheal mucosa produce the chemokine RANTES, Otolaryngol Pol, 51, 3
Meyer, 1998, RANTES production by cytokine-stimulated nasal fibroblasts: its inhibition by glucocorticoids, Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 117, 60, 10.1159/000023991
Teran, 1999, Th1- and Th2-type cytokines regulate the expression and production of eotaxin and RANTES by human lung fibroblasts, Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 20, 777, 10.1165/ajrcmb.20.4.3508
Vancheri, 1989, Human lung fibroblast-derived granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) mediates eosinophil survival in vitro, Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 1, 289, 10.1165/ajrcmb/1.4.289
Levi-Schaffer, 1997, Mast cells, eosinophils and fibrosis, Clin Exp Allergy, 1, 64, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1997.tb01829.x
Bousquet, 2000, Asthma: from bronchospasm to airway remodelling, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 161, 1720, 10.1164/ajrccm.161.5.9903102
Dale, 1910, The physiological action of β-imidazolethilamine, J Physiol (London), 41, 318, 10.1113/jphysiol.1910.sp001406
Ash, 1966, Receptors mediating some actions of histamine, Br J Pharmacol, 27, 427
Black, 1972, Definition and antagonism of histamine H2 receptors, Nature, 236, 385, 10.1038/236385a0
Arrang, 1987, Highly potent and selective ligands for histamine H3 receptors, Nature, 327, 117, 10.1038/327117a0
Beaven, 1978, Histamine: its role in physiological and pathological processes, Monogr Allergy, 13, 1
Bachert, 1998, Histamine-a major role in allergy?, Clin Exp Allergy, 6, 15, 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1998.0280s6015.x
Corrado, 1986, Nasal response of rhinitic and non-rhinitic subjects to histamine and methacholine: a comparative study, Thorax, 41, 863, 10.1136/thx.41.11.863
Howarth, 1997, Mediators of nasal blockage in allergic rhinitis, Allergy, 52, 12, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1997.tb04878.x
Gerth-van-Wijk, 1991, Nasal hyperreactivity: its pathogenesis and clinical significance, Clin Exp Allergy, 21, 661, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1991.tb03193.x
Niimi, 1992, The effect of histamine on cultured endothelial cells. A study of the mechanism of increased vascular permeability, Eur J Pharmacol, 221, 325, 10.1016/0014-2999(92)90719-K
Baldwin, 1995, Changes in endothelial actin cytoskeleton in venules with time after histamine treatment, Am J Physiol, 269, H1528
Dachman, 1994, Histamine-induced venodilation in human beings involves both H1 and H2 receptor subtypes, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 93, 606, 10.1016/S0091-6749(94)70072-9
Raphael, 1989, The pathophysiology of rhinitis. II. Assessment of the sources of protein in histamine-induced nasal secretions, Am Rev Respir Dis, 139, 791, 10.1164/ajrccm/139.3.791
Ichikawa, 1991, The sources of chemical substances in allergic nasal fluid, Rhinology, 29, 143
Mullol, 1992, Comparison of human nasal mucosal secretion in vivo and in vitro, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 89, 584, 10.1016/0091-6749(92)90326-W
Wagenmann, 1997, Bilateral increases in histamine after unilateral nasal allergen challenge, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 155, 426, 10.1164/ajrccm.155.2.9032173
Pipkorn, 1987, Nasal mucosal mast cells and histamine in hay fever, Effect of topical glucocorticoid treatment. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol, 84, 123, 10.1159/000234410
Linder, 1987, Histamine concentrations in nasal secretion and secretory activity in allergic rhinitis, Allergy, 42, 126, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1987.tb02370.x
Abe, 1993, Histamine content, synthesis and degradation in human nasal mucosa, Clin Exp Allergy, 23, 132, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1993.tb00308.x
Okayama, 1995, Localization of histamine N-methyltransferase messenger RNA in human nasal mucosa, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 95, 96, 10.1016/S0091-6749(95)70157-5
Pipkorn, 1988, The cellular response of the human allergic mucosa to natural allergen exposure, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 82, 1046, 10.1016/0091-6749(88)90143-1
Novak, 1997, Molecular biology and role of histamine in physiological and pathological reactions. A review, Acta Biol Hung, 48, 385, 10.1007/BF03542948
Lagier, 1997, Different modulation by histamine of IL-4 and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) release according to the phenotype of human Th0, Th1 and Th2 clones, Clin Exp Immunol, 108, 545, 10.1046/j.1365-2249.1997.3791276.x
Kubes, 1994, Histamine induces leukocyte rolling in postcapillary venules. A P-selectin-mediated event, J Immunol, 152, 3570, 10.4049/jimmunol.152.7.3570
Asako, 1994, Role of H1 receptors and P-selectin in histamine-induced leukocyte rolling and adhesion in postcapillary venules, J Clin Invest, 93, 1508, 10.1172/JCI117129
Miki, 1996, Histamine enhanced the TNF-alpha-induced expression of E-selectin and ICAM-1 on vascular endothelial cells, Cell Immunol, 171, 285, 10.1006/cimm.1996.0205
Spokas, 1999, Leukotrienes, lipoxins, and hydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acids, Methods Mol Biol, 120, 213
Naclerio, 1991, The role of leukotrienes in allergic rhinitis: a review, Am Rev Respir Dis, 143, S91, 10.1164/ajrccm/143.5_Pt_2.S91
Naclerio, 1997, Pathophysiology of perennial allergic rhinitis, Allergy, 52, 7, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1997.tb04816.x
Lane, 1998, Leukotriene antagonism in asthma and rhinitis, Resp Med, 92, 795, 10.1016/S0954-6111(98)90380-8
Reilly, 1998, Eicosanoids and isoeicosanoids: Indices of cellular function and oxidant stress, J Nutr, 128, S434, 10.1093/jn/128.2.434S
Liu, 1998, The isoprostanes: Unique bioactive products of lipid peroxidation - An overview, J BIOMED SCI, 5, 415, 10.1007/BF02255929
Carroll, 1996, Cytochrome P-450-dependent HETEs: Profile of biological activity and stimulation by vasoactive peptides, Amer J Physiol-Regul Integr C, 40, R863, 10.1152/ajpregu.1996.271.4.R863
Pablos, 1999, Cyclooxygenase-1 and-2 are expressed by human T cells, Clin Exp Immunol, 115, 86, 10.1046/j.1365-2249.1999.00780.x
Vane, 1998, Cyclooxygenases 1 and 2, Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol, 38, 97, 10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.38.1.97
Smith, 1996, Prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthases-1 and -2, 167
Dworski, 1997, Prednisone increases PGH-synthase 2 in atopic humans in vivo, Amer J Respir Crit Care Med, 155, 351, 10.1164/ajrccm.155.1.9001335
Mitchell, 1995, Cyclooxygenase-2: regulation and relevance in inflammation, Biochem Pharmacol, 50, 1535, 10.1016/0006-2952(95)00212-X
Herschman, 1997, Function and regulation of prostaglandin synthase-2, Adv Exp Med Biol, 407, 61, 10.1007/978-1-4899-1813-0_9
ElBayoumy, 1999, Increased expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in rat lung tumors induced by the tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-4-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone: The impact of a high-fat diet, Cancer Res, 59, 1400
Demoly, 1998, Expression of cyclo-oxygenase 1 and 2 proteins in upper respiratory mucosa, Clin Exp Allergy, 28, 278, 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1998.00212.x
O'Banion, 1999, Cyclooxygenase-2: Molecular biology, pharmacology, and neurobiology, Crit Rev Neurobiol, 13, 45, 10.1615/CritRevNeurobiol.v13.i1.30
Doyle, 1990, Physiologic responses to intranasal dose-response challenges with histamine, methacholine, bradykinin, and prostaglandin in adult volunteers with and without nasal allergy, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 86, 924, 10.1016/S0091-6749(05)80156-3
Howarth, 1991, The comparative nasal effects of prostaglandin D2 in normal and rhinitic subjects, Adv Prostaglandin Thromboxane Leukot Res, 449, 52
Thien, 1995, Eicosanoids and asthma: an update, Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids, 52, 271, 10.1016/0952-3278(95)90027-6
Jackson, 1981, Nasal vasoconstrictor activity of a novel PGE2 analog, Prostaglandins, 21, 1015, 10.1016/0090-6980(81)90169-6
Okazki, 1977, Prostaglandin E in the secretions of allergic rhinitis, Prostaglandins, 13, 681, 10.1016/0090-6980(77)90239-8
Ramis, 1988, PGE2 and PGF2 alpha in the nasal lavage fluid from healthy subjects: methodological aspects, Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids, 34, 109, 10.1016/0952-3278(88)90071-3
Sugimoto, 1994, Laser high performance liquid chromatography determination of prostaglandins in nasal lavage fluid in allergic rhinitis, Clin Exp Allergy, 24, 324, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1994.tb00242.x
Lee, 1996, Are prostaglandins major mediators in perennial allergic rhinitis?, Rhinology, 34, 130
Brooks, 1984, Effect of flurbiprofen, a cyclooxygenase inhibiting drug, on induced allergic rhinitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 73, 584, 10.1016/0091-6749(84)90515-3
Brooks, 1988, Hay fever treatment with combined antihistamine and cyclooxygenase-inhibiting drugs, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 81, 1110, 10.1016/0091-6749(88)90877-9
Picado, 1999, Cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA is downexpressed in nasal polyps from aspirin- sensitive asthmatics, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 160, 291, 10.1164/ajrccm.160.1.9808048
Kowalski, 1999, Differential metabolism of arachidonic acid in nasal polyp epithelial cells cultured from aspirin-sensitive and aspirin-tolerant patients, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 160, 391
Szczeklik, 1996, Bronchial aspirin challenge causes specific eicosanoid response in aspirin-sensitive asthmatics, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 154, 1608, 10.1164/ajrccm.154.6.8970343
Cowburn, 1998, Overexpression of leukotriene C4 synthase in bronchial biopsies from patients with aspirin-intolerant asthma, J Clin Invest, 101, 834, 10.1172/JCI620
Sanak, 1997, Leukotriene C4 synthase promoter polymorphism and risk of aspirin-induced asthma, Lancet, 350, 1599, 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)64015-9
Samuelsson, 1997, Some recent advances in leukotriene research, Adv Exp Med Biol, 433, 1, 10.1007/978-1-4899-1810-9_1
Mlakar, 1996, Previously unknown aldehydic lipid peroxidation compounds of arachidonic acid, Chem Phys Lipids, 79, 47, 10.1016/0009-3084(95)02506-5
Devillier, 1999, Leukotrienes, leukotriene receptor antagonists and leukotriene synthesis inhibitors in asthma: an update. Part I: synthesis, receptors and role of leukotrienes in asthma, Pharmacol Res, 40, 3, 10.1006/phrs.1998.0458
Ford-Hutchinson, 1994, 5-Lipoxygenase, Annu Rev Biochem, 63, 383, 10.1146/annurev.bi.63.070194.002123
Ford-Hutchinson, 1991, FLAP: a novel drug target for inhibiting the synthesis of leukotrienes, Trends Pharmacol Sci, 12, 68, 10.1016/0165-6147(91)90500-R
Yoshimoto, 1985, Isolation and characterization of leukotriene C4 synthetase of rat basophilic leukemia cells, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 82, 8399, 10.1073/pnas.82.24.8399
Sampson, 1996, The leukotrienes: mediators of chronic inflammation in asthma, Clin Exp Allergy, 26, 995, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1996.tb00639.x
Barnes, 1999, Biochemistry and physiology of the leukotrienes, Clin Rev Allergy Immunol, 17, 27, 10.1007/BF02737595
Wenzel, 1999, Inflammation, leukotrienes and the pathogenesis of the late asthmatic response, Clin Exp Allergy, 29, 1, 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1999.00486.x
Simon, 1999, The role of leukotrienes and antileukotriene agents in the pathogenesis and treatment of allergic rhinitis, Clin Rev Allergy Immunol, 17, 271, 10.1007/BF02737610
Serhan, 1994, Lipoxins: Biosynthesis and Evidence for their Involvement in Respiratory Disease, 65
Shaw, 1985, Allergen-induced release of sulphidopeptide leukotrienes (SRS-A) and LTB4 in allergic rhinitis, Allergy, 40, 1, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1985.tb04147.x
Volovitz, 1988, Leukotriene C4 release in upper respiratory mucosa during natural exposure to ragweed in ragweed-sensitive children, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 82, 414, 10.1016/0091-6749(88)90000-0
Miadonna, 1987, Behavior and clinical relevance of histamine and leukotrienes C4 and B4 in grass pollen-induced rhinitis, Am Rev Respir Dis, 136, 357, 10.1164/ajrccm/136.2.357
Masuda, 1999, cDNA cloning and characterization of guinea-pig leukotriene B-4 receptor, Biochem J, 342, 79, 10.1042/0264-6021:3420079
Lynch, 1999, Characterization of the human cysteinyl leukotriene CysLT1 receptor, Nature, 399, 789, 10.1038/21658
Sarau, 1999, Identification, molecular cloning, expression, and characterization of a cysteinyl leukotriene receptor, Mol Pharmacol, 56, 657, 10.1124/mol.56.3.657
Szczeklik, 1990, The cyclooxygenase theory of aspirin-induced asthma, Eur Respir J, 3, 588, 10.1183/09031936.93.03050588
Szczeklik, 1977, Clinical patterns of hypersensitivity to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and their pathogenesis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 60, 276, 10.1016/0091-6749(77)90106-3
Stevenson, 1987, Proposed mechanisms of aspirin sensitivity reactions, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 80, 788, 10.1016/S0091-6749(87)80266-X
Lee, 1992, Mechanism of aspirin sensitivity, Am Rev Respir Dis, 145, S34, 10.1164/ajrccm/145.2_Pt_2.S34
Czerniawska-Mysik, 1981, Idiosyncrasy to pyrazolone drugs, Allergy, 36, 381, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1981.tb01842.x
Proud, 1990, Kinins are generated in nasal secretions during natural rhinovirus colds, J Infect Dis, 161, 120, 10.1093/infdis/161.1.120
Proud, 1998, The kinin system in rhinitis and asthma, Clin Rev Allergy Immunol, 16, 351, 10.1007/BF02737656
Proud, 1983, Kinins are generated in vivo following nasal airway challenge of allergic individuals with allergen, J Clin Invest, 72, 1678, 10.1172/JCI111127
Baumgarten, 1985, Influx of kininogens into nasal secretions after antigen challenge of allergic individuals, J Clin Invest, 76, 191, 10.1172/JCI111945
Proud, 1988, Nasal provocation with bradykinin induces symptoms of rhinitis and a sore throat, Am Rev Respir Dis, 137, 613, 10.1164/ajrccm/137.3.613
Churchill, 1991, Pharmacology of nasal provocation with bradykinin: studies of tachyphylaxis, cyclooxygenase inhibition, alpha-adrenergic stimulation, and receptor subtype, Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol, 95, 322, 10.1159/000235469
Baumgarten, 1997, Substance P is generated in vivo following nasal challenge of allergic individuals with bradykinin, Clin Exp Allergy, 27, 1322, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1997.tb01178.x
Philip, 1994, The human nasal response to capsaicin, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 94, 1035, 10.1016/0091-6749(94)90122-8
Philip, 1996, Inflammatory cellular influx follows capsaicin nasal challenge, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 153, 1222, 10.1164/ajrccm.153.4.8616545
Rajakulasingam, 1992, Nasal effects of bradykinin and capsaicin: influence on plasma protein leakage and role of sensory neurons, J Appl Physiol, 72, 1418, 10.1152/jappl.1992.72.4.1418
Sanico, 1997, Dose-dependent effects of capsaicin nasal challenge: in vivo evidence of human airway neurogenic inflammation, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 100, 632, 10.1016/S0091-6749(97)70167-2
Blom, 1998, The long-term effects of capsaicin aqueous spray on the nasal mucosa, Clin Exp Allergy, 28, 1351, 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1998.00421.x
Arai, 1997, Cytokine signal networks and a new era in biomedical research, Mol Cells, 7, 1
Young, 1998, Pharmacological modulation of cytokine action and production through signaling pathways, Cytokine Growth Factor Rev, 9, 239, 10.1016/S1359-6101(98)00011-2
Rubinstein, 1998, Recent advances in cytokines, cytokine receptors and signal transduction, Cytokine Growth Factor Rev, 9, 175
Onishi, 1998, Cytokine receptors: structures and signal transduction, Int Rev Immunol, 16, 617, 10.3109/08830189809043011
Hirano, 1999, Molecular basis underlying functional pleiotropy of cytokines and growth factors, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 260, 303, 10.1006/bbrc.1999.0609
Rosenwasser, 1998, Biologic activities of IL-1 and its role in human disease, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 102, 344, 10.1016/S0091-6749(98)70118-6
Dinarello, 1998, Interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-18, and the interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme, Ann N Y Acad Sci, 856, 1, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb08307.x
Dinarello, 1999, IL-18: A TH1-inducing, proinflammatory cytokine and new member of the IL-1 family, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 103, 11, 10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70518-X
Dayer, 1994, Interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor and their specific inhibitors, Eur Cytokine Netw, 5, 563
Baraniuk, 1997, Pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 99, S763, 10.1016/S0091-6749(97)70125-8
Bousquet, 1996, Pathophysiology of allergic rhinitis, Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 110, 207, 10.1159/000237289
Bachert, 1998, Cytokines and adhesion molecules in allergic rhinitis, Am J Rhinol, 12, 3, 10.2500/105065898782103007
Sim, 1994, Proinflammatory cytokines in nasal secretions of allergic subjects after antigen challenge, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 149, 339, 10.1164/ajrccm.149.2.8306027
Gosset, 1993, Interleukin-6 and interleukin-1 alpha production is associated with antigen-induced late nasal response, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 92, 878, 10.1016/0091-6749(93)90066-O
van Haaster, 1997, Mast cell-mediated induction of ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and E-selectin in endothelial cells in vitro: constitutive release of inducing mediators but no effect of degranulation, Pflugers Arch, 435, 137, 10.1007/s004240050493
Bachert, 1995, Proinflammatory cytokines: measurement in nasal secretion and induction of adhesion receptor expression, Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 107, 106, 10.1159/000236945
Linden, 1995, Nasal cytokines in common cold and allergic rhinitis, Clin Exp Allergy, 25, 166, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1995.tb01022.x
Bachert, 1999, Regulation of proinflammatory cytokines in seasonal allergic rhinitis, Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 118, 375, 10.1159/000024141
Kato, 1999, Elevated soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor levels in seasonal allergic rhinitis patients, Allergy, 54, 278, 10.1034/j.1398-9995.1999.00942.x
Borish, 1991, IgE-dependent cytokine production by human peripheral blood mononuclear phagocytes, J Immunol, 146, 63, 10.4049/jimmunol.146.1.63
Gosset, 1999, Production of chemokines and proinflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines by human alveolar macrophages activated by IgE receptors, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 103, 289, 10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70504-X
Del Prete, 1998, The concept of type-1 and type-2 helper T cells and their cytokines in humans, Int Rev Immunol, 16, 427, 10.3109/08830189809043004
Umetsu, 1997, TH1 and TH2 CD4+ cells in human allergic diseases, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 100, 1, 10.1016/S0091-6749(97)70186-6
Terada, 1994, Interleukin-5 gene expression in nasal mucosa and changes in amount of interleukin-5 in nasal lavage fluid after antigen challenge, Acta Otolaryngol Stockh, 114, 203, 10.3109/00016489409126043
Karlsson, 1995, Nasal messenger RNA expression of interleukins 2, 4, and 5 in patients with allergic rhinitis, Diagn Mol Pathol, 4, 85, 10.1097/00019606-199506000-00003
Ghaffar, 1997, IL-13 mRNA and immunoreactivity in allergen-induced rhinitis: comparison with IL-4 expression and modulation by topical glucocorticoid therapy, Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 17, 17, 10.1165/ajrcmb.17.1.2696
Ohashi, 1998, Seasonal rise in interleukin-4 during pollen season is related to seasonal rise in specific IgE for pollens but not for mites, Acta Otolaryngol, 118, 243, 10.1080/00016489850154973
Ohashi, 1998, Allergen-induced synthesis of interleukin-5, but not of IgE, is a key mechanism linked to symptomatic episodes of seasonal allergic rhinitis in sensitized individuals, Scand J Immunol, 47, 596, 10.1046/j.1365-3083.1998.00337.x
Masuyama, 1998, Nasal eosinophilia and IL-5 mRNA expression in seasonal allergic rhinitis induced by natural allergen exposure: effect of topical corticosteroids, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 102, 610, 10.1016/S0091-6749(98)70277-5
Saito, 1997, Topical antigen provocation increases the number of immunoreactive IL-4-, IL-5- and IL-6-positive cells in the nasal mucosa of patients with perennial allergic rhinitis, Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 114, 81, 10.1159/000237647
Lee, 1997, Increase in expression of IL-4 and IL-5 mRNA in the nasal mucosa of patients with perennial allergic rhinitis during natural allergen exposure, Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol, 106, 215, 10.1177/000348949710600306
Wright, 1999, Th-2 type cytokine receptors in allergic rhinitis and in response to topical steroids, Laryngoscope, 109, 551, 10.1097/00005537-199904000-00006
Bradding, 1993, Immunolocalization of cytokines in the nasal mucosa of normal and perennial rhinitic subjects. The mast cell as a source of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-6 in human allergic mucosal inflammation, J Immunol, 151, 3853, 10.4049/jimmunol.151.7.3853
Kay, 1995, Phenotype of cells positive for interleukin-4 and interleukin-5 mRNA in allergic tissue reactions, Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 107, 208, 10.1159/000236979
Wright, 1999, Expression of interleukin (IL)-12 (p40) and IL-12 (beta 2) receptors in allergic rhinitis and chronic sinusitis, Clin Exp Allergy, 29, 1320, 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1999.00637.x
Nilsson, 1998, Demonstration of mast-cell chemotactic activity in nasal lavage fluid: characterization of one chemotaxin as c-kit ligand, stem cell factor, Allergy, 53, 874, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1998.tb03994.x
Sanico, 1999, Neural hyperresponsiveness and nerve growth factor in allergic rhinitis, Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 118, 154, 10.1159/000024054
Bonini, 1996, Circulating nerve growth factor levels are increased in humans with allergic diseases and asthma, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 93, 10955, 10.1073/pnas.93.20.10955
Kunkel, 1999, Through the looking glass: the diverse in vivo activities of chemokines, J Clin Invest, 104, 1333, 10.1172/JCI8511
Luster, 1998, Chemokines—chemotactic cytokines that mediate inflammation, N Engl J Med, 338, 436, 10.1056/NEJM199802123380706
Zlotnik, 1999, Recent advances in chemokines and chemokine receptors, Crit Rev Immunol, 19, 1, 10.1615/CritRevImmunol.v19.i1.10
Baggiolini, 1995, Interleukin-8 and the chemokine family, Int J Immunopharmacol, 17, 103, 10.1016/0192-0561(94)00088-6
Mukaida, 1998, Interleukin-8 (IL-8) and monocyte chemotactic and activating factor (MCAF/MCP-1), chemokines essentially involved in inflammatory and immune reactions, Cytokine Growth Factor Rev, 9, 9, 10.1016/S1359-6101(97)00022-1
Van Coillie, 1999, The MCP/eotaxin subfamily of CC chemokines, Cytokine Growth Factor Rev, 10, 61, 10.1016/S1359-6101(99)00005-2
Calderon, 1997, A comparison of cytokine release from epithelial cells cultured from nasal biopsy specimens of atopic patients with and without rhinitis and nonatopic subjects without rhinitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 99, 65
Kuna, 1998, RANTES induces nasal mucosal inflammation rich in eosinophils, basophils, and lymphocytes in vivo, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 157, 873, 10.1164/ajrccm.157.3.9610052
Minshall, 1997, Eotaxin mRNA and protein expression in chronic sinusitis and allergen-induced nasal responses in seasonal allergic rhinitis, Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 17, 683, 10.1165/ajrcmb.17.6.2865
Bartels, 1997, Increased eotaxin-mRNA expression in non-atopic and atopic nasal polyps: comparison to RANTES and MCP-3 expression, Rhinology, 35, 171
Foster, 1999, Allergic networks regulating eosinophilia, Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 21, 451, 10.1165/ajrcmb.21.4.f167
Gutierrez-Ramos, 1999, Eotaxin: from an eosinophilic chemokine to a major regulator of allergic reactions, Immunol Today, 20, 500, 10.1016/S0167-5699(99)01522-4
Palframan, 1998, Eotaxin induces a rapid release of eosinophils and their progenitors from the bone marrow, Blood, 91, 2240, 10.1182/blood.V91.7.2240
Jahnsen, 1999, Glucocorticosteroids inhibit mRNA expression for eotaxin, eotaxin-2, and monocyte-chemotactic protein-4 in human airway inflammation with eosinophilia, J Immunol, 163, 1545, 10.4049/jimmunol.163.3.1545
Gosset, 1997, Interleukin-8 secretion in patients with allergic rhinitis after an allergen challenge: interleukin-8 is not the main chemotactic factor present in nasal lavages, Clin Exp Allergy, 27, 379, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1997.tb00722.x
Roseler, 1995, Elevated levels of interleukins IL-1 beta, IL-6 and IL-8 in naturally acquired viral rhinitis, Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol Suppl, 1, S61, 10.1007/BF02484437
Kuna, 1996, Chemokines in seasonal allergic rhinitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 97, 104, 10.1016/S0091-6749(96)70288-9
Fujikura, 1998, Monocyte chemotactic and activating factor/monocyte chemoattractant protein-1-mediated histamine release from human nasal mucosa, Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 124, 1331, 10.1001/archotol.124.12.1331
Dieu-Nosjean, 1999, Regulation of dendritic cell trafficking: a process that involves the participation of selective chemokines, J Leukoc Biol, 66, 252, 10.1002/jlb.66.2.252
Christodoulopoulos, 1999, Monocyte chemotactic proteins in allergen-induced inflammation in the nasal mucosa: effect of topical corticosteroids, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 103, 1036, 10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70176-4
Baggiolini, 1994, CC chemokines in allergic inflammation, Immunol Today, 15, 127, 10.1016/0167-5699(94)90156-2
Dahinden, 1997, Regulation of cytokine expression by human blood basophils, Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 113, 134, 10.1159/000237527
Baroody, 1995, Implicating adhesion molecules in nasal allergic inflammation, Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol Suppl, 1, S50, 10.1007/BF02484435
Meager, 1999, Cytokine regulation of cellular adhesion molecule expression in inflammation, Cytokine Growth Factor Rev, 10, 27, 10.1016/S1359-6101(98)00024-0
Petruzzelli, 1999, Structure and function of cell adhesion molecules, Am J Med, 106, 467, 10.1016/S0002-9343(99)00058-3
Vestweber, 1999, Mechanisms that regulate the function of the selectins and their ligands, Physiol Rev, 79, 181, 10.1152/physrev.1999.79.1.181
Bachert, 1995, Proinflammatory cytokines in allergic rhinitis, Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol Suppl, 1, S44, 10.1007/BF02484434
Lee, 1994, Nasal challenge with allergen upregulates the local expression of vascular endothelial adhesion molecules, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 94, 1006, 10.1016/0091-6749(94)90119-8
Greve, 1989, The major human rhinovirus receptor is ICAM-1, Cell, 56, 839, 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90688-0
Canonica, 1994, Adhesion molecules of allergic inflammation: recent insights into their functional roles, Allergy, 49, 135, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1994.tb00815.x
Schleimer, 1998, The role of adhesion molecules in allergic inflammation and their suitability as targets of antiallergic therapy, Clin Exp Allergy, 3, 15
Ciprandi, 1994, Allergen-specific challenge induces intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1 or CD54) on nasal epithelial cells in allergic subjects. Relationships with early and late inflammatory phenomena, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 150, 1653, 10.1164/ajrccm.150.6.7524984
Ciprandi, 1997, Loratadine reduces in vivo nasal epithelial ICAM-1 expression, J Allergy Clin Immunol
Ciprandi, 1997, Cetirizine treatment of rhinitis in children with pollen allergy: evidence of its antiallergic activity, Clin Exp Allergy, 27, 1160, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1997.tb01153.x
Ciprandi, 1998, Intranasal fluticasone propionate reduces ICAM-1 on nasal epithelial cells both during early and late phase after allergen challenge, Clin Exp Allergy, 28, 293, 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1998.00239.x
Ohashi, 1997, Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 level in sera is elevated in perennial allergic rhinitis, Laryngoscope, 107, 932, 10.1097/00005537-199707000-00019
Campbell, 1997, Reduction of soluble ICAM-1 levels in nasal secretion by H1-blockers in seasonal allergic rhinitis, Allergy, 52, 1022, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1997.tb02425.x
Liu, 1998, Soluble adhesion molecules and cytokines in perennial allergic rhinitis, Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 81, 176, 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)62806-2
Haslett, 1994, Granulocyte apoptosis and the control of inflammation, Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 345, 327, 10.1098/rstb.1994.0113
Shimizu, 1991, Lymphocyte interactions with extracellular matrix, Faseb J, 5, 2292, 10.1096/fasebj.5.9.1860621
Altman, 1993, Cytokines and eosinophil-derived cationic proteins upregulate intercellular adhesion molecule-1 on human nasal epithelial cells, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 92, 527, 10.1016/0091-6749(93)90077-S
Simon, 1995, Inhibition of programmed eosinophil death: a key pathogenic event for eosinophilia?, Immunol Today, 16, 53, 10.1016/0167-5699(95)80086-7
Ohtoshi, 1991, Human upper airway epithelial cell-derived granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor induces histamine-containing cell differentiation of human progenitor cells, Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol, 95, 376, 10.1159/000235476
Xing, 1992, Human upper airway structural cell-derived cytokines support human peripheral blood monocyte survival: a potential mechanism for monocyte/macrophage accumulation in the tissue, Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 6, 212, 10.1165/ajrcmb/6.2.212
Kato, 1999, Serum-soluble Fas levels as a marker to distinguish allergic and nonallergic rhinitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 103, 1213, 10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70202-2
Ramis, 1996, Differential activity of nitric oxide synthase in human nasal mucosa and polyps, Eur Respir J, 9, 202, 10.1183/09031936.96.09020202
Watkins, 1998, Expression and localization of the inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase in nasal polyp epithelium, Clin Exp Allergy, 28, 211, 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1998.00215.x
Furukawa, 1996, Expression of nitric oxide synthase in the human nasal mucosa, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 153, 847, 10.1164/ajrccm.153.2.8564142
Martin, 1996, Increased levels of exhaled nitric oxide during nasal and oral breathing in subjects with seasonal rhinitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 97, 768, 10.1016/S0091-6749(96)80154-0
Kawamoto, 1999, Increased expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in nasal epithelial cells in patients with allergic rhinitis, Laryngoscope, 109, 2015, 10.1097/00005537-199912000-00023
Arnal, 1999, Nasal nitric oxide concentration in paranasal sinus inflammatory diseases, Eur Respir J, 13, 307, 10.1034/j.1399-3003.1999.13b15.x
Henriksen, 1999, Exhaled and nasal NO levels in allergic rhinitis: relation to sensitization, pollen season and bronchial hyperresponsiveness, Eur Respir J, 13, 301, 10.1034/j.1399-3003.1999.13b14.x
Garrelds, 1995, Nitric oxide metabolites in nasal lavage fluid of patients with house dust mite allergy, Thorax, 50, 275, 10.1136/thx.50.3.275
Gratziou, 1999, Influence of atopy on exhaled nitric oxide in patients with stable asthma and rhinitis, Eur Respir J, 14, 897, 10.1034/j.1399-3003.1999.14d28.x
Sato, 1998, Increased nitric oxide in nasal lavage fluid and nitrotyrosine formation in nasal mucosa—indices for severe perennial nasal allergy, Clin Exp Allergy, 28, 597, 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1998.00270.x
Silkoff, 1999, Nasal nitric oxide does not control basal nasal patency or acute congestion following allergen challenge in allergic rhinitis, Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol, 108, 368, 10.1177/000348949910800409
Lane, 1997, Nitric oxide is a mediator of neurogenic vascular exudation in the nose, Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 116, 294, 10.1016/S0194-5998(97)70263-8
McWilliam, 1995, The biology of airway dendritic cells, Immunol Cell Biol, 73, 405, 10.1038/icb.1995.63
van den Heuvel, 1998, Functional and phenotypic differences of monocyte-derived dendritic cells from allergic and nonallergic patients, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 101, 90, 10.1016/S0091-6749(98)70198-8
de-Vries, 1992, Regulation of IgE synthesis by cytokines, Curr. Opin. Immunol, 3, 851, 10.1016/S0952-7915(05)80003-2
Pene, 1988, IgE production by normal human B cells induced by alloreactive T cell clones is mediated by IL-4 and suppressed by IFN-gamma, J Immunol, 141, 1218, 10.4049/jimmunol.141.4.1218
Pene, 1988, Interleukin 5 enhances interleukin 4-induced IgE production by normal human B cells. The role of soluble CD23 antigen, Eur J Immunol, 18, 929, 10.1002/eji.1830180615
Punnonen, 1993, Interleukin 13 induces interleukin 4-independent IgG4 and IgE synthesis and CD23 expression by human B cells, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 90, 3730, 10.1073/pnas.90.8.3730
Cocks, 1993, IL-13 induces proliferation and differentiation of human B cells activated by the CD40 ligand, Int Immunol, 5, 657, 10.1093/intimm/5.6.657
Gascan, 1991, Human B cell clones can be induced to proliferate and to switch to IgE and IgG4 synthesis by interleukin 4 and a signal provided by activated CD4+ T cell clones, J Exp Med, 173, 747, 10.1084/jem.173.3.747
Punnonen, 1992, Induction of isotype switching and Ig production by CD5+ and CD10+ human fetal B cells, J. Immunol, 148, 3398, 10.4049/jimmunol.148.11.3398
Punnonen, 1997, The relative contribution of IL-4 and IL-13 to human IgE synthesis induced by activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 100, 792, 10.1016/S0091-6749(97)70276-8
Zurawski, 1994, Interleukin 13, an interleukin 4-like cytokine that acts on monocytes and B cells, but not on T cells, Immunol Today, 15, 19, 10.1016/0167-5699(94)90021-3
Chanez, 1994, Modulation by interleukin-4 of cytokine release from mononuclear phagocytes in asthma, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 94, 997, 10.1016/0091-6749(94)90118-X
de-Waal-Malefyt, 1995, Differential regulation of IL-13 and IL-4 production by human CD8+ and CD4+ Th0, Th1 and Th2 T cell clones and EBV-transformed B cells, Int Immunol, 7, 1405, 10.1093/intimm/7.9.1405
Jung, 1996, Interleukin-13 is produced by activated human CD45RA+ and CD45RO+ T cells: modulation by interleukin-4 and interleukin-12, Eur J Immunol, 26, 571, 10.1002/eji.1830260311
van-Kooten, 1992, Both naive and memory T cells can provide help for human IgE production, but with different cytokine production requirements, Eur Cytokine Netw, 3, 289
Armitage, 1992, Molecular and biological characterization of a murine ligand for CD40, Nature, 357, 80, 10.1038/357080a0
Brunner, 1993, Human peripheral blood basophils primed by interleukin 3 (IL-3) produce IL-4 in response to immunoglobulin E receptor stimulation, J Exp Med, 177, 605, 10.1084/jem.177.3.605
MacGlashan, 1994, Secretion of IL-4 from human basophils. The relationship between IL-4 mRNA and protein in resting and stimulated basophils, J Immunol, 152, 3006, 10.4049/jimmunol.152.6.3006
Ochensberger, 1995, IgE-independent interleukin-4 expression and induction of a late phase of leukotriene C4 formation in human blood basophils, Blood, 86, 4039, 10.1182/blood.V86.11.4039.bloodjournal86114039
Schroeder, 1996, An immunoglobulin E-dependent recombinant histamine-releasing factor induces interleukin-4 secretion from human basophils, J Exp Med, 183, 1265, 10.1084/jem.183.3.1265
Schroeder, 1997, New concepts: the basophil, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 99, 429, 10.1016/S0091-6749(97)70065-4
Schroeder, 1998, IL-4 secretion and histamine release by human basophils are differentially regulated by protein kinase C activation, J Leukoc Biol, 63, 692, 10.1002/jlb.63.6.692
Gauchat, 1993, Induction of human IgE synthesis in B cells by mast cells and basophils, Nature, 365, 340, 10.1038/365340a0
Platts-Mills, 1979, Local production of IgG, IgA and IgE antibodies in grass pollen hay fever, J Immunol, 122, 2218, 10.4049/jimmunol.122.6.2218
Henderson, 1975, Maximal rise in IgE antibody following ragweed pollination season, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 55, 10, 10.1016/S0091-6749(75)80003-0
Naclerio, 1997, Nasal provocation with allergen induces a secondary serum IgE antibody response, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 100, 505, 10.1016/S0091-6749(97)70143-X
Durham, 1997, Expression of epsilon germ-line gene transcripts and mRNA for the epsilon heavy chain of IgE in nasal B cells and the effects of topical corticosteroid, Eur J Immunol, 27, 2899, 10.1002/eji.1830271123
Cameron, 1998, Expression of IL-4, Cepsilon RNA, and Iepsilon RNA in the nasal mucosa of patients with seasonal rhinitis: effect of topical corticosteroids, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 101, 330, 10.1016/S0091-6749(98)70244-1
Pawankar, 1999, Revisting the roles of mast cells and its relation to local IgE synthesis, Am J Rhinol, 14, 309, 10.2500/105065800781329582
Zurcher, 1996, Culture and IgE synthesis of nasal B cells, Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 111, 77, 10.1159/000237349
KleinJan, 1997, Allergen binding to specific IgE in the nasal mucosa of allergic patients, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 99, 515, 10.1016/S0091-6749(97)70079-4
KleinJan, 2000, Production and detection of (specific) IgE in nasal B cells and plasma cells of allergic rhinitis patients, Eur Respir J, 15, 491, 10.1034/j.1399-3003.2000.15.11.x
Wallaert, 1995, Immunoreactivity for interleukin 3 and 5 and granulocyte/-macrophage colony-stimulating factor of intestinal mucosa in bronchial asthma, J Exp Med, 182, 1897, 10.1084/jem.182.6.1897
Wallaert, 1994, Airway-like inflammation of minor salivary gland in bronchial asthma, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 150, 802, 10.1164/ajrccm.150.3.8087355
Djukanovic, 1992, Bronchial mucosal manifestations of atopy: a comparison of markers of inflammation between atopic asthmatics, atopic nonasthmatics and healthy controls, Eur Respir J, 5, 538, 10.1183/09031936.93.05050538
Inman, 1999, Allergen-induced increase in airway responsiveness, airway eosinophilia, and bone-marrow eosinophil progenitors in mice, Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 21, 473, 10.1165/ajrcmb.21.4.3622
Gibson, 1991, Allergen-induced asthmatic responses. Relationship between increases in airway responsiveness and increases in circulating eosinophils, basophils, and their progenitors, Am Rev Respir Dis, 143, 331, 10.1164/ajrccm/143.2.331
Gaspar Elsas, 1997, Rapid increase in bone-marrow eosinophil production and responses to eosinopoietic interleukins triggered by intranasal allergen challenge, Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 17, 404, 10.1165/ajrcmb.17.4.2691
Wood, 1999, An inhaled corticosteroid, budesonide, reduces baseline but not allergen-induced increases in bone marrow inflammatory cell progenitors in asthmatic subjects, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 159, 1457, 10.1164/ajrccm.159.5.9808123
Ishizaka, 1970, Mechanisms of passive sensitization. I. Presence of IgE and IgG molecules on human leukocytes, J Immunol, 105, 1459, 10.4049/jimmunol.105.6.1459
Kinet, 1999, The high-affinity IgE receptor (Fc epsilon RI): from physiology to pathology, Annu Rev Immunol, 17, 931, 10.1146/annurev.immunol.17.1.931
Garman, 1999, The crystal structure of the human high-affinity IgE receptor (Fc epsilon RI alpha), Annu Rev Immunol, 17, 973, 10.1146/annurev.immunol.17.1.973
Metzger, 1999, A quantitative approach to signal transduction, Immunol Lett, 68, 53, 10.1016/S0165-2478(99)00030-9
Bieber, 1997, Fc epsilon RI-expressing antigen-presenting cells: new players in the atopic game, Immunol Today, 18, 311, 10.1016/S0167-5699(97)01046-3
Haas, 1997, Demonstration of the high-affinity IgE receptor (Fc epsilon RI) on Langerhans' cells of diseased nasal mucosa, Allergy, 52, 436, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1997.tb01025.x
Joseph, 1997, Expression and functions of the high-affinity IgE receptor on human platelets and megakaryocyte precursors, Eur J Immunol, 27, 2212, 10.1002/eji.1830270914
Hasegawa, 1999, Functional expression of the high affinity receptor for IgE (FcepsilonRI) in human platelets and its' intracellular expression in human megakaryocytes, Blood, 93, 2543, 10.1182/blood.V93.8.2543
Maurer, 1994, Expression of functional high affinity immunoglobulin E receptors (Fc epsilon RI) on monocytes of atopic individuals, J Exp Med, 179, 745, 10.1084/jem.179.2.745
Mecheri, 1997, Unravelling the mast cell dilemma: culprit or victim of its generosity?, Immunol Today, 18, 212, 10.1016/S0167-5699(97)01034-7
Sihra, 1997, Expression of high-affinity IgE receptors (Fc epsilon RI) on peripheral blood basophils, monocytes, and eosinophils in atopic and nonatopic subjects: relationship to total serum IgE concentrations, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 99, 699, 10.1016/S0091-6749(97)70033-2
Ying, 1998, High-affinity immunoglobulin E receptor (Fc epsilon RI)-bearing eosinophils, mast cells, macrophages and Langerhans' cells in allergen- induced late-phase cutaneous reactions in atopic subjects, Immunology, 93, 281, 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1998.00418.x
Malveaux, 1978, IgE receptors on human basophils. Relationship to serum IgE concentration, J Clin Invest, 62, 176, 10.1172/JCI109103
MacGlashan, 1983, Comparative studies of human basophils and mast cells, Fed Proc, 42, 2504
Yamaguchi, 1997, IgE enhances mouse mast cell Fc(epsilon)RI expression in vitro and in vivo: evidence for a novel amplification mechanism in IgE-dependent reactions, J Exp Med, 185, 663, 10.1084/jem.185.4.663
MacGlashan, 1998, In vitro regulation of FcepsilonRIalpha expression on human basophils by IgE antibody, Blood, 91, 1633, 10.1182/blood.V91.5.1633
MacGlashan, 1999, Upregulation of FcepsilonRI on human basophils by IgE antibody is mediated by interaction of IgE with FcepsilonRI, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 104, 492, 10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70399-4
Toru, 1996, Induction of the high-affinity IgE receptor (Fc epsilon RI) on human mast cells by IL-4, Int Immunol, 8, 1367, 10.1093/intimm/8.9.1367
Rajakulasingam, 1997, Enhanced expression of high-affinity IgE receptor (Fc epsilon RI) alpha chain in human allergen-induced rhinitis with co-localization to mast cells, macrophages, eosinophils, and dendritic cells, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 100, 78, 10.1016/S0091-6749(97)70198-2
Terada, 1995, IL-4 upregulates Fc epsilon RI alpha-chain messenger RNA in eosinophils, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 96, 1161, 10.1016/S0091-6749(95)70201-6
Kobayashi, 1998, Production of IL-13 by human lung mast cells in response to Fc epsilon receptor cross-linkage, Clin Exp Allergy, 28, 1219, 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1998.00377.x
Joseph, 1983, Involvement of immunoglobulin E in the secretory processes of alveolar macrophages from asthmatic patients, J Clin Invest, 71, 221, 10.1172/JCI110762
Capron, 1991, Heterogeneous expression of CD23 epitopes by eosinophils from patients. Relationships with IgE-mediated functions, Eur J Immunol, 21, 2423, 10.1002/eji.1830211019
Maurer, 1995, Immunoglobulin E-binding structures on antigen-presenting cells present in skin and blood, J Invest Dermatol, 104, 707, 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12606958
Sarfati, 1992, Expression, regulation and function of human Fc epsilon RII (CD23) antigen, Immunol Res, 11, 260, 10.1007/BF02919132
Volovitz, 1988, The release of leukotrienes in the respiratory tract during infection with respiratory syncytial virus: role in obstructive airway disease, Pediatr Res, 24, 504, 10.1203/00006450-198810000-00018
Meslier, 1988, Local cellular and humoral responses to antigenic and distilled water challenge in subjects with allergic rhinitis, Am Rev Respir Dis, 137, 617, 10.1164/ajrccm/137.3.617
Okuda, 1988, The role of leukotriene D4 in allergic rhinitis, Ann Allergy, 60, 537
Juliusson, 1991, Tryptase in nasal lavage fluid after local allergen challenge. Relationship to histamine levels and TAME-esterase activity, Allergy, 46, 459, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1991.tb04362.x
Baroody, 1999, Relationship between histamine and physiological changes during the early response to nasal antigen provocation, J Appl Physiol, 86, 659, 10.1152/jappl.1999.86.2.659
Baroody, 1994, Physiologic responses and histamine release after nasal antigen challenge. Effect of atropine, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 149, 1457, 10.1164/ajrccm.149.6.7516250
Eccles, 1992, Plasma exudation in rhinitis, Clin Exp Allergy, 22, 319, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1992.tb03092.x
Baumgarten, 1986, Plasma kallikrein during experimentally induced allergic rhinitis: role in kinin formation and contribution to TAME-esterase activity in nasal secretions, J Immunol, 137, 977, 10.4049/jimmunol.137.3.977
Baumgarten, 1986, Concentrations of glandular kallikrein in human nasal secretions increase during experimentally induced allergic rhinitis, J Immunol, 137, 1323, 10.4049/jimmunol.137.4.1323
Proud, 1987, Kinin metabolism in human nasal secretions during experimentally induced allergic rhinitis, J Immunol, 138, 428, 10.4049/jimmunol.138.2.428
Andersson, 1994, Complement activation on the nasal mucosal surface—a feature of the immediate allergic reaction in the nose, Allergy, 49, 242, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1994.tb02656.x
Rajakulasingam, 1993, Comparative nasal effects of bradykinin and histamine: influence on nasal airways resistance and plasma protein exudation, Thorax, 48, 324, 10.1136/thx.48.4.324
Braunstein, 1991, Clinical and inflammatory responses to exogenous tachykinins in allergic rhinitis, Am Rev Respir Dis, 144, 630, 10.1164/ajrccm/144.3_Pt_1.630
Uddman, 1987, Nerves and neurotransmitters in the nose, 50
Freeland, 1989, Leukotriene B4 as a mediator of early and late reactions to antigen in humans: the effect of systemic glucocorticoid treatment in vivo, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 83, 634, 10.1016/0091-6749(89)90076-6
Miadonna, 1989, Evidence of PAF-acether metabolic pathway activation in antigen challenge of upper respiratory airways, Am Rev Respir Dis, 140, 142, 10.1164/ajrccm/140.1.142
Klementsson, 1992, Eosinophil chemotactic activity of topical PAF on the human nasal mucosa, Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 42, 295, 10.1007/BF00266351
Pelikan, 1988, Cytologic changes in the nasal secretions during the immediate nasal response, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 82, 1103, 10.1016/0091-6749(88)90150-9
Iliopoulos, 1990, Relationship between the early, late, and rechallenge reaction to nasal challenge with antigen: observations on the role of inflammatory mediators and cells, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 86, 851, 10.1016/S0091-6749(05)80146-0
Pelikan, 1989, Cytologic changes in the nasal secretions during the late nasal response, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 83, 1068, 10.1016/0091-6749(89)90448-X
Klementsson, 1992, Eosinophils and the pathophysiology of allergic rhinitis, Clin Exp Allergy, 22, 1058, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1992.tb00130.x
Bascom, 1988, The influx of inflammatory cells into nasal washings during the late response to antigen challenge. Effect of systemic steroid pretreatment, Am Rev Respir Dis, 138, 406, 10.1164/ajrccm/138.2.406
Bascom, 1989, Major basic protein and eosinophil-derived neurotoxin concentrations in nasal-lavage fluid after antigen challenge: effect of systemic corticosteroids and relationship to eosinophil influx, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 84, 338, 10.1016/0091-6749(89)90418-1
Linder, 1987, Eosinophil cationic protein and myeloperoxidase in nasal secretion as markers of inflammation in allergic rhinitis, Allergy, 42, 583, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1987.tb00388.x
Pastorello, 1994, Comparison of rhinomanometry, symptom score, and inflammatory cell counts in assessing the nasal late-phase reaction to allergen challenge, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 93, 85, 10.1016/0091-6749(94)90236-4
Bascom, 1988, Basophil influx occurs after nasal antigen challenge: effects of topical corticosteroid pretreatment, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 81, 580, 10.1016/0091-6749(88)90198-4
Iliopoulos, 1992, Histamine-containing cells obtained from the nose hours after antigen challenge have functional and phenotypic characteristics of basophils, J Immunol, 148, 2223, 10.4049/jimmunol.148.7.2223
Alam, 1992, Development of a new technique for recovery of cytokines from inflammatory sites in situ, J Immunol Methods, 155, 25, 10.1016/0022-1759(92)90267-W
Nouri-Aria, 1998, Granulocyte/macrophage-colony stimulating factor in allergen-induced rhinitis: cellular localization, relation to tissue eosinophilia and influence of topical corticosteroid, Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 117, 248, 10.1159/000024019
Laberge, 1997, Expression of IL-16 in allergen-induced late-phase nasal responses and relation to topical glucocorticosteroid treatment, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 100, 569, 10.1016/S0091-6749(97)70152-0
Terada, 1992, The effect of recombinant human interleukin-5 on eosinophil accumulation and degranulation in human nasal mucosa, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 90, 160, 10.1016/0091-6749(92)90067-C
Ying, 1994, T lymphocytes and mast cells express messenger RNA for interleukin-4 in the nasal mucosa in allergen-induced rhinitis, Immunology, 82, 200
Rajakulasingam, 1997, RANTES in human allergen-induced rhinitis: cellular source and relation to tissue eosinophilia, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 155, 696, 10.1164/ajrccm.155.2.9032215
Connell, 1969, Quantitative intranasal pollen challenges. 3. The priming effect in allergic rhinitis, J Allergy, 43, 33, 10.1016/0021-8707(69)90018-5
Wachs, 1989, Observations on the pathogenesis of nasal priming, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 84, 492, 10.1016/0091-6749(89)90362-X
Grant, 1991, Histamine-releasing factors and inhibitors: historical perspectives and possible implications in human illness, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 88, 683, 10.1016/0091-6749(91)90170-S
Takafuji, 1992, Opposing effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and nerve growth factor upon leukotriene C4 production by human eosinophils triggered with N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine, Eur J Immunol, 22, 969, 10.1002/eji.1830220414
Roquat, 1996, Allergen-induced inflammation in the nose: a comparison of acute and repeated low-dose allergen exposure, Allergy, 51, 42, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1996.tb04548.x
Sim, 1992, Measurement of histamine-releasing factor activity in individual nasal washings: relationship with atopy, basophil response, and membrane-bound IgE, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 89, 1157, 10.1016/0091-6749(92)90300-Q
Sim, 1992, Effect of topical corticosteroids on the recovery of histamine releasing factors in nasal washings of patients with allergic rhinitis. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study, Am Rev Respir Dis, 145, 1316, 10.1164/ajrccm/145.6.1316
Juliusson, 1988, Priming effect of a birch pollen season studied with laser Doppler flowmetry in patients with allergic rhinitis, Clin Allergy, 18, 615, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1988.tb02913.x
Bousquet, 1991, Clinical and immunologic reactivity of patients allergic to grass pollens and to multiple pollen species. I. Clinical and immunologic characteristics, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 87, 737, 10.1016/0091-6749(91)90397-7
Ricca, 2000, Minimal persistent inflammation is also present in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 105, 54, 10.1016/S0091-6749(00)90177-5
Juliusson, 1992, Mast cells and eosinophils in the allergic mucosal response to allergen challenge: changes in distribution and signs of activation in relation to symptoms, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 90, 898, 10.1016/0091-6749(92)90462-B
Hakansson, 1989, The formation of eosinophil and neutrophil chemotactic activity during a pollen season and after allergen challenge, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 83, 933, 10.1016/0091-6749(89)90108-5
Andersson, 1989, Objective monitoring of the allergic inflammatory response of the nasal mucosa in patients with hay fever during natural allergen exposure, Am Rev Respir Dis, 139, 911, 10.1164/ajrccm/139.4.911
Igarashi, 1993, Analysis of nasal secretions during experimental rhinovirus upper respiratory infections, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 92, 722, 10.1016/0091-6749(93)90016-9
Otsuka, 1985, Heterogeneity of metachromatic cells in human nose: significance of mucosal mast cells, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 76, 695, 10.1016/0091-6749(85)90673-6
Viegas, 1987, Effect of the pollen season on nasal mast cells, Br Med J Clin Res Ed, 294, 414, 10.1136/bmj.294.6569.414
Gomez, 1988, Effect of topical corticosteroids on seasonally induced increases in nasal mast cells, Br Med J Clin Res Ed, 296, 1572, 10.1136/bmj.296.6636.1572-a
Lim, 1995, The histology of allergic rhinitis and its comparison to cellular changes in nasal lavage, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 151, 136, 10.1164/ajrccm.151.1.7812543
Greiff, 1993, Effect of seasonal allergic rhinitis on airway mucosal absorption of chromium-51 labelled EDTA, Thorax, 48, 648, 10.1136/thx.48.6.648
Wilson, 1998, Inflammatory mediators in naturally occurring rhinitis, Clin Exp Allergy, 28, 220, 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1998.00235.x
Skoner, 1990, Nasal physiology and inflammatory mediators during natural pollen exposure, Ann Allergy, 65, 206
Rasp, 1994, Eosinophil inflammation of the nasal mucosa in allergic and non-allergic rhinitis measured by eosinophil cationic protein levels in native nasal fluid and serum, Clin Exp Allergy, 24, 1151, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1994.tb03321.x
Wang, 1995, Correlations between complaints, inflammatory cells and mediator concentrations in nasal secretions after nasal allergen challenge and during natural allergen exposure, Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 106, 278, 10.1159/000236855
Pipkorn, 1989, Nasal mucosal response to repeated challenges with pollen allergen, Am Rev Respir Dis, 140, 729, 10.1164/ajrccm/140.3.729
Chaen, 1993, Substance P and vasoactive intestinal peptide in nasal secretions and plasma from patients with nasal allergy, Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol, 102, 16, 10.1177/000348949310200104
van-Megen, 1991, Alterations of adrenoceptors in the nasal mucosa of allergic patients in comparison with nonallergic individuals, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 87, 530, 10.1016/0091-6749(91)90012-D
van-Megen, 1991, Alterations of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in the nasal mucosa of allergic patients in comparison with nonallergic individuals, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 87, 521, 10.1016/0091-6749(91)90011-C
White, 1993, Nasal cholinergic hyperresponsiveness in atopic subjects studied out of season, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 92, 278, 10.1016/0091-6749(93)90171-B
Malmberg, 1986, Eosinophilia, 91
Malmberg, 1979, Symptoms of chronic and allergic rhinitis and occurrence of nasal secretion granulocytes in university students, school children and infants, Allergy, 34, 389, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1979.tb02008.x
Spector, 1980, Clinical and nasal biopsy response to treatment of perennial rhinitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 66, 129, 10.1016/0091-6749(80)90060-3
Slater, 1996, Increase in epithelial mast cell numbers in the nasal mucosa of patients with perennial allergic rhinitis, J Laryngol Otol, 110, 929, 10.1017/S0022215100135388
Berger, 1997, The inferior turbinate mast cell population of patients with perennial allergic and nonallergic rhinitis, Am J Rhinol, 11, 63, 10.2500/105065897781446775
Okuda, 1983, Basophil leukocytes and mast cells in the nose, Eur J Respir Dis Suppl, 128, 7
Chanez, 1999, Comparison between nasal and bronchial inflammation in asthmatic and control subjects, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 159, 588, 10.1164/ajrccm.159.2.9801022
Wilson, 1988, Nasal histamine and heparin in chronic rhinitis, Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol, 97, 389, 10.1177/000348948809700411
Garrelds, 1995, Interleukin-5 and eosinophil cationic protein in nasal lavages of rhinitis patients, Eur J Pharmacol, 275, 295, 10.1016/0014-2999(95)00049-Q
Demoly, 1998, ICAM-1 expression in upper respiratory mucosa is differentially related to eosinophil and neutrophil inflammation according to the allergic status, Clin Exp Allergy, 28, 731, 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1998.00308.x
Saito, 1994, Study on the IL-5 expression in allergic nasal mucosa, Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 104, 39, 10.1159/000236747
Kowalski, 1993, Neutrophil chemotactic activity (NCA) in nasal secretions from atopic and nonatopic subjects. Effect of antigen challenge, Allergy, 48, 409, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1993.tb00738.x
Varga, 1999, Inflammatory cell populations and cytokine mRNA expression in the nasal mucosa in aspirin-sensitive rhinitis, Eur Respir J, 14, 610, 10.1034/j.1399-3003.1999.14c21.x
Jankowski, 1996, Eosinophils in the pathophysiology of nasal polyposis, Acta Otolaryngol, 116, 160, 10.3109/00016489609137813
Hamilos, 1995, Evidence for distinct cytokine expression in allergic versus nonallergic chronic sinusitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 96, 537, 10.1016/S0091-6749(95)70298-9
Ogata, 1999, Detection of activated eosinophils in nasal polyps of an aspirin- induced asthma patient, Rhinology, 37, 16
Gerth van Wijk, 1999, Nasal hyperreactivity, Rhinology, 37, 50
Assanasen, 1999, Warming of feet elevates nasal mucosal surface temperature and reduces the early response to nasal challenge with allergen, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 104, 285, 10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70368-4
Naito, 1999, The alteration of nasal resistance before and after local exposure to heated aerosol in perennial allergic rhinitis, Rhinology, 37, 66
Mullins, 1989, Nasal histamine challenges in symptomatic allergic rhinitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 83, 955, 10.1016/0091-6749(89)90111-5
Gerth-van-Wijk, 1991, Nasal hyper-responsiveness to histamine, methacholine and phentolamine in patients with perennial non-allergic rhinitis and in patients with infectious rhinitis, Clin Otolaryngol, 16, 133, 10.1111/j.1365-2273.1991.tb01961.x
Gerth van Wijk, 1994, Nasal reactivity to histamine and methacholine: two different forms of upper airway responsiveness, Rhinology, 32, 119
Ohm, 1997, Nasal histamine provocation of tenants in a sick-building residential area, Am J Rhinol, 11, 167, 10.2500/105065897782537151
Kolbeck, 1999, Nasal and bronchial histamine reactivity in patients with allergic rhinitis out of season, Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 82, 55, 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)62661-0
Asakura, 1984, Nasal responsiveness to methacholine stimulation in allergic rhinitis patients, Arch Otorhinolaryngol, 239, 273, 10.1007/BF00464255
Braat, 1998, Intranasal cold dry air is superior to histamine challenge in determining the presence and degree of nasal hyperreactivity in nonallergic noninfectious perennial rhinitis, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 157, 1748, 10.1164/ajrccm.157.6.9701016
Morris, 1999, Sensory nerve-mediated immediate nasal responses to inspired acrolein, J Appl Physiol, 87, 1877, 10.1152/jappl.1999.87.5.1877
Baldwin, 1999, Odor sensitivity and respiratory complaint profiles in a community-based sample with asthma, hay fever, and chemical odor intolerance, Toxicol Ind Health, 15, 403, 10.1177/074823379901500314
Baudoin, 1999, Distilled water nasal provocation in hyperreactive patients, Am J Rhinol, 13, 229, 10.2500/105065899781389786
Hasegawa, 1982, Nasal cycle and postural variations in nasal resistance, Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol, 91, 112, 10.1177/000348948209100125
Saketkhoo, 1979, Effect of exercise on nasal mucous velocity and nasal airflow resistance in normal subjects, J Appl Physiol, 46, 369, 10.1152/jappl.1979.46.2.369
Saketkhoo, 1978, Effects of drinking hot water, cold water, and chicken soup on nasal mucus velocity and nasal airflow resistance, Chest, 74, 408, 10.1378/chest.74.4.408
Desrosiers, 1997, Treatment with hot, humid air reduces the nasal response to allergen challenge, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 99, 77
Desrosiers, 1996, Lack of effect of hot, humid air on response to nasal challenge with histamine, Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol, 105, 146, 10.1177/000348949610500210
Sanico, 1998, Comparison of nasal mucosal responsiveness to neuronal stimulation in nonallergic and allergic rhinitis: effects of capsaicin nasal challenge, Clin Exp Allergy, 28, 92, 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1998.00182.x
de-Graaf-in't-Veld, 1997, Nasal responsiveness to allergen and histamine in patients with perennial rhinitis with and without a late phase response, Thorax, 52, 143, 10.1136/thx.52.2.143
de Graaf-in t Veld, 1996, Relationship between nasal hyperreactivity, mediators and eosinophils in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis and controls, Clin Exp Allergy, 26, 903, 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1996.d01-395.x
Klementsson, 1990, Allergen-induced increase in nonspecific nasal reactivity is blocked by antihistamines without a clear-cut relationship to eosinophil influx, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 86, 466, 10.1016/S0091-6749(05)80201-5
Klementsson, 1990, Changes in non-specific nasal reactivity and eosinophil influx and activation after allergen challenge, Clin Exp Allergy, 20, 539, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1990.tb03147.x
Willes, 1992, Nasal inhalation challenge studies with sidestream tobacco smoke, Arch Environ Health, 47, 223, 10.1080/00039896.1992.9938353
Afzelius, 1994, Ultrastructure of human nasal epithelium during an episode of coronavirus infection, Virchows Arch, 424, 295, 10.1007/BF00194614
Proud, 1994, Increased levels of interleukin-1 are detected in nasal secretions of volunteers during experimental rhinovirus colds, J Infect Dis, 169, 1007, 10.1093/infdis/169.5.1007
van Kempen, 1999, An update on the pathophysiology of rhinovirus upper respiratory tract infections, Rhinology, 37, 97
Proud, 1992, Tryptase and histamine as markers to evaluate mast cell activation during the responses to nasal challenge with allergen, cold, dry air, and hyperosmolar solutions, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 89, 1098, 10.1016/0091-6749(92)90293-B
Togias, 1985, Nasal challenge with cold, dry air results in release of inflammatory mediators. Possible mast cell involvement, J Clin Invest, 76, 1375, 10.1172/JCI112113
Iliopoulos, 1988, Nasal challenge with cold, dry air induces a late-phase reaction, Am Rev Respir Dis, 138, 400, 10.1164/ajrccm/138.2.400
Schiavino, 1997, Nasal lavage cytometry in the diagnosis of nonallergic rhinitis with eosinophilia syndrome (NARES), Allergy Asthma Proc, 18, 363, 10.2500/108854197778558061
Phillips, 1992, Distribution of eosinophils in the nose in patients with perennial rhinitis, Clin Otolaryngol, 17, 478, 10.1111/j.1365-2273.1992.tb01700.x
Ingels, 1997, Nasal biopsy is superior to nasal smear for finding eosinophils in nonallergic rhinitis, Allergy, 52, 338, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1997.tb01001.x
Greisner, 1998, Co-existence of asthma and allergic rhinitis: a 23-year follow-up study of college students, Allergy Asthma Proc, 19, 185, 10.2500/108854198778557836
Peat, 1990, Longitudinal changes in atopy during a 4-year period: relation to bronchial hyperresponsiveness and respiratory symptoms in a population sample of Australian schoolchildren, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 85, 65, 10.1016/0091-6749(90)90223-Q
Townley, 1975, Bronchial sensitivity to methacholine in current and former asthmatic and allergic rhinitis patients and control subjects, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 56, 429, 10.1016/0091-6749(75)90061-5
Ramsdale, 1984, Bronchial responsiveness to methacholine in chronic bronchitis: relationship to airflow obstruction and cold air responsiveness, Thorax, 39, 912, 10.1136/thx.39.12.912
Gerblich, 1986, Seasonal variation of airway function in allergic rhinitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 77, 676, 10.1016/0091-6749(86)90408-2
Madonini, 1987, Seasonal increase of bronchial reactivity in allergic rhinitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 79, 358, 10.1016/0091-6749(87)90156-4
Karjalainen, 1989, Seasonal variability of exercise-induced asthma especially outdoors. Effect of birch pollen allergy, Clin Exp Allergy, 19, 273, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1989.tb02383.x
Prieto, 1994, Modification of concentration-response curves to inhaled methacholine after the pollen season in subjects with pollen induced rhinitis, Thorax, 49, 711, 10.1136/thx.49.7.711
Lowhagen, 1985, Modification of bronchial hyperreactivity after treatment with sodium cromoglycate during pollen season, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 75, 460, 10.1016/S0091-6749(85)80018-X
Dorward, 1986, Effect of nedocromil sodium on histamine airway responsiveness in grass-pollen sensitive asthmatics during the pollen season, Clin Allergy, 16, 309, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1986.tb01962.x
Sotomayor, 1984, Seasonal increase of carbachol airway responsiveness in patients allergic to grass pollen. Reversal by corticosteroids, Am Rev Respir Dis, 130, 56
Prieto, 1994, Effect of inhaled budesonide on seasonal changes in sensitivity and maximal response to methacholine in pollen-sensitive asthmatic subjects, Eur Respir J, 7, 1845, 10.1183/09031936.94.07101845
Boulet, 1993, Influence of natural antigenic exposure on expiratory flows, methacholine responsiveness, and airway inflammation in mild allergic asthma, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 91, 883, 10.1016/0091-6749(93)90346-H
Verdiani, 1990, Different prevalence and degree of nonspecific bronchial hyperreactivity between seasonal and perennial rhinitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 86, 576, 10.1016/S0091-6749(05)80215-5
Prieto, 1996, Sensitivity and maximal response to methacholine in perennial and seasonal allergic rhinitis, Clin Exp Allergy, 26, 61, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1996.tb00057.x
Witteman, 1997, Differences in nonspecific bronchial responsiveness between patients with asthma and patients with rhinitis are not explained by type and degree of inhalant allergy, Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 112, 65, 10.1159/000237433
Dahl, 1998, Mechanisms of airflow limitation in the nose and lungs, Clin Exp Allergy, 2, 17
Szczeklik, 1994, Aspirin-induced asthma: an update and novel findings, Adv Prostaglandin Thromboxane Leukot Res, 22, 185
Szczeklik, 1997, Mechanism of aspirin-induced asthma, Allergy, 52, 613, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1997.tb01039.x
Settipane, 1981, Adverse reactions of aspirin and related drugs, Arch Intern Med, 141, 328, 10.1001/archinte.1981.00340030060012
Stevenson, 1984, Aspirin-sensitive rhinosinusitis asthma: a double-blind crossover study of treatment with aspirin, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 73, 500, 10.1016/0091-6749(84)90361-0
Sears, 1989, The relative risks of sensitivity to grass pollen, house dust mite and cat dander in the development of childhood asthma, Clin Exp Allergy, 19, 419, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1989.tb02408.x
Shibasaki, 1990, Relationship between asthma and seasonal allergic rhinitis in schoolchildren, Ann Allergy, 65, 489
Magnan, 1998, Rhinitis alone or rhinitis plus asthma: what makes the difference?, Eur Respir J, 12, 1073, 10.1183/09031936.98.12051073
Yssel, 1998, The role of IgE in asthma, Clin Exp Allergy, 5, 104, 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1998.028s5104.x
Igarashi, 1995, Quantitation of inflammatory cells in the nasal mucosa of patients with allergic rhinitis and normal subjects, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 95, 716, 10.1016/S0091-6749(95)70177-X
Laitinen, 1987, Innervation of airway smooth muscle, Am Rev Respir Dis, 136, S38, 10.1164/ajrccm/136.4_Pt_2.S38
Howarth, 1995, Neuropeptide-containing nerves in endobronchial biopsies from asthmatic and nonasthmatic subjects, Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 13, 288, 10.1165/ajrcmb.13.3.7654385
Barnes, 1995, Is asthma a nervous disease? The Parker B. Francis Lectureship, Chest, 107, 119S, 10.1378/chest.107.3_Supplement.119S
Lane, 1997, Nitric oxide is a mediator of neurogenic vascular exudation in the nose, Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 116, 294, 10.1016/S0194-5998(97)70263-8
Bentley, 1992, Activated T-lymphocytes and eosinophils in the bronchial mucosa in isocyanate-induced asthma, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 89, 821, 10.1016/0091-6749(92)90437-7
Bousquet, 1990, Eosinophilic inflammation in asthma, N Engl J Med, 323, 1033, 10.1056/NEJM199010113231505
Poston, 1992, Immunohistochemical characterization of the cellular infiltration in asthmatic bronchi, Am Rev Respir Dis, 145, 918, 10.1164/ajrccm/145.4_Pt_1.918
Sousa, 1993, Detection of GM-CSF in asthmatic bronchial epithelium and decrease by inhaled corticosteroids, Am Rev Respir Dis, 147, 1557, 10.1164/ajrccm/147.6_Pt_1.1557
Ying, 1997, Enhanced expression of eotaxin and CCR3 mRNA and protein in atopic asthma. Association with airway hyperresponsiveness and predominant co-localization of eotaxin mRNA to bronchial epithelial and endothelial cells, Eur J Immunol, 27, 3507, 10.1002/eji.1830271252
Altman, 1997, Release of RANTES from nasal and bronchial epithelial cells, Cell Biol Toxicol, 13, 205, 10.1023/A:1007318514715
Foresi, 1997, Eosinophils, mast cells, and basophils in induced sputum from patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis and perennial asthma: relationship to methacholine responsiveness, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 100, 58, 10.1016/S0091-6749(97)70195-7
Chakir, 1996, Lower airways remodeling in nonasthmatic subjects with allergic rhinitis, Lab Invest, 75, 735
Calhoun, 1993, Increased airway inflammation with segmental versus aerosol antigen challenge, Am Rev Respir Dis, 147, 1465, 10.1164/ajrccm/147.6_Pt_1.1465
Jeffery, 1996, Bronchial biopsies and airway inflammation, Eur Respir J, 9, 1583, 10.1183/09031936.96.09081583
Bonavia, 1996, Comparison of early and late asthmatic responses between patients with allergic rhinitis and mild asthma, Eur Respir J, 9, 905, 10.1183/09031936.96.09050905
Corren, 1992, Changes in bronchial responsiveness following nasal provocation with allergen, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 89, 611, 10.1016/0091-6749(92)90329-Z
Aubier, 1991, Protective effect of theophylline on bronchial hyperresponsiveness in patients with allergic rhinitis, Am Rev Respir Dis, 143, 346, 10.1164/ajrccm/143.2.346
Corren, 1997, Allergic rhinitis and asthma: how important is the link?, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 99, S781, 10.1016/S0091-6749(97)70127-1
Bucca, 1995, Extrathoracic and intrathoracic airway responsiveness in sinusitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 95, 52, 10.1016/S0091-6749(95)70152-4
Busse, 1994, The role of respiratory infections in airway hyperresponsiveness and asthma, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 150, S77, 10.1164/ajrccm/150.5_Pt_2.S77
Johnston, 1997, Influence of viral and bacterial respiratory infections on exacerbations and symptom severity in childhood asthma, Pediatr Pulmonol Suppl, 16, 88, 10.1002/ppul.1950230851
Johnston, 1995, Natural and experimental rhinovirus infections of the lower respiratory tract, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 152, S46, 10.1164/ajrccm/152.4_Pt_2.S46
Lemanske, 1989, Rhinovirus upper respiratory infection increases airway hyperreactivity and late asthmatic reactions, J Clin Invest, 83, 1, 10.1172/JCI113843
Sterk, 1993, Virus-induced airway hyperresponsiveness in man, Eur Respir J, 6, 894, 10.1183/09031936.93.06060894
Calhoun, 1994, A common cold virus, rhinovirus 16, potentiates airway inflammation after segmental antigen bronchoprovocation in allergic subjects, J Clin Invest, 94, 2200, 10.1172/JCI117581
Fraenkel, 1994, Immunohistochemical analysis of nasal biopsies during rhinovirus experimental colds, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 150, 1130, 10.1164/ajrccm.150.4.7921447
Fraenkel, 1995, Lower airways inflammation during rhinovirus colds in normal and in asthmatic subjects, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 151, 879
Welsh, 1987, Efficacy of beclomethasone nasal solution, flunisolide, and cromolyn in relieving symptoms of ragweed allergy, Mayo Clin Proc, 62, 125, 10.1016/S0025-6196(12)61882-5
Bonini, 1987, Studies of allergic conjunctivitis, Chibret Int J, 5, 12
Allansmith, 1990, Giant papillary conjunctivitis, J Am Optom Assoc, 61, S42
Bonini, 1998, Pathogenesis: allergic conjunctivitis, 509
Anderson, 1997, Seasonal allergic conjunctivitis is accompanied by increased mast cell numbers in the absence of leucocyte infiltration, Clin Exp Allergy, 27, 1060, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1997.tb01258.x
Metz, 1996, Phenotypic characterization of T cells infiltrating the conjunctiva in chronic allergic eye disease, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 98, 686, 10.1016/S0091-6749(96)70103-3
Bonini, 1990, Allergen dose response and late symptoms in a human model of ocular allergy, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 86, 869, 10.1016/S0091-6749(05)80148-4
Henriquez, 1981, Mast cell ultrastructure. Comparison in contact lens-associated giant papillary conjunctivitis and vernal conjunctivitis, Arch Ophthalmol, 99, 1266, 10.1001/archopht.1981.03930020140019
Trocme, 1989, Conjunctival deposition of eosinophil granule major basic protein in vernal keratoconjunctivitis and contact lens-associated giant papillary conjunctivitis, Am J Ophthalmol, 108, 57, 10.1016/S0002-9394(14)73261-1
Montan, 1996, Eosinophil cationic protein in tears in allergic conjunctivitis, Br J Ophthalmol, 80, 556, 10.1136/bjo.80.6.556
Bonini, 1999, Atopic and vernal keratoconjunctivitis: a model for studying atopic disease, Curr Probl Dermatol, 28, 88, 10.1159/000060604
Bonini, 1992, Conjunctival hyperresponsiveness to ocular histamine challenge in patients with vernal conjunctivitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 89, 103, 10.1016/S0091-6749(05)80046-6
Ciprandi, 1994, Effects of conjunctival hyperosmolar challenge in allergic subjects and normal controls, Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 104, 92, 10.1159/000236713
Bonini, 1989, Conjunctival provocation test as a model for the study of allergy and inflammation in humans, Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol, 88, 144, 10.1159/000234769
Noon, 1911, Prophylactic inoculation against hay fever, Lancet, i, 1572, 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)78276-6
Moller, 1984, The precision of the conjunctival provocation test, Allergy, 39, 37, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1984.tb01931.x
Abelson, 1980, Effects of topically applied occular decongestant and antihistamine, Am J Ophthalmol, 90, 254, 10.1016/S0002-9394(14)74864-0
Abelson, 1990, Effects of Vasocon-A in the allergen challenge model of acute allergic conjunctivitis, Arch Ophthalmol, 108, 520, 10.1001/archopht.1990.01070060068051
Ciprandi, 1991, Protective effect of loratadine on specific conjunctival provocation test, Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol, 96, 344, 10.1159/000235519
Ciprandi, 1992, Protective effect of different doses of terfenadine on the conjunctival provocation test, Allergy, 47, 309, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1992.tb02059.x
Ciprandi, 1993, Protective effect of loratadine on late phase reaction induced by conjunctival provocation test, Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 100, 185, 10.1159/000236407
Ciprandi, 1993, Protective effects of deflazacort on allergen-specific conjunctival challenge, Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 45, S35, 10.1007/BF01844202
Tomassini, 1994, Increased serum levels of eosinophil cationic protein and eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (protein X) in vernal keratoconjunctivitis, Ophthalmology, 101, 1808, 10.1016/S0161-6420(94)31097-9
Derebery, 1993, Otolaryngic allergy, Otolaryngol Clin North Am, 26, 593, 10.1016/S0030-6665(20)30792-1
Rowe-Jones, 1995, Management of sinusitis. Sinusitis and rhinitis, or rhinosinusitis?, Bmj, 310, 670, 10.1136/bmj.310.6980.670a
Rachelefsky, 1984, Chronic sinus disease with associated reactive airway disease in children, Pediatrics, 73, 526, 10.1542/peds.73.4.526
Slavin, 1988, Sinusitis in adults and its relation to allergic rhinitis, asthma, and nasal polyps, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 82, 950, 10.1016/0091-6749(88)90038-3
Berrettini, 1999, Perennial allergic rhinitis and chronic sinusitis: correlation with rhinologic risk factors, Allergy, 54, 242, 10.1034/j.1398-9995.1999.00813.x
Ruoppi, 1993, Acute frontal sinusitis: etiological factors and treatment outcome, Acta Otolaryngol, 113, 201, 10.3109/00016489309135793
Savolainen, 1989, Allergy in patients with acute maxillary sinusitis, Allergy, 44, 116, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1989.tb02234.x
Karlsson, 1994, Does allergic rhinitis predispose to sinusitis?, Acta Otolaryngol Suppl, 515, 26, 10.3109/00016489409124319
Hinriksdottir, 1994, Allergic rhinitis and upper respiratory tract infections, Acta Otolaryngol Suppl, 515, 30, 10.3109/00016489409124320
Iwens, 1994, Sinusitis in allergic patients, Rhinology, 32, 65
Naclerio, 1997, Ragweed allergic rhinitis and the paranasal sinuses. A computed tomographic study, Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 123, 193, 10.1001/archotol.1997.01900020077011
Pelikan, 1990, Role of nasal allergy in chronic maxillary sinusitis—diagnostic value of nasal challenge with allergen, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 86, 484, 10.1016/S0091-6749(05)80203-9
Adkins, 1998, Does inhaled pollen enter the sinus cavities?, Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 81, 181, 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)62807-4
Harlin, 1988, A clinical and pathologic study of chronic sinusitis: the role of the eosinophil, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 81, 867, 10.1016/0091-6749(88)90944-X
Hamilos, 1993, Chronic hyperplastic sinusitis: association of tissue eosinophilia with mRNA expression of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-3, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 92, 39, 10.1016/0091-6749(93)90035-E
Demoly, 1994, Assessment of inflammation in noninfectious chronic maxillary sinusitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 94, 95, 10.1016/0091-6749(94)90076-0
Hamilos, 1998, GM-CSF, IL-5 and RANTES immunoreactivity and mRNA expression in chronic hyperplastic sinusitis with nasal polyposis (NP), Clin Exp Allergy, 28, 1145, 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1998.00380.x
Demoly, 1997, Myeloperoxidase and interleukin-8 levels in chronic sinusitis, Clin Exp Allergy, 27, 672, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1997.tb01195.x
Georgitis, 1995, Chronic sinusitis: characterization of cellular influx and inflammatory mediators in sinus lavage fluid, Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 106, 416, 10.1159/000236875
Slavin, 1998, Complications of allergic rhinitis: implications for sinusitis and asthma, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 101, S357, 10.1016/S0091-6749(98)70219-2
de Benedictis, 1999, Rhinosinusitis and asthma: epiphenomenon or causal association?, Chest, 115, 550, 10.1378/chest.115.2.550
Newman, 1994, Chronic sinusitis. Relationship of computed tomographic findings to allergy, asthma, and eosinophilia, JAMA, 271, 363, 10.1001/jama.1994.03510290045035
Crater, 1999, Prospective analysis of CT of the sinuses in acute asthma, AJR Am J Roentgenol, 173, 127, 10.2214/ajr.173.1.10397112
Rossi, 1994, Sinus aspirates and radio-graphic abnormalities in severe attacks of asthma, Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 103, 209, 10.1159/000236629
Moloney, 1977, Nasal polyps, nasal polypectomy, asthma, and aspirin sensitivity. Their association in 445 cases of nasal polyps, J Laryngol Otol, 91, 837, 10.1017/S0022215100084450
Fujisawa, 1990, The neutrophil and chronic allergic inflammation. Immunochemical localization of neutrophil elastase, Am Rev Respir Dis, 141, 689, 10.1164/ajrccm/141.3.689
Park, 1998, Immunohistochemical characterization of cellular infiltrate in nasal polyp from aspirin-sensitive asthmatic patients, Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 81, 219, 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)62815-3
Rudack, 1998, Cytokines in nasal polyposis, acute and chronic sinusitis, Am J Rhinol, 12, 383, 10.2500/105065898780708008
Rowe-Jones, 1997, Polyp-oid rhinosinusitis in patients with host defence deficiencies: cellular infiltration and disease severity, Rhinology, 35, 113
Rowe-Jones, 1997, Polyp-oidal rhinosinusitis in cystic fibrosis: a clinical and histopathological study, Clin Otolaryngol, 22, 167, 10.1046/j.1365-2273.1997.00003.x
Symon, 1996, Functional and structural characterization of the eosinophil P-selectin ligand, J Immunol, 157, 1711, 10.4049/jimmunol.157.4.1711
Symon, 1999, P- and L-selectin mediate binding of T cells to chronically inflamed human airway endothelium, Eur J Immunol, 29, 1324, 10.1002/(SICI)1521-4141(199904)29:04<1324::AID-IMMU1324>3.0.CO;2-2
McNulty, 1999, Characterization of the integrin and activation steps mediating human eosinophil and neutrophil adhesion to chronically inflamed airway endothelium, Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 20, 1251, 10.1165/ajrcmb.20.6.3531
Drake-Lee, 1984, Histamine and its release from nasal polyps: preliminary communication, J R Soc Med, 77, 120, 10.1177/014107688407700210
Settipane, 1977, Nasal polyps in asthma and rhinitis. A review of 6,037 patients, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 59, 17, 10.1016/0091-6749(77)90171-3
Caplin, 1971, Are nasal polyps an allergic phenomenon?, Ann Allergy, 29, 631
Bunnag, 1976, The incidence of sinus involvement in allergic rhinitis in Thai patients, 273
Keith, 1994, Nasal polyps: effects of seasonal allergen exposure, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 93, 567, 10.1016/S0091-6749(94)70068-0
Small, 1985, Local specific IgE production in nasal polyps associated with negative skin tests and serum RAST, Ann Allergy, 55, 736
Drake-Lee, 1984, Free and cell bound IgE in nasal polyps, J Laryngol Otol, 98, 795, 10.1017/S0022215100147474
Perkins, 1989, Nasal polyps: a manifestation of allergy?, Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 101, 641, 10.1177/019459988910100605
Drake-Lee, 1989, Nadal polyps, 141
Patriarca, 1986, ASA disease: the clinical relationship of nasal polyposis to ASA intolerance, Arch Otorhinolaryngol, 243, 16, 10.1007/BF00457900
Lamblin, 1997, Sequential evaluation of pulmonary function and bronchial hyperresponsiveness in patients with nasal polyposis: a prospective study, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 155, 99, 10.1164/ajrccm.155.1.9001296
Hallen, 1994, The nasal reactivity in patients with nasal polyps, Orl J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec, 56, 276, 10.1159/000276673
Hallen, 1995, Airway reactivity of nose and bronchi in patients with nasal polyps, Orl J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec, 57, 328, 10.1159/000276775
Lamblin, 1999, Eosinophilic airway inflammation in nasal polyposis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 104, 85, 10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70118-1
Drake-Lee, 1994, Medical treatment of nasal polyps, Rhinology, 32, 1
Holmberg, 1996, Nasal polyps: medical or surgical management?, Clin Exp Allergy, 3, 23, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1996.tb00655.x
Stammberger, 1999, Surgical treatment of nasal polyps: past, present, and future, Allergy, 53, 7, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1999.tb05031.x
Holopainen, 1982, Budesonide in the treatment of nasal polyposis, Eur J Respir Dis Suppl, 122, 221
Kanai, 1994, Nasal polyp inflammation. Effect of topical nasal steroid, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 150, 1094, 10.1164/ajrccm.150.4.7921442
Mygind, 1996, Effects of corticosteroid therapy in non-allergic rhinosinusitis, Acta Otolaryngol, 116, 164, 10.3109/00016489609137814
Holmberg, 1997, Fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray in the treatment of nasal polyposis, Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 78, 270, 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)63180-8
Ruhno, 1988, Intranasal nedocromil sodium in the treatment of ragweed-allergic rhinitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 81, 570, 10.1016/0091-6749(88)90196-0
Lund, 1998, Effect of fluticasone in severe polyposis, Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 124, 513, 10.1001/archotol.124.5.513
English, 1986, Nasal polypectomy and sinus surgery in patients with asthma and aspirin idiosyncrasy, Laryngoscope, 96, 374, 10.1288/00005537-198604000-00007
Brown, 1979, Nasal polypectomy in patients with asthma and sensitivity to aspirin, Arch Otolaryngol, 105, 413, 10.1001/archotol.1979.00790190039007
Vleming, 1991, Results of endoscopic sinus surgery for nasal polyps, Am J Rhinol, 5, 173, 10.2500/105065891782009252
Jankowski, 1992, Incidence of medico-surgical treatment for nasal polyps on the development of associated asthma, Rhinology, 30, 249
Manning, 1994, Results of endoscopic sinus surgery in pediatric patients with chronic sinusitis and asthma, Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 120, 1142, 10.1001/archotol.1994.01880340082014
Nishioka, 1994, Functional endoscopic sinus surgery in patients with chronic sinusitis and asthma, Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 110, 494, 10.1177/019459989411000410
McFadden, 1997, Surgical treatment of aspirin triad sinusitis, Am J Rhinol, 11, 263, 10.2500/105065897781446702
Dinis, 1997, Sinusitis and asthma: how do they interrelate in sinus surgery?, Am J Rhinol, 11, 421, 10.2500/105065897780914992
Park, 1998, The role of functional endoscopic sinus surgery in asthmatic patients, J Otolaryngol, 27, 275
Nakamura, 1999, Effects of sinus surgery on asthma in aspirin triad patients, Acta Otolaryngol, 119, 592, 10.1080/00016489950180856
Ikeda, 1999, Endoscopic sinus surgery improves pulmonary function in patients with asthma associated with chronic sinusitis, Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol, 108, 355, 10.1177/000348949910800407
Goldstein, 1999, Effect of functional endoscopic sinus surgery on bronchial asthma outcomes, Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 125, 314, 10.1001/archotol.125.3.314
Senior, 1999, Long-term impact of functional endoscopic sinus surgery on asthma, Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 121, 66, 10.1016/S0194-5998(99)70127-0
Moloney, 1977, Nasal polyps and bronchial asthma, Br J Dis Chest, 71, 1, 10.1016/0007-0971(77)90071-7
Lamblin, 1999, Long-term follow-up of pulmonary function in patients with nasal polyposis, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 161, 406, 10.1164/ajrccm.161.2.9905075
Corey, 1994, The role of IgEmediated hypersensitivity in otitis media with effusion, Am J Otolaryngol, 15, 138, 10.1016/0196-0709(94)90063-9
Bluestone, 1996, Otitis media, atelectasis and eustachian tube dysfunction, 533
Faden, 1989, Otitis media in children. I. The systemic immune response to nontypable Hemophilus influenzae, J Infect Dis, 160, 999, 10.1093/infdis/160.6.999
Eskola, 1999, Respiratory viruses in acute otitis media, N Engl J Med, 340, 312, 10.1056/NEJM199901283400412
Heikkinen, 1999, Prevalence of various respiratory viruses in the middle ear during acute otitis media, N Engl J Med, 340, 260, 10.1056/NEJM199901283400402
Pitkaranta, 1998, Polymerase chain reaction-based detection of rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, and coronavirus in otitis media with effusion, J Pediatr, 133, 390, 10.1016/S0022-3476(98)70276-8
Pass, 1998, Respiratory virus infection and otitis media, Pediatrics, 102, 400, 10.1542/peds.102.2.400
Miglets, 1973, The experimental production of allergic middle ear effusions, Laryngoscope, 83, 1355, 10.1288/00005537-197309000-00001
Senturia, 1960, Allergic manifestations in otologic disease, Laryngoscope, 70, 287, 10.1288/00005537-196003000-00005
Reisman, 1975, Allergy and secretory otitis media: clinical and immunologic studies, Pediatr Clin North Am, 22, 251, 10.1016/S0031-3955(16)33121-2
Ruokonen, 1981, Secretory otitis media and allergy. With special reference to the cytotoxic leucocyte test, Allergy, 36, 59, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1981.tb01825.x
Kjellman, 1976, Atopic allergy and immunoglobulins in children with adenoids and recurrent otitis media, Acta Paediatr Scand, 65, 593, 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1976.tb04938.x
Bernstein, 1993, The role of IgE-mediated hypersensitivity in the development of otitis media with effusion: a review, Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 109, 611
Van-Cauwenberge, 1993, Rhinitis and otitis, 189
Irander, 1993, Middle ear diseases in relation to atopy and nasal metachromatic cells in infancy, Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol, 26, 1, 10.1016/0165-5876(93)90191-5
Howie, 1971, Bacterial etiology and antimicrobial treatment of exudative otitis media: relation of antibiotic therapy to relapses, South Med J, 64, 233, 10.1097/00007611-197102000-00022
Gates, 1992, Adenoidectomy and otitis media, Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl, 155, 24, 10.1177/00034894921010S106
Ichimiya, 1990, Analysis of immunocompetent cells in the middle ear mucosa, Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 116, 324, 10.1001/archotol.1990.01870030088015
Maxwell, 1994, Interleukin-8 expression in otitis media, Laryngoscope, 104, 989, 10.1288/00005537-199408000-00013
Nassif, 1998, Epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor-alpha in middle ear effusion, Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 119, 564, 10.1016/S0194-5998(98)70012-9
Albiin, 1986, Middle ear mucosa in rats and humans, Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl, 126, 2, 10.1177/00034894860950S501
Mogi, 1992, The role of type I allergy in secretory otitis media and mast cells in the middle ear mucosa, Acta Otolaryngol Suppl, 493, 155
Hurst, 1999, Evidence of mast cell activity in the middle ears of children with otitis media with effusion, Laryngoscope, 109, 471, 10.1097/00005537-199903000-00024
Doyle, 1985, The role of allergy in the pathogenesis of otitis media with effusion, Arch Otolaryngol, 111, 502, 10.1001/archotol.1985.00800100050004
Ackerman, 1984, Antigen-induced eustachian tube obstruction: an intranasal provocative challenge test, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 73, 604, 10.1016/0091-6749(84)90519-0
Skoner, 1986, Eustachian tube obstruction after intranasal challenge with house dust mite, Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 112, 840, 10.1001/archotol.1986.03780080040008
Doyle, 1985, The effects of intranasal histamine challenge on eustachian tube function, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 76, 551, 10.1016/0091-6749(85)90774-2
Tomonaga, 1988, The role of nasal allergy in otitis media with effusion. A clinical study, Acta Otolaryngol Suppl, 458, 41, 10.3109/00016488809125100
Osur, 1989, Eustachian tube dysfunction in children with ragweed hayfever during natural pollen exposure, Allergy Proc, 10, 133, 10.2500/108854189778961071
Yellon, 1992, Demonstration of interleukin 6 in middle ear effusions, Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 118, 745, 10.1001/archotol.1992.01880070075014
Hurst, 1993, The presence of eosinophil cationic protein in middle ear effusion, Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 108, 711, 10.1177/019459989310800614
Bikhazi, 1995, Expression of immunoregulatory cytokines during acute and chronic middle ear immune response, Laryngoscope, 105, 629, 10.1288/00005537-199506000-00013
Nsouli, 1994, Role of food allergy in serous otitis media, Ann Allergy, 73, 215
Binder, 1982, Anamnestic data in allergic rhinitis, Allergy, 37, 389, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1982.tb02317.x
Reinberg, 1988, Circadian and circannual rhythms of allergic rhinitis: an epidemiologic study involving chronobiologic methods, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 81, 51, 10.1016/0091-6749(88)90220-5
Smolensky, 1995, Twenty-four hour pattern in symptom intensity of viral and allergic rhinitis: treatment implications, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 95, 1084, 10.1016/S0091-6749(95)70212-1
Apter, 1992, Olfactory loss and allergic rhinitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 90, 670, 10.1016/0091-6749(92)90141-N
Apter, 1995, Allergic rhinitis and olfactory loss, Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 75, 311
Mori, 1998, Clinical study of olfactory disturbance, Acta Otolaryngol Suppl, 538, 197
Lavie, 1981, Breathing disorders in sleep associated with “microarousals' in patients with allergic rhinitis, Acta Otolaryngol, 92, 529, 10.3109/00016488109133292
Young, 1997, Nasal obstruction as a risk factor for sleep-disordered breathing. The University of Wisconsin Sleep and Respiratory Research Group, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 99, S757, 10.1016/S0091-6749(97)70124-6
Kushida, 1997, Nasal obstruction and obstructive sleep apnea: a review, Allergy Asthma Proc, 18, 69, 10.2500/108854197778605509
Craig, 1998, Nasal congestion secondary to allergic rhinitis as a cause of sleep disturbance and daytime fatigue and the response to topical nasal corticosteroids, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 101, 633, 10.1016/S0091-6749(98)70171-X
Hadley, 1997, Clinical evaluation of rhinosinusitis: history and physical examination, Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 117, S8, 10.1016/S0194-5998(97)70002-0
Spaeth, 1996, Azelastine reduces histamine-induced swelling of nasal mucosa, Orl J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec, 58, 157, 10.1159/000276817
Levine, 1990, The office diagnosis of nasal and sinus disorders using rigid nasal endoscopy, Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 102, 370, 10.1177/019459989010200411
Bolger, 1992, Nasal endoscopy in the outpatient clinic, Otolaryngol Clin North Am, 25, 791, 10.1016/S0030-6665(20)30940-3
Benninger, 1997, Nasal endoscopy: its role in office diagnosis, Am J Rhinol, 11, 177, 10.2500/105065897782537205
Demoly, 1998, In vivo methods for study of allergy. Skin tests, techniques and interpretation, 530
Pepys, 1975, Skin testing, Br J Hosp Med, 14, 412
Osterballe, 1979, A new lancet for skin prick testing, Allergy, 34, 209, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1979.tb01700.x
Menardo, 1982, Comparison of three prick test methods with the intradermal test and with the rast in the diagnosis of mite allergy, Ann Allergy, 48, 235
Malling, 1982, The allergy pricker. Qualitative aspects of skin prick testing using a precision needle, Allergy, 37, 563, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1982.tb02341.x
Perrin, 1984, Reproducibility of skin tests. A comparative study of the Pepys prick test and the Morrow-Brown needle and their correlation with the serum IgE level, Clin Allergy, 14, 581, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1984.tb02246.x
Basomba, 1985, Standardization of the prick test. A comparative study of three methods, Allergy, 40, 395, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1985.tb02677.x
Chanal, 1988, Comparison between modified skin prick test with standardized allergen extracts and Phazet, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 82, 878, 10.1016/0091-6749(88)90093-0
Adinoff, 1989, A comparison of six epicutaneous devices in the performance of immediate hypersensitivity skin testing, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 84, 168, 10.1016/0091-6749(89)90321-7
Demoly, 1991, Precision of skin prick and puncture tests with nine methods, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 88, 758, 10.1016/0091-6749(91)90183-O
Nelson, 1993, Comparative performance of five commercial prick skin test devices, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 92, 750, 10.1016/0091-6749(93)90019-C
Engler, 1992, Comparison of the sensitivity and precision of four skin test devices, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 90, 985, 10.1016/0091-6749(92)90472-E
Malling, 1985, Reproducibility of skin sensitivity using a quantitative skin prick test, Allergy, 40, 400, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1985.tb02678.x
Dreborg, 1989, Skin tests used in type I allergy testing. Position paper of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Allergy, 44, 1
Reid, 1993, Survey of fatalities from skin testing and immunotherapy 1985-1989, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 92, 6, 10.1016/0091-6749(93)90030-J
The waiting period after allergen skin testing and immunotherapy, 1990, American Academy of Allergy and Immunology, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 85, 526
Bernstein, 1995, Practice parameters for allergy diagnostic testing. Joint Task Force on Practice Parameters for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Asthma.The American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology and the American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 75, 543
Nelson, 1996, An assessment of the role of intradermal skin testing in the diagnosis of clinically relevant allergy to timothy grass, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 97, 1193, 10.1016/S0091-6749(96)70184-7
Wood, 1999, A comparison of skin prick tests, intradermal skin tests, and RASTs in the diagnosis of cat allergy, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 103, 773, 10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70419-7
Position paper, 1993, Allergen standardization and skin tests. The European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Allergy, 48, 48
Allergen skin testing, 1993, Board of Directors. American Academy of Allergy and Immunology, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 92, 636
Aas, 1978, Standardization of allergen extracts with appropriate methods. The combined use of skin prick testing and radio-allergosorbent tests, Allergy, 33, 130, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1978.tb01522.x
Malling, 1984, Skin prick testing and the use of histamine references, Allergy, 39, 596, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1984.tb01979.x
Bousquet, 1985, Comparison of the stability of a mite and a pollen extract stored in normal conditions of use, Clin Allergy, 15, 29, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1985.tb02251.x
Adinoff, 1990, Immediate skin test reactivity to Food and Drug Administration-approved standardized extracts, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 86, 766, 10.1016/S0091-6749(05)80181-2
Pauli, 1996, Skin testing with recombinant allergens rBet v 1 and birch profilin, rBet v 2: diagnostic value for birch pollen and associated allergies, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 97, 1100, 10.1016/S0091-6749(96)70264-6
van Aalderen, 1992, Adrenergic response in children with asthma on exogenous stimuli, Clin Exp Allergy, 22, 996, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1992.tb03027.x
Menardo, 1985, Skin test reactivity in infancy, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 75, 646, 10.1016/0091-6749(85)90088-0
Ownby, 1994, The appropriate use of skin testing and allergen immunotherapy in young children, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 94, 662, 10.1016/0091-6749(94)90171-6
Skassa-Brociek, 1987, Skin test reactivity to histamine from infancy to old age, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 80, 711, 10.1016/0091-6749(87)90292-2
Oppenheimer, 1993, Seasonal variation in immediate skin test reactions, Ann Allergy, 71, 227
Haahtela, 1980, Influence of the pollen season on immediate skin test reactivity to common allergens, Allergy, 35, 15, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1980.tb01712.x
Simons, 1999, Clinical pharmacology of new histamine H1 receptor antagonists, Clin Pharmacokinet, 36, 329, 10.2165/00003088-199936050-00003
Terho, 1987, Atopy, smoking, and chronic bronchitis, J Epidemiol Community Health, 41, 300, 10.1136/jech.41.4.300
Horak, 1985, Manifestation of allergic rhinitis in latent-sensitized patients. A prospective study, Arch Otorhinolaryngol, 242, 239, 10.1007/BF00453546
Pastorello, 1995, Studies on the relationship between the level of specific IgE antibodies and the clinical expression of allergy: I. Definition of levels distinguishing patients with symptomatic from patients with asymptomatic allergy to common aeroallergens, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 96, 580, 10.1016/S0091-6749(95)70255-5
Niemeijer, 1993, Optimization of skin testing. II. Evaluation of concentration and cutoff values, as compared with RAST and clinical history, in a multicenter study, Allergy, 48, 498, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1993.tb01105.x
Crobach, 1998, The diagnosis of allergic rhinitis: how to combine the medical history with the results of radioallergosorbent tests and skin prick tests, Scand J Prim Health Care, 16, 30, 10.1080/028134398750003377
Dreborg, 1988, Food allergy in pollen-sensitive patients, Ann Allergy, 61, 41
Ishizaka, 1967, Identification of gamma-E-antibodies as a carrier of reaginic activity, J Immunol, 99, 1187, 10.4049/jimmunol.99.6.1187
Johansson, 1967, Raised levels of a new immunoglobulin class (IgND) in asthma, Lancet, 2, 951, 10.1016/S0140-6736(67)90792-1
Johansson, 1976, Comparison of IgE values as determined by different solid phase radioimmunoassay methods, Clin Allergy, 6, 91, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1976.tb01417.x
Bousquet, 1982, Total serum IgE concentrations in adolescents and adults using the phadebas IgE PRIST technique, Allergy, 37, 397, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1982.tb02318.x
Pecoud, 1986, Application of microtitre plates and fluorescence reading to shorten handling of Phadezym RAST and Phadezym IgE PRIST, Clin Allergy, 16, 231, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1986.tb00770.x
Rudzki, 1990, RAST and PRIST in children with atopic dermatitis, Dermatologica, 180, 82, 10.1159/000247997
Zetterstrom, 1981, IgE concentrations measured by PRIST in serum of healthy adults and in patients with respiratory allergy. A diagnostic approach, Allergy, 36, 537, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1981.tb01871.x
Wide, 1967, Diagnosis of allergy by an in-vitro test for allergen antibodies, Lancet, 2, 1105, 10.1016/S0140-6736(67)90615-0
Johansson, 1973, Quantitation of IgE antibodies and allergens by the radioallergosorbent test, RAST, Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol, 45, 55, 10.1159/000231001
Gleich, 1975, Measurement of IgE antibodies by the radioallergosorbent test. I. Technical considerations in the performance of the test, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 55, 334, 10.1016/0091-6749(75)90005-6
Alonso, 1995, Specific IgE determination using the CAP system: comparative evaluation with RAST, J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol, 5, 156
Bousquet, 1990, Comparison between RAST and Pharmacia CAP system: a new automated specific IgE assay, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 85, 1039, 10.1016/0091-6749(90)90048-9
Gleeson, 1996, A clinical evaluation in children of the Pharmacia ImmunoCAP system for inhalant allergens, Clin Exp Allergy, 26, 697, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1996.tb00596.x
Paganelli, 1998, Specific IgE antibodies in the diagnosis of atopic disease. Clinical evaluation of a new in vitro test system, UniCAP, in six European allergy clinics, Allergy, 53, 763, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1998.tb03972.x
Kelso, 1991, Diagnostic performance characteristics of the standard Phadebas RAST, modified RAST, and pharmacia CAP system versus skin testing, Ann Allergy, 67, 511
Leimgruber, 1991, Clinical evaluation of a new in-vitro assay for specific IgE, the immuno CAP system, Clin Exp Allergy, 21, 127, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1991.tb00814.x
Pastorello, 1992, Clinical evaluation of CAP System and RAST in the measurement of specific IgE, Allergy, 47, 463, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1992.tb00665.x
de Blay, 1993, Receiver operating characteristic analysis: a useful method for a comparison of the clinical relevance of two in vitro IgE tests, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 92, 255, 10.1016/0091-6749(93)90169-G
Nolte, 1997, Performance characteristics of a new automated enzyme immunoassay for the measurement of allergen-specific IgE. Summary of the probability outcomes comparing results of allergen skin testing to results obtained with the HYTEC system and CAP system, Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 79, 27, 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)63080-3
Boccagni, 1994, Comparison of four in vitro assays for specific IgE detection, Int J Clin Lab Res, 24, 102, 10.1007/BF02593909
Plebani, 1998, Measurement of specific immunoglobulin E: intermethod comparison and standardization, Clin Chem, 44, 1974, 10.1093/clinchem/44.9.1974
van Houte, 1992, Comparative evaluation of the pharmacia CAP system and the DPC AlaSTAT system for in vitro detection of allergen-specific IgE with the skin prick test, Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem, 30, 101
Yman, 1991, Standardization of IgE antibody assays, J Int Fed Clin Chem, 3, 198
Iwamoto, 1990, Comparison of a multi-allergen dipstick IgE assay to skin-prick test and RAST, Clin Exp Allergy, 20, 175, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1990.tb02664.x
Bernstein, 1988, Proceedings of the Task Force on Guidelines for standardizing old and new technologies used for the diagnosis and treatment of allergic diseases, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 82, 487, 10.1016/0091-6749(88)90958-X
Witteman, 1996, The relationship between RAST and skin test results in patients with asthma or rhinitis: a quantitative study with purified major allergens, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 97, 16, 10.1016/S0091-6749(96)70278-6
Olsen, 1994, Recombinant allergens and diagnosis of grass pollen allergy, Ann Allergy, 72, 499
van Ree, 1998, How far can we simplify in vitro diagnostics for grass pollen allergy?: A study with 17 whole pollen extracts and purified natural and recombinant major allergens, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 102, 184, 10.1016/S0091-6749(98)70084-3
Van Ree, 1999, How far can we simplify in vitro diagnostics for Fagales tree pollen allergy? A study with three whole pollen extracts and purified natural and recombinant allergens, Clin Exp Allergy, 29, 848, 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1999.00521.x
Eriksson, 1990, Allergy screening with Phadiatop and CAP Phadiatop in combination with a questionnaire in adults with asthma and rhinitis, Allergy, 45, 285, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1990.tb00497.x
van Toorenenbergen, 1991, IgE antibody screening in children. Evaluation of the Phadiatop Paediatric, Allergy, 46, 180, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1991.tb00567.x
Costongs, 1997, The first fully automated allergy analyser UniCAP: comparison with IMMULITE for allergy panel testing, Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem, 35, 885
Crobach, 1994, The Phadiatop test compared with RAST, with the CAP system; proposal for a third Phadiatop outcome: “inconclusive”, Allergy, 49, 170, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1994.tb00821.x
Benveniste, 1981, The human basophil degranulation test as an in vitro method for the diagnosis of allergies, Clin Allergy, 11, 1, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1981.tb01559.x
Leynadier, 1981, Automated measurement of human basophil degranulation, Allergy, 36, 239, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1981.tb01569.x
Knol, 1991, Monitoring human basophil activation via CD63 monoclonal antibody 435, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 88, 328, 10.1016/0091-6749(91)90094-5
Knol, 1991, Differential activation of human basophils by anti-IgE and formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine. Indications for protein kinase C- dependent and -independent activation pathways, Eur J Immunol, 21, 881, 10.1002/eji.1830210404
Gane, 1995, Flow cytometric monitoring of allergen induced basophil activation, Cytometry, 19, 361, 10.1002/cyto.990190411
Paris-Köehler, 2000, In vitro diagnosis of cypress pollen allergy using cytofluorimetric analysis of basophils (Basotest®), J Allergy Clin Immunol, 105, 339, 10.1016/S0091-6749(00)90085-X
Ferrer, 1998, Study of IgEdependent sulphidoleukotriene cellular releasability, J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol, 8, 17
Medrala, 1997, CAST-ELISA test—a new diagnostic tool in pollen allergy, J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol, 7, 32
Rossi, 1998, A comparative study of the tryptase release test and the cellular allergen stimulation test (CAST) in mite sensitive patients, Clin Exp Allergy, 28, 752, 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1998.00310.x
Huggins, 1975, Local production of specific IgE antibodies in allergic-rhinitis patients with negative skin tests, Lancet, 2, 148, 10.1016/S0140-6736(75)90056-2
Miadonna, 1983, Clinical significance of specific IgE determination on nasal secretion, Clin Allergy, 13, 155, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1983.tb02583.x
Deuschl, 1977, Specific IgE antibodies in nasal secretion from patients with allergic rhinitis and with negative or weakly positive RAST on the serum, Clin Allergy, 7, 195, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1977.tb01442.x
Ortolani, 1981, Correlation of the specific IgE in serum and nasal secretions with clinical symptoms in atopics, Clin Allergy, 11, 249, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1981.tb01591.x
Biewenga, 1991, Nasal secretions from patients with polyps and healthy individuals, collected with a new aspiration system: evaluation of total protein and immunoglobulin concentrations, Ann Clin Biochem, 28, 260, 10.1177/000456329102800311
Lee, 1993, Quantitative cytology of nasal secretions under various conditions, Laryngoscope, 103, 533, 10.1288/00005537-199305000-00010
Crobach, 1996, Nasal smear eosinophilia for the diagnosis of allergic rhinitis and eosinophilic non-allergic rhinitis, Scand J Prim Health Care, 14, 116, 10.3109/02813439608997081
Meltzer, 1999, Nasal cytology, 175
Bartley, 1999, Normal adult values, diurnal variation, and repeatability of nasal nitric oxide measurement, Am J Rhinol, 13, 401, 10.2500/105065899781367528
Clement, 1984, Committee report on standardization of rhinomanometry, Rhinology, 22, 151
Bachert, 1990, Richtlinien für Durchführung von nasalen Provokationen mit Allergen bei Ekrankungen der oberen Luftwege, Allergologie, 13
Malm, 1999, Guildelines for nasal provocations with aspects on nasal patency, airflow, and airflow resitance, Rhinology, 37, 133
Andersson, 1995, Various methods for testing nasal responses in vivo: a critical review, Acta Otolaryngol Stockh, 115, 705, 10.3109/00016489509139391
Salzano, 1997, Specific nasal provocation test with powder allergen, Allergy, 52, 32, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1997.tb04803.x
Horak, 1992, Onset and duration of the effects of three antihistamines in current use—astemizole, loratadine and terfenadine forte—studied during prolonged, controlled allergen challenges in volunteers, J Int Med Res, 20, 422, 10.1177/030006059202000507
Kyrein, 1996, Efficacy of intranasally applied dimethindene maleate solution as spray in adult volunteers with symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis in the Vienna challenge chamber, Arzneimittelforschung, 46, 794
Day, 1998, Cetirizine, loratadine, or placebo in subjects with seasonal allergic rhinitis: effects after controlled ragweed pollen challenge in an environmental exposure unit, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 101, 638, 10.1016/S0091-6749(98)70172-1
Day, 1997, Onset of action, efficacy, and safety of a single dose of fexofenadine hydrochloride for ragweed allergy using an environmental exposure unit, Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 79, 533, 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)63062-1
Day, 1997, Onset of action and efficacy of terfenadine, astemizole, cetirizine, and loratadine for the relief of symptoms of allergic rhinitis, Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 79, 163, 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)63104-3
Day, 1996, A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, controlled antigen delivery study of the onset of action of aerosolized triamcinolone acetonide nasal spray in subjects with ragweed-induced allergic rhinitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 97, 1050, 10.1016/S0091-6749(96)70257-9
Pirila, 1997, Physiological fluctuations in nasal resistance may interfere with nasal monitoring in the nasal provocation test, Acta Otolaryngol Stockh, 117, 596, 10.3109/00016489709113444
Lund, 1989, Objective assessment of nasal obstruction, Otolaryngol Clin North Am, 22, 279, 10.1016/S0030-6665(20)31439-0
Clement, 1981, Nasal provocation and passive anterior rhinomanometry (PAR), Clin Allergy, 11, 293, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1981.tb01597.x
Lane, 1996, Acoustic rhinometry in the study of the acute nasal allergic response, Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol, 105, 811, 10.1177/000348949610501009
Graf, 1996, Clinical and rhinostereometric assessment of nasal mucosal swelling during histamine challenge, Clin Otolaryngol, 21, 72, 10.1111/j.1365-2273.1996.tb01028.x
Zweiman, 1997, Nasal airway changes assessed by acoustic rhinometry and mediator release during immediate and late reactions to allergen challenge, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 100, 624, 10.1016/S0091-6749(97)70166-0
Juto, 1982, An optical method for determining changes in mucosal congestion in the nose in man, Acta Otolaryngol, 94, 149, 10.3109/00016488209128899
Grudemo, 1997, Rhinostereometry and laser Doppler flowmetry in human nasal mucosa: changes in congestion and microcirculation during intranasal histamine challenge, Orl J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec, 59, 50, 10.1159/000276905
Holmstrom, 1990, Assessment of nasal obstruction. A comparison between rhinomanometry and nasal inspiratory peak flow, Rhinology, 28, 191
Panagou, 1998, Evaluation of nasal patency: comparison of patient and clinician assessments with rhinomanometry, Acta Otolaryngol, 118, 847, 10.1080/00016489850182567
Fairley, 1993, Correlation of subjective sensation of nasal patency with nasal inspiratory peak flow rate, Clin Otolaryngol, 18, 19, 10.1111/j.1365-2273.1993.tb00803.x
Clarke, 1994, The limitations of peak nasal flow measurement, Clin Otolaryngol, 19, 502, 10.1111/j.1365-2273.1994.tb01277.x
Prescott, 1995, Peak nasal inspiratory flow measurement: an investigation in children, Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol, 32, 137, 10.1016/0165-5876(94)01125-H
de-Bruin-Weller, 1996, Early and late allergic reaction in the nose assessed by whole body plethysmography, Eur Respir J, 9, 1701, 10.1183/09031936.96.09081701
Scadding, 1994, Acoustic rhinometry compared with anterior rhinomanometry in the assessment of the response to nasal allergen challenge, Clin Otolaryngol, 19, 451, 10.1111/j.1365-2273.1994.tb01267.x
Hellgren, 1997, A study of some current methods for assessment of nasal histamine reactivity, Clin Otolaryngol, 22, 536, 10.1046/j.1365-2273.1997.00073.x
Roithmann, 1997, The role of acoustic rhinometry in nasal provocation testing, Ear Nose Throat J, 76, 747, 10.1177/014556139707601011
Demoly, 1999, Experimental models in rhinitis, Clin Exp Allergy, 3, 72, 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1999.00010.x-i1
Baroody, 1993, Comparison of the secretory response of the nasal mucosa to methacholine and histamine, J Appl Physiol, 74, 2661, 10.1152/jappl.1993.74.6.2661
Eggleston, 1990, Occupational challenge studies with laboratory workers allergic to rats, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 86, 63, 10.1016/S0091-6749(05)80124-1
Hytonen, 1997, Nasal provocation test in the diagnostics of hairdressers' occupational rhinitis, Acta Otolaryngol Suppl Stockh, 529, 133, 10.3109/00016489709124104
Hytonen, 1996, Nasal provocation test in the diagnostics of occupational allergic rhinitis, Rhinology, 34, 86
Eggleston, 1995, Environmental challenge studies in laboratory animal allergy. Effect of different airborne allergen concentrations, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 151, 640, 10.1164/ajrccm/151.3_Pt_1.640
McDonald, 1972, Aspirin intolerance in asthma. Detection by oral challenge, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 50, 198, 10.1016/0091-6749(72)90014-0
Dahlen, 1998, Inhalation challenge in ASA-induced asthma, Respir Med, 92, 378, 10.1016/S0954-6111(98)90279-7
Carnimeo, 1981, Functional assessment of airways bronchoconstriction with nebulized acetyl salicylic acid, Allergol Immunopathol, 9, 1
Phillips, 1989, Inhaled lysine-aspirin as a bronchoprovocation procedure in aspirin- sensitive asthma: its repeatability, absence of a late-phase reaction, and the role of histamine, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 84, 232, 10.1016/0091-6749(89)90330-8
Milewski, 1998, Nasal provocation test with lysine-aspirin for diagnosis of aspirin- sensitive asthma, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 101, 581, 10.1016/S0091-6749(98)70163-0
Nickelsen, 1986, Lack of correlation between titers of serum allergen-specific IgE and symptoms in untreated patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 77, 43, 10.1016/0091-6749(86)90320-9
Sibbald, 1997, Skin prick testing in general practice: a pilot study, J Adv Nurs, 26, 537, 10.1046/j.1365-2648.1997.t01-14-00999.x
Yunginger, 1991, Food antigens, 36
Dannaeus, 1981, A follow-up study of children with food allergy. Clinical course in relation to serum IgE- and IgG-antibody levels to milk, egg and fish, Clin Allergy, 11, 533, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1981.tb02171.x
Bock, 1982, The natural history of food sensitivity, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 69, 173, 10.1016/0091-6749(82)90096-3
Bock, 1986, A critical evaluation of clinical trials in adverse reactions to foods in children, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 78, 165, 10.1016/0091-6749(86)90009-6
Sampson, 1984, Comparison of results of skin tests, RAST, and double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenges in children with atopic dermatitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 74, 26, 10.1016/0091-6749(84)90083-6
Okuda, 1982, Diagnostic standards for occupational nasal allergy, Rhinology, 20, 13
Rasanen, 1994, Comparison of immunologic tests in the diagnosis of occupational asthma and rhinitis, Allergy, 49, 342, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1994.tb02279.x
Leipzig, 1996, Computed tomographic study of the paranasal sinuses in allergic rhinitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 98, 1130, 10.1016/S0091-6749(96)80206-5
Lloyd, 1991, CT of the paranasal sinuses and functional endoscopic surgery: a critical analysis of 100 symptomatic patients, J Laryngol Otol, 105, 181, 10.1017/S0022215100115300
Mafee, 1993, Functional endoscopic sinus surgery: anatomy, CT screening, indications, and complications, AJR Am J Roentgenol, 160, 735, 10.2214/ajr.160.4.8456654
Shapiro, 1989, MRI of the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity, Radiol Clin North Am, 27, 447, 10.1016/S0033-8389(22)00885-5
Andersen, 1974, A comparison of nasal and tracheobronchial clearance, Arch Environ Health, 29, 290, 10.1080/00039896.1974.10666589
Rutland, 1982, An in vitro model for studying the effects of pharmacological agents on human ciliary beat frequency: effects of lignocaine, Br J Clin Pharmacol, 13, 679, 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1982.tb01436.x
Amoore, 1983, Practical test kits for quantitatively evaluating the sense of smell, Rhinology, 21, 49
O'Connor, 1994, Clinical and symptom measures, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 149, S29, 10.1164/ajrccm/149.2_Pt_2.S21
Sly, 1985, Home recording of peak expiratory flow rates and perception of asthma, Am J Dis Child, 139, 479
Bijl-Hofland, 1999, Relation of the perception of airway obstruction to the severity of asthma, Thorax, 54, 15, 10.1136/thx.54.1.15
Pride, 1971, The assessment of airflow obstruction. Role of measurements of airways resistance and of tests of forced expiration, Br J Dis Chest, 65, 135, 10.1016/0007-0971(71)90018-0
Enright, 1994, Physiologic measures: pulmonary function tests. Asthma outcome, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 149, S19, 10.1164/ajrccm/149.2_Pt_2.S9
Wright, 1959, Maximum forced expiratory flow rate as a measure of ventilatory capacity, BMJ, 2, 1041, 10.1136/bmj.2.5159.1041
Chai, 1968, Therapeutic and investigational evaluation of asthmatic children, J Allergy, 41, 23, 10.1016/0021-8707(68)90005-1
Kelly, 1988, Relation between FEV1 and peak expiratory flow in patients with chronic airflow obstruction, Thorax, 43, 335, 10.1136/thx.43.4.335
Vaughan, 1989, Comparison of PEFR and FEV1 in patients with varying degrees of airway obstruction. Effect of modest altitude, Chest, 95, 558, 10.1378/chest.95.3.558
Gautrin, 1994, Comparison between peak expiratory flow rates (PEFR) and FEV1 in the monitoring of asthmatic subjects at an outpatient clinic, Chest, 106, 1419, 10.1378/chest.106.5.1419
Sawyer, 1998, Classification of asthma severity: should the international guidelines be changed?, Clin Exp Allergy, 28, 1565, 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1998.00451.x
Turner-Warwick, 1982, Some clinical problems in patients with airways obstruction, Chest, 82, 3S, 10.1378/chest.82.1_Supplement.3S
Chanez, 1997, Corticosteroid reversibility in COPD is related to features of asthma, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 155, 1529, 10.1164/ajrccm.155.5.9154853
Quackenboss, 1991, The normal range of diurnal changes in peak expiratory flow rates. Relationship to symptoms and respiratory disease, Am Rev Respir Dis, 143, 323, 10.1164/ajrccm/143.2.323
1997, Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma
Ryan, 1982, Bronchial responsiveness to histamine: relationship to diurnal variation of peak flow rate, improvement after bronchodilator, and airway calibre, Thorax, 37, 423, 10.1136/thx.37.6.423
Neukirch, 1992, Peak expiratory flow variability and bronchial responsiveness to methacholine. An epidemiologic study in 117 workers, Am Rev Respir Dis, 146, 71, 10.1164/ajrccm/146.1.71
Lebowitz, 1997, Diurnal variation of PEF and its use in epidemiological studies, Eur Respir J Suppl, 24, 49S
Toogood, 1996, A methodological assessment of diurnal variability of peak flow as a basis for comparing different inhaled steroid formulations, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 98, 555, 10.1016/S0091-6749(96)70089-1
Reddel, 1999, Diurnal variability—time to change asthma guidelines?, BMJ, 319, 45, 10.1136/bmj.319.7201.45
Cockcroft, 1977, Bronchial reactivity to inhaled histamine: a method and clinical severity, Clin Allergy, 7, 235, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1977.tb01448.x
Martinez, 1995, Asthma and wheezing in the first six years of life. The Group Health Medical Associates, N Engl J Med, 332, 133, 10.1056/NEJM199501193320301
Severity scoring of atopic dermatitis: the SCORAD index, 1993, Consensus Report of the European Task Force on Atopic Dermatitis, Dermatology, 186, 23
Langley, 1985, The visual analogue scale: its use in pain measurement, Rheumatol Int, 5, 145, 10.1007/BF00541514
Cherkin, 1998, A comparison of physical therapy, chiropractic manipulation, and provision of an educational booklet for the treatment of patients with low back pain, N Engl J Med, 339, 1021, 10.1056/NEJM199810083391502
Horst, 1990, Double-blind, placebo-controlled rush immunotherapy with a standardized Alternaria extract, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 85, 460, 10.1016/0091-6749(90)90156-X
Yamagiwa, 1997, Acoustic evaluation of the efficacy of medical therapy for allergic nasal obstruction, Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol Suppl, 1, S82, 10.1007/BF02439731
Morris, 1997, An evaluation of nasal response following different treatment regimes of oxymetazoline with reference to rebound congestion, Am J Rhinol, 11, 109, 10.2500/105065897782537197
Simola, 1997, Sensation of nasal airflow compared with nasal airway resistance in patients with rhinitis, Clin Otolaryngol, 22, 260, 10.1046/j.1365-2273.1997.00033.x
Blom, 1997, Intranasal capsaicin is efficacious in non-allergic, non-infectious perennial rhinitis. A placebo-controlled study, Clin Exp Allergy, 27, 796, 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1997.670842.x
Sipila, 1995, Correlations between subjective sensation of nasal patency and rhinomanometry in both unilateral and total nasal assessment, Orl J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec, 57, 260, 10.1159/000276754
Linder, 1988, Symptom scores as measures of the severity of rhinitis, Clin Allergy, 18, 29, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1988.tb02840.x
Watson, 1995, Nasal patency in children with allergic rhinitis: correlation of objective and subjective assessments, Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 74, 237
Colloff, 1992, The control of allergens of dust mites and domestic pets: a position paper, Clin Exp Allergy, 2, 1, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1992.tb01763.x
Wahn, 1997, Indoor allergen exposure is a risk factor for sensitization during the first three years of life, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 99, 763, 10.1016/S0091-6749(97)80009-7
Charpin, 1991, Altitude and allergy to house-dust mites. A paradigm of the influence of environmental exposure on allergic sensitization, Am Rev Respir Dis, 143, 983, 10.1164/ajrccm/143.5_Pt_1.983
Peroni, 1994, Effective allergen avoidance at high altitude reduces allergen-induced bronchial hyperresponsiveness, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 149, 1442, 10.1164/ajrccm.149.6.8004296
Gotzsche, 1998, House dust mite control measures in the management of asthma: meta-analysis, BMJ, 317, 1105, 10.1136/bmj.317.7166.1105
Strachan, 1998, House dust mite allergen avoidance in asthma. Benefits unproved but not yet excluded, BMJ, 317, 1096, 10.1136/bmj.317.7166.1096
Platts-Mills, 1999, Control of house dust mite in managing asthma. Conclusions of meta-analysis are wrong, BMJ, 318, 870, 10.1136/bmj.318.7187.870
Frederick, 1997, Effect of a bed covering system in children with asthma and house dust mite hypersensitivity, Eur Respir J, 10, 361, 10.1183/09031936.97.10020361
Ehnert, 1992, Reducing domestic exposure to dust mite allergen reduces bronchial hyperreactivity in sensitive children with asthma, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 90, 135, 10.1016/S0091-6749(06)80024-2
McDonald, 1992, The role of water temperature and laundry procedures in reducing house dust mite populations and allergen content of bedding, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 90, 599, 10.1016/0091-6749(92)90132-L
Bischoff, 1996, Mite control with low temperature washing. I. Elimination of living mites on carpet pieces, Clin Exp Allergy, 26, 945, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1996.tb00631.x
Custovic, 1996, New mattresses: how fast do they become a significant source of exposure to house dust mite allergens?, Clin Exp Allergy, 26, 1243, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1996.tb00520.x
Brunekreef, 1999, On carpets, construction and covers, Clin Exp Allergy, 29, 433, 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1999.00517.x
Colloff, 1995, The use of domestic steam cleaning for the control of house dust mites, Clin Exp Allergy, 25, 1061, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1995.tb03252.x
Woodfolk, 1994, Chemical treatment of carpets to reduce allergen: a detailed study of the effects of tannic acid on indoor allergens, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 94, 19, 10.1016/0091-6749(94)90066-3
Warner, 1993, Allergen avoidance in the homes of atopic asthmatic children: the effect of Allersearch DMS, Clin Exp Allergy, 23, 279, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1993.tb00323.x
Hegarty, 1995, A comparison of the effect of conventional and filter vacuum cleaners on airborne house dust mite allergen, Respir Med, 89, 279, 10.1016/0954-6111(95)90088-8
Roberts, 1999, Reducing dust, lead, dust mites, bacteria, and fungi in carpets by vacuuming, Arch Environ Contam Toxicol, 36, 477, 10.1007/PL00022756
Kalra, 1990, Airborne house dust mite antigen after vacuum cleaning, Lancet, 336, 449, 10.1016/0140-6736(90)92004-2
Wickman, 1994, Reduced mite allergen levels in dwellings with mechanical exhaust and supply ventilation, Clin Exp Allergy, 24, 109, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1994.tb00205.x
Niven, 1999, Attempting to control mite allergens with mechanical ventilation and dehumidification in British houses, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 103, 756, 10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70416-1
Fletcher, 1996, Reduction in humidity as a method of controlling mites and mite allergens: the use of mechanical ventilation in British domestic dwellings, Clin Exp Allergy, 26, 1051, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1996.tb00643.x
Warner, 2000, Mechanical ventilation and high efficiency vacuum cleaning: A combined strategy of mite and mite allergen reduction in the control of mite sensitive asthma, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 105, 75, 10.1016/S0091-6749(00)90181-7
Brown, 1991, Effectiveness of an acaricide in management of house dust mite allergy, Ann Allergy, 67, 25
Kniest, 1991, Clinical evaluation of a double-blind dust-mite avoidance trial with mite-allergic rhinitic patients, Clin Exp Allergy, 21, 39, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1991.tb00802.x
Kniest, 1992, Mechanisms and patient compliance of dust-mite avoidance regimens in dwellings of mite-allergic rhinitic patients, Clin Exp Allergy, 22, 681, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1992.tb00191.x
Moons, 1999, Environmental controls in reducing house dust mites and nasal symptoms in patients with allergic rhinitis, Yonsei Med J, 40, 238, 10.3349/ymj.1999.40.3.238
Woodcock, 1998, Role of the indoor environment in determining the severity of asthma, Thorax, 53, S47, 10.1136/thx.53.2008.S47
Enberg, 1993, Ubiquitous presence of cat allergen in cat-free buildings: probable dispersal from human clothing, Ann Allergy, 70, 471
de-Blay, 1991, Airborne cat allergen (Fel d I). Environmental control with the cat in situ, Am Rev Respir Dis, 143, 1334, 10.1164/ajrccm/143.6.1334
Klucka, 1995, Cat shedding of Fel d I is not reduced by washings, Allerpet-C spray, or acepromazine, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 95, 1164, 10.1016/S0091-6749(95)70072-2
Wood, 1998, A placebo-controlled trial of a HEPA air cleaner in the treatment of cat allergy, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 158, 115, 10.1164/ajrccm.158.1.9712110
Eggleston, 1999, Removal of cockroach allergen from inner-city homes, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 104, 842, 10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70296-4
Gergen, 1999, Results of the National Cooperative Inner-City Asthma Study (NCICAS) environmental intervention to reduce cockroach allergen exposure in inner-city homes, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 103, 501, 10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70477-X
Baur, 1998, Can a threshold limit value for natural rubber latex airborne allergens be defined?, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 101, 24, 10.1016/S0091-6749(98)70188-5
Leynadier, 1991, Allergenicity suppression in natural latex surgical gloves, Allergy, 46, 619, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1991.tb00633.x
Baur, 1997, Latex allergen elimination in natural latex sap and latex gloves by treatment with alkaline potassium hydroxide solution, Allergy, 52, 306, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1997.tb00995.x
Mahler, 2000, Prevention of latex allergy by selection of low-allergen gloves, Clin Exp Allergy, 30, 509, 10.1046/j.1365-2222.2000.00721.x
Vandenplas, 1995, Latex gloves with a lower protein content reduce bronchial reactions in subjects with occupational asthma caused by latex, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 151, 887, 10.1164/ajrccm/151.3_Pt_1.887
Tarlo, 1994, Control of airborne latex by use of powder-free latex gloves, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 93, 985, 10.1016/S0091-6749(94)70045-1
Hunt, 1996, A medical-center-wide, multidisciplinary approach to the problem of natural rubber latex allergy, J Occup En-viron Med, 38, 765, 10.1097/00043764-199608000-00011
Jackson, 2000, A global inventory of hospitals using powder-free gloves: a search for principled medical leadership, J Emerg Med, 18, 241, 10.1016/S0736-4679(99)00202-4
Hermesch, 1999, Effect of powder-free latex examination glove use on airborne powder levels in a dental school clinic, J Dent Educ, 63, 814, 10.1002/j.0022-0337.1999.63.11.tb03317.x
Pastorello, 1985, Evaluation of allergic etiology in perennial rhinitis, Ann Allergy, 55, 854
Bousquet, 1996, The respiratory tract and food hypersensitivity, 235
Hallen, 1995, Benzalkonium chloride in nasal decongestive sprays has a long-lasting adverse effect on the nasal mucosa of healthy volunteers, Clin Exp Allergy, 25, 401, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1995.tb01070.x
McMahon, 1997, Immediate and short-term effects of benzalkonium chloride on the human nasal mucosa in vivo, Clin Otolaryngol, 22, 318, 10.1046/j.1365-2273.1997.00042.x
Graf, 1999, Adverse effects of benzalkonium chloride on the nasal mucosa: allergic rhinitis and rhinitis medicamentosa, Clin Ther, 21, 1749, 10.1016/S0149-2918(99)80053-8
Staub, 1937, Actions de la thymoethyl-diethylamine (929F) et des éthers phénoliques sur le choc anaphylactique du cobaye, CR Soc Biol, 128, 818
Halpern, 1942, Les antihistaminiques de synthèse: essai de chimiothérapie des états allergiques, Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther, 68, 339
Bovet, 1944, Propriétés antihistaminiques de la N-p-méthoxybenzyl-N-diméthylaminoéthyl alpha aminopyridine, CR Soc Biol, 138, 99
Lowe, 1946, The antihistamine properties of Benadryl, beta-dimethyl-aminoethyl benzhydryl ether hydrochloride, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 86, 229
Yonkman, 1946, Pharmacodynamic studies of a new antihistamine agen, N'-pyridyl-N'-benzyl-N-dimethylethylene diamine HCl, pyribenzamine HCl. I. Effects on salivation, nictitating membrane, lachrymation, pupil and blood pressure, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 87, 256
Shelton, 1994, Histamine receptors in the human nose, Clin Otolaryngol, 19, 45, 10.1111/j.1365-2273.1994.tb01146.x
Hill, 1997, International Union of Pharmacology. XIII. Classification of histamine receptors, Pharmacol Rev, 49, 253
Holmberg, 1989, Effects of topical treatment with H1 and H2 antagonists on clinical symptoms and nasal vascular reactions in patients with allergic rhinitis, Allergy, 44, 281, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1989.tb01070.x
Wang, 1996, Effect of H1 and H2 antagonists on nasal symptoms and mediator release in atopic patients after nasal allergen challenge during the pollen season, Acta Otolaryngol Stockh, 116, 91, 10.3109/00016489609137720
Yamashita, 1991, Expression cloning of a cDNA encoding the bovine histamine H1 receptor, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 88, 11515, 10.1073/pnas.88.24.11515
Timmerman, 1992, Cloning of the H1 histamine receptor, Trends Pharmacol Sci, 13, 6, 10.1016/0165-6147(92)90003-O
Campoli-Richards, 1990, Cetirizine. A review of its pharmacological properties and clinical potential in allergic rhinitis, pollen-induced asthma, and chronic urticaria, Drugs, 40, 762, 10.2165/00003495-199040050-00009
Wiseman, 1996, Ebastine. a review of its pharmacological properties and clinical efficacy in the treatment of allergic disorders, Drugs, 51, 260, 10.2165/00003495-199651020-00006
Leynadier, 1996, Efficacy and safety of mizolastine in seasonal allergic rhinitis. The Rhinase Study Group, Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 76, 163, 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)63417-5
Janssens, 1993, Astemizole. A nonsedating antihistamine with fast and sustained activity, Clin Rev Allergy, 11, 35, 10.1007/BF02802293
Sorkin, 1985, Terfenadine. A review of its pharmacodynamic properties and therapeutic efficacy, Drugs, 29, 34, 10.2165/00003495-198529010-00002
Smit, 1999, Molecular properties and signalling pathways of the histamine H1 receptor, Clin Exp Allergy, 3, 19, 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1999.00007.x-i1
Leurs, 1995, Lysine200 located in the fifth transmembrane domain of the histamine H1 receptor interacts with histamine but not with all H1 agonists, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 214, 110, 10.1006/bbrc.1995.2263
Moguilevsky, 1995, Pharmacological and functional characterisation of the wild-type and site-directed mutants of the human H1 histamine receptor stably expressed in CHO cells, J Recept Signal Transduct Res, 15, 91, 10.3109/10799899509045210
ter Laak, 1995, Modelling and mutation studies on the histamine H1-receptor agonist binding site reveal different binding modes for H1-agonists: Asp116 (TM3) has a constitutive role in receptor stimulation, J Comput Aided Mol Des, 9, 319, 10.1007/BF00125173
Wieland, 1999, Mutational analysis of the antagonist-binding site of the histamine H(1) receptor, J Biol Chem, 274, 29994, 10.1074/jbc.274.42.29994
Simons, 1990, A double-blind, single-dose, crossover comparison of cetirizine, terfenadine, loratadine, astemizole, and chlorpheniramine versus placebo: suppressive effects on histamine-induced wheals and flares during 24 hours in normal subjects, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 86, 540, 10.1016/0091-6749(90)90091-H
Grant, 1999, A double-blind, single-dose, crossover comparison of cetirizine, ebastine, epinastine, fexofenadine, terfenadine, and loratadine versus placebo: suppression of histamine-induced wheal and flare response for 24 h in, Allergy, 54, 700, 10.1034/j.1398-9995.1999.00032.x
Bruttmann, 1987, Loratadine (SCH29851) 40 mg once daily versus terfenadine 60 mg twice daily in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis, J Int Med Res, 15, 63, 10.1177/030006058701500201
Bruttmann, 1989, Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of loratadine in perennial allergic rhinitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 83, 411, 10.1016/0091-6749(89)90127-9
Skassa-Brociek, 1988, Double-blind placebo-controlled study of loratadine, mequitazine, and placebo in the symptomatic treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 81, 725, 10.1016/0091-6749(88)91045-7
Horak, 1988, A multicentric study of loratadine, terfenadine and placebo in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis, Arzneimittelforschung, 38, 124
Oei, 1988, Double-blind comparison of loratadine (SCH 29851), astemizole, and placebo in hay fever with special regard to onset of action, Ann Allergy, 61, 436
Belaich, 1990, Comparative effects of loratadine and terfenadine in the treatment of chronic idiopathic urticaria, Ann Allergy, 64, 191
Monroe, 1992, Relative efficacy and safety of loratadine, hydroxyzine, and placebo in chronic idiopathic urticaria and atopic dermatitis, Clin Ther, 14, 17
Boggs, 1989, Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of terfenadine and hydroxyzine in patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria, Ann Allergy, 63, 616
Breneman, 1995, Cetirizine and astemizole therapy for chronic idiopathic urticaria: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, comparative trial, J Am Acad Dermatol, 33, 192, 10.1016/0190-9622(95)90233-3
Persi, 1997, Comparison between nasal provocation tests and skin tests in patients treated by loratadine and cetirizine, J Allergy Clin Immunol
Bousquet, 1998, Changes in skin-test reactivity do not correlate with clinical efficacy of H1-blockers in seasonal allergic rhinitis, Allergy, 53, 579, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1998.tb03933.x
Pipkorn, 1987, The effect of a histamine synthesis inhibitor on the immediate nasal allergic reaction, Allergy, 42, 496, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1987.tb00371.x
Bousquet, 1992, Antiallergic activities of antihistamines, 57
Campbell, 1996, Overview of allergic mechanisms. Ebastine has more than an antihistamine effect, Drugs, 1, 15, 10.2165/00003495-199600521-00005
Crampette, 1996, Inhibition of mediator and cytokine release from dispersed nasal polyp cells by terfenadine, Allergy, 51, 346, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1996.tb04622.x
Abdelaziz, 1998, Effect of fexofenadine on eosinophil-induced changes in epithelial permeability and cytokine release from nasal epithelial cells of patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 101, 410, 10.1016/S0091-6749(98)70256-8
Paolieri, 1998, Terfenadine and fexofenadine reduce in vitro ICAM-1 expression on human continuous cell lines, Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 81, 601, 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)62712-3
Raptopoulou-Gigi, 1993, The effect of loratadine on activated cells of the nasal mucosa in patients with allergic rhinitis, J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol, 3, 192
Temple, 1988, Loratadine, an antihistamine, blocks antigen-and ionophore-induced leukotriene release from human lung in vitro, Prostaglandins, 35, 549, 10.1016/0090-6980(88)90030-5
Campbell, 1993, Modulation of eicosanoid and histamine release from human dispersed lung cells by terfenadine, Allergy, 48, 125, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1993.tb00697.x
Faraj, 1992, Effect of astemizole on antigen-mediated his-tamine release from the blood of patients with allergic rhinitis, Allergy, 47, 630, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1992.tb02386.x
Miadonna, 1995, Antiallergic activity of loratadine: inhibition of leukotriene C4 release from human leucocytes, Clin Exp Allergy, 25, 364, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1995.tb01055.x
Genovese, 1997, Loratadine and desethoxylcarbonyl-loratadine inhibit the immunological release of mediators from human Fc epsilon RI+ cells, Clin Exp Allergy, 27, 559, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1997.tb00745.x
Foreman, 1992, The antiallergic activity of H1 histamine receptor antagonists in relation to their action on cell calcium, 32
Bousquet, 1988, Antiallergic activity of H1-receptor antagonists assessed by nasal challenge, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 82, 881, 10.1016/0091-6749(88)90094-2
Andersson, 1991, Suppressive effect of loratadine on allergen-induced histamine release in the nose, Allergy, 46, 540, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1991.tb00618.x
Naclerio, 1990, Terfenadine, an H1 antihistamine, inhibits histamine release in vivo in the human, Am Rev Respir Dis, 142, 167, 10.1164/ajrccm/142.1.167
Togias, 1989, In vivo and in vitro effects of antihistamines on mast cell mediator release: a potentially important property in the treatment of allergic disease, Ann Allergy, 63, 465
Jacobi, 1999, Histamine and tryptase in nasal lavage fluid after allergen challenge: effect of 1 week of pretreatment with intranasal azelastine or systemic cetirizine, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 103, 768, 10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70418-5
Shin, 1992, The effect of azelastine on the early allergic response, Clin Exp Allergy, 22, 289, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1992.tb03085.x
Majchel, 1990, Ketotifen reduces sneezing but not histamine release following nasal challenge with antigen, Clin Exp Allergy, 20, 701, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1990.tb02711.x
Michel, 1988, Inhibitory effect of oral cetirizine on in vivo antigen-induced histamine and PAF-acether release and eosinophil recruitment in human skin, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 82, 101, 10.1016/0091-6749(88)90058-9
Fadel, 1987, Inhibitory effect of ce-tirizine 2HCl on eosinophil migration in vivo, Clin Allergy, 17, 373, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1987.tb02027.x
Charlesworth, 1989, Effect of cetirizine on mast cell-mediator release and cellular traffic during the cutaneous late-phase reaction, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 83, 905, 10.1016/0091-6749(89)90104-8
Taborda-Barata, 1996, Effect of cetirizine and prednisolone on cellular infiltration and cytokine mRNA expression during allergen-induced late cutaneous responses, Clin Exp Allergy, 26, 68, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1996.tb00058.x
Zweiman, 1997, Cellular inflammatory responses during immediate, developing, and established late-phase allergic cutaneous reactions: effects of cetirizine, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 100, 341, 10.1016/S0091-6749(97)70247-1
Bentley, 1996, A comparison of the effects of oral cetirizine and inhaled beclomethasone on early and late asthmatic responses to allergen and the associated increase in airways hyperresponsiveness, Clin Exp Allergy, 26, 909, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1996.tb00626.x
Ciprandi, 1993, New targets for antiallergic agents, 115
Ciprandi, 1995, Cetirizine reduces inflammatory cell recruitment and ICAM-1 (or CD54) expression on conjunctival epithelium in both early- and late-phase reactions after allergen-specific challenge, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 95, 612, 10.1016/S0091-6749(95)70324-1
Ciprandi, 1995, Oxatomide reduces inflammatory events induced by allergen-specific conjunctival challenge, Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 75, 446
Ciprandi, 1997, Azelastine eye drops reduce and prevent allergic conjunctival reaction and exert anti-allergic activity, Clin Exp Allergy, 27, 182, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1997.tb00691.x
Ciprandi, 1995, Terfenadine exerts antiallergic activity reducing ICAM-1 expression on nasal epithelial cells in patients with pollen allergy, Clin Exp Allergy, 25, 871, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1995.tb00030.x
Ciprandi, 1996, Topical azelastine reduces eosinophil activation and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression on nasal epithelial cells: an antiallergic activity, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 98, 1088, 10.1016/S0091-6749(96)80196-5
Ciprandi, 1998, Loratadine reduces the expression of ICAM-1, Allergy, 53, 545, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1998.tb04099.x
Fasce, 1996, Cetirizine reduces ICAM-I on epithelial cells during nasal minimal persistent inflammation in asymptomatic children with miteallergic asthma, Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 109, 272, 10.1159/000237249
Ciprandi, 1999, Effects of H1 antihistamines on adhesion molecules: a possible rationale for long-term treatment, Clin Exp Allergy, 3, 49, 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1999.00011.x-i1
Simons, 1992, The antiallergic effects of antihistamines (H1-receptor antagonists), J Allergy Clin Immunol, 90, 705, 10.1016/0091-6749(92)90156-V
Carlsen, 1993, Loratadine and terfenadine in perennial allergic rhinitis. Treatment of nonresponders to the one drug with the other drug, Allergy, 48, 431, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1993.tb00741.x
Simons, 1994, The pharmacology and use of H1-receptor-antagonist drugs, N Engl J Med, 330, 1663, 10.1056/NEJM199406093302307
Weiner, 1998, Intranasal corticosteroids versus oral H1 receptor antagonists in allergic rhinitis: systematic review of randomised controlled trials, BMJ, 317, 1624, 10.1136/bmj.317.7173.1624
Ciprandi, 1997, Continuous versus on demand treatment with cetirizine for allergic rhinitis, Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 79, 507, 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)63057-8
Ciprandi, 1999, Continuous antihistamine treatment controls allergic inflammation and reduces respiratory morbidity in children with mite allergy, Allergy, 54, 358, 10.1034/j.1398-9995.1999.00920.x
ETAC®-study-group, 1998, Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetrizine in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETAC®, Ped Allergy Immunol, 9, 116, 10.1111/j.1399-3038.1998.tb00356.x
Guengerich, 1997, Role of cytochrome P450 enzymes in drug-drug interactions, Adv Pharmacol, 43, 7, 10.1016/S1054-3589(08)60200-8
Thummel, 1998, In vitro and in vivo drug interactions involving human CYP3A, Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol, 38, 389, 10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.38.1.389
Renwick, 1999, The metabolism of antihistamines and drug interactions: the role of cytochrome P450 enzymes, Clin Exp Allergy, 3, 116, 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1999.0290s3116.x
Timmerman, 1989, Histamine receptors in the central nervous system, Pharm Weekbl Sci, 11, 146, 10.1007/BF01959461
Simons, 1995, Individual differences in central nervous system response to antihistamines (H1-receptor antagonists), Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 75, 507
Simons, 1996, Adverse central nervous system effects of older antihistamines in children, Pediatr Allergy Immunol, 7, 22, 10.1111/j.1399-3038.1996.tb00101.x
Timmerman, 1992, Factors involved in the incidence of central nervous system effects of H1-blockers, 19
Goldberg, 1987, Transport of diphenhydramine in the central nervous system, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 240, 717
Timmerman, 1999, Why are non-sedating antihistamines non-sedating?, Clin Exp Allergy, 3, 13, 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1999.00003.x-i1
Schwartz, 1980, Histamine receptors in the brain: characterization by binding studies and biochemical effects, Adv Biochem Psychopharmacol, 21, 169
Ahn, 1986, Selective displacement of [3H]mepyramine from peripheral vs. central nervous system receptors by loratadine, a non-sedating antihistamine, Eur J Pharmacol, 127, 153, 10.1016/0014-2999(86)90219-0
Gengo, 1990, A review of the effects of antihistamines on mental processes related to automobile driving, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 86, 1034, 10.1016/S0091-6749(05)80250-7
Passalacqua, 1996, Adverse effects of H1-antihistamines, Allergy, 51, 666, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1996.tb04446.x
Passalacqua, 1993, Sedation from H1 antagonists: evaluation methods and experimental results, Allergol Immunopathol Madr, 21, 79
O'Hanlon, 1995, Antihistamine effects on actual driving performance in a standard test: a summary of Dutch experience, 1989-94, Allergy, 50, 234, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1995.tb01140.x
Hindmarch, 1999, Antihistamines: models to assess sedative properties, assessment of sedation, safety and other side-effects, Clin Exp Allergy, 3, 133, 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1999.0290s3133.x
Hindmarch, 1999, A double-blind, placebo-controlled investigation of the effects of fexofenadine, loratadine and promethazine on cognitive and psychomotor function, Br J Clin Pharmacol, 48, 200, 10.1046/j.1365-2125.1999.00993.x
Simons, 1999, Non-cardiac adverse effects of antihistamines (H1-receptor antagonists), Clin Exp Allergy, 3, 125, 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1999.0290s3125.x
Burns, 1980, Effects of diphenhydramine and alcohol on skills performance, Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 17, 259, 10.1007/BF00625799
Bateman, 1983, Lack of effect of astemizole on ethanol dynamics or kinetics, Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 25, 567, 10.1007/BF00542130
Bhatti, 1989, The effects of terfenadine with and without alcohol on an aspect of car driving performance, Clin Exp Allergy, 19, 609, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1989.tb02754.x
Doms, 1988, Lack of potentiation by cetirizine of alcohol-induced psychomotor disturbances, Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 34, 619, 10.1007/BF00615227
Simons, 1999, Central nervous system effects of H1-receptor antagonists in the elderly, Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 82, 157, 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)62590-2
Woosley, 1993, Mechanism of the cardiotoxic actions of terfenadine, JAMA, 269, 1532, 10.1001/jama.1993.03500120070028
Barbey, 1999, Cardiovascular safety of second-generation antihistamines, Am J Rhinol, 13, 235, 10.2500/105065899781389759
Woosley, 1993, QT interval: a measure of drug action, Am J Cardiol, 72, 36B, 10.1016/0002-9149(93)90039-F
Biglin, 1994, Drug-induced torsades de pointes: a possible interaction of terfenadine and eryth-romycin, Ann Pharmacother, 28, 282, 10.1177/106002809402800226
Craft, 1986, Torsade de pointes after astemizole overdose, Br Med J Clin Res Ed, 292, 660, 10.1136/bmj.292.6521.660
Feroze, 1996, Torsades de pointes from terfenadine and sotalol given in combination, Pacing Clin Electrophysiol, 19, 1519, 10.1111/j.1540-8159.1996.tb03169.x
Fournier, 1993, A new cause of torsades de pointes: combination of terfenadine and troleandomycin, Ann Cardiol Angeiol Paris, 42, 249
Goss, 1993, Torsades de pointes associated with astemizole (Hismanal) therapy, Arch Intern Med, 153, 2705, 10.1001/archinte.1993.00410230129016
Hasan, 1993, Torsade de pointes associated with Astemizole overdose treated with magnesium sulfate, Pediatr Emerg Care, 9, 23, 10.1097/00006565-199302000-00008
Herings, 1993, Public health problems and the rapid estimation of the size of the population at risk. Torsades de pointes and the use of terfenadine and astemizole in The Netherlands, Pharm World Sci, 15, 212, 10.1007/BF01880629
Hey, 1996, Cardiotoxic and drug interaction profile of the second generation antihistamines ebastine and terfenadine in an experimental animal model of torsade de pointes, Arzneimittelforschung, 46, 159
Hsieh, 1996, Drug-induced torsades de pointes in one patient with congenital long QT syndrome, Int J Cardiol, 54, 85, 10.1016/0167-5273(96)02582-X
Katyal, 1994, Occurrence of torsade de pointes with use of astemizole, Indian Heart J, 46, 181
Koh, 1994, Torsade de pointes induced by terfenadine in a patient with long QT syndrome, J Electrocardiol, 27, 343, 10.1016/S0022-0736(05)80274-2
Kulkarni, 1994, Torsade de pointes complicating treatment with astemizol, Indian Heart J, 46, 179
MacConnell, 1991, Torsades de pointes complicating treatment with terfenadine, BMJ, 302, 1469, 10.1136/bmj.302.6790.1469-b
Mathews, 1991, Torsades de pointes occurring in association with terfenadine use, Jama, 266, 2375, 10.1001/jama.1991.03470170063023
Matsis, 1994, Torsades de pointes ventricular tachycardia associated with terfenadine and paracetamol self medication, N Z Med J, 107, 402
McLeod, 1991, Torsades de pointes complicating treatment with terodiline, Bmj, 302, 1469, 10.1136/bmj.302.6790.1469-c
Monahan, 1990, Torsades de pointes occurring in association with terfenadine use, Jama, 264, 2788, 10.1001/jama.1990.03450210088038
Ng, 1996, Torsade de pointes during the concomitant use of terfenadine and cimetidine, Aust N Z J Med, 26, 120, 10.1111/j.1445-5994.1996.tb02923.x
Paris, 1994, Torsades de pointes induced by erythromycin and terfenadine, Am J Emerg Med, 12, 636, 10.1016/0735-6757(94)90029-9
Pohjola-Sintonen, 1993, Itraconazole prevents terfenadine metabolism and increases risk of torsades de pointes ventricular tachycardia, Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 45, 191, 10.1007/BF00315505
Rao, 1994, Torsades de pointes ventricular tachycardia associated with overdose of astemizole, Mayo Clin Proc, 69, 589, 10.1016/S0025-6196(12)62252-6
Sakemi, 1993, Torsade de pointes induced by astemizole in a patient with prolongation of the QT interval, Am Heart J, 125, 1436, 10.1016/0002-8703(93)91021-6
Saviuc, 1993, Prolonged QT interval and torsade de pointes following astemizole overdose, J Toxicol Clin Toxicol, 31, 121, 10.3109/15563659309000380
Snook, 1988, Torsade de pointes ventricular tachycardia associated with astemizole overdose, Br J Clin Pract, 42, 257, 10.1111/j.1742-1241.1988.tb08578.x
Stratmann, 1987, Torsades de pointes associated with drugs and toxins: recognition and management, Am Heart J, 113, 1470, 10.1016/0002-8703(87)90664-8
Tran, 1994, Torsades de pointes induced by nonantiarrhythmic drugs, Conn Med, 58, 291
Tsai, 1997, Combined use of astemizole and ketoconazole resulting in torsade de pointes, J Formos Med Assoc, 96, 144
Vorperian, 1996, Torsade de pointes with an antihistamine metabolite: potassium channel blockade with desmethylastemizole, J Am Coll Cardiol, 28, 1556, 10.1016/S0735-1097(96)00352-X
Warin, 1991, Torsades de pointes complicating treatment with terfenadine, BMJ, 303, 58, 10.1136/bmj.303.6793.58-c
Zimmermann, 1992, Torsades de Pointes after treatment with terfenadine and ketoconazole, Eur Heart J, 13, 1002, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a060277
Yap, 1999, Arrhythmogenic mechanisms of non-sedating antihistamines, Clin Exp Allergy, 29, 174, 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1999.0290s3174.x
Berul, 1995, Regulation of potassium channels by nonsedating antihistamines, Circulation, 91, 2220, 10.1161/01.CIR.91.8.2220
Roy, 1996, HERG, a primary human ventricular target of the nonsedating antihistamine terfenadine, Circulation, 94, 817, 10.1161/01.CIR.94.4.817
Taglialatela, 1999, Cardiac ion channels and antihistamines: possible mechanisms of cardiotoxicity, Clin Exp Allergy, 3, 182, 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1999.0290s3182.x
Lindquist, 1997, Risks of non-sedating antihistamines, Lancet, 349, 1322, 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)26018-6
Himmel, 1997, Dangers of non-sedating antihistamines, Lancet, 350, 69, 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66276-9
Brannan, 1995, Loratadine administered concomitantly with erythromycin: pharmacokinetic and electrocardiographic evaluations, Clin Pharmacol Ther, 58, 269, 10.1016/0009-9236(95)90243-0
Hey, 1996, Comparative analysis of the cardiotoxicity proclivities of second generation antihistamines in an experimental model predictive of adverse clinical ECG effects, Arzneimittelforschung, 46, 153
Hey, 1996, The guinea pig model for assessing cardiotoxic proclivities of second generation antihistamines, Arzneimittelforschung, 46, 834
Moss, 1999, A review of the cardiac systemic side-effects of antihistamines: ebastine, Clin Exp Allergy, 3, 200, 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1999.0290s3200.x
Roberts, 1999, The non-cardiac systemic side-effects of antihistamines: ebastine, Clin Exp Allergy, 3, 151, 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1999.0290s3151.x
Carmeliet, 1998, Effects of cetirizine on the delayed K+ currents in cardiac cells: comparison with terfenadine, Br J Pharmacol, 124, 663, 10.1038/sj.bjp.0701879
Pratt, 1999, Cardiovascular safety of fexofenadine HCl, Am J Cardiol, 83, 1451, 10.1016/S0002-9149(99)00124-1
Bernstein, 1997, Efficacy and safety of fexofenadine hydrochloride for treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis, Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 79, 443, 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)63041-4
Chaufour, 1998, Lack of effect of mizolastine on the safety and pharmacokinetics of digoxin administered orally in repeated doses to healthy volunteers, Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther, 36, 286
Chaufour, 1999, Study of cardiac repolarization in healthy volunteers performed with mizolastine, a new H1-receptor antagonist, Br J Clin Pharmacol, 47, 515, 10.1046/j.1365-2125.1999.00927.x
Brandes, 1994, Enhanced cancer growth in mice administered daily human-equivalent doses of some H1-antihistamines: predictive in vitro correlates, J Natl Cancer Inst, 86, 770, 10.1093/jnci/86.10.770
Weed, 1994, Between science and technology: the case of antihistamines and cancer, J Natl Cancer Inst, 86, 10.1093/jnci/86.10.740
1994
Vlastos, 1998, Effects of cetirizine dihydrochloride on human lymphocytes in vitro: micronucleus induction. Evaluation of clastogenic and aneugenic potential using CREST and FISH assays, Arch Dermatol Res, 290, 312, 10.1007/s004030050310
Weiss, 1998, Cancer recurrences and secondary primary cancers after use of antihistamines or antidepressants, Clin Pharmacol Ther, 63, 594, 10.1038/clpt.1998.55
Kubo, 1987, Antimuscarinic effects of antihistamines: quantitative evaluation by receptor-binding assay, Jpn J Pharmacol, 43, 277, 10.1254/jjp.43.277
Simons, 1994, Benefit/risk ratio of the antihistamines (H1-receptor antagonists) terfenadine and chlorpheniramine in children, J Pediatr, 124, 979, 10.1016/S0022-3476(05)83197-X
Simons, 1994, H1-receptor antagonists. Comparative tolerability and safety, Drug Saf, 10, 350, 10.2165/00002018-199410050-00002
Mattila, 1999, Variations among non-sedating antihistamines: are there real differences?, Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 55, 85, 10.1007/s002280050600
Van-Nueten, 1978, Preliminary data on anti-serotonin effects of oxatomide, a novel anti-allergic compound, Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther, 232, 217
Campbell, 1992, Pharmacokinetic optimisation of antiemetic therapy, Clin Pharmacokinet, 23, 147, 10.2165/00003088-199223020-00006
Simons, 1988, Lack of subsensitivity to terfenadine during long-term terfenadine treatment, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 82, 1068, 10.1016/0091-6749(88)90145-5
Bousquet, 1990, Lack of subsensitivity to loratadine during long-term dosing during 12 weeks, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 86, 248, 10.1016/S0091-6749(05)80072-7
Brogden, 1991, Acrivastine. A review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in allergic rhinitis, urticaria and related disorders, Drugs, 41, 927, 10.2165/00003495-199141060-00008
Bojkowski, 1989, Acrivastine in allergic rhinitis: a review of clinical experience, J Int Med Res, 17, 54B
Gibbs, 1989, Acrivastine in two doses compared with placebo in a multicentre, parallel group study for the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis, Br J Clin Pract, 43, 11, 10.1111/j.1742-1241.1989.tb08654.x
Gibbs, 1988, Acrivastine in seasonal allergic rhinitis: two randomized crossover studies to evaluate efficacy and safety, J Int Med Res, 16, 413, 10.1177/030006058801600602
Juhlin, 1987, Acrivastine versus clemastine in the treatment of chronic idiopathic urticaria. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study, Int J Dermatol, 26, 653, 10.1111/j.1365-4362.1987.tb02275.x
Ramaekers, 1994, Acrivastine, terfenadine and diphenhydramine effects on driving performance as a function of dose and time after dosing, Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 47, 261, 10.1007/BF02570506
Simons, 1994, The therapeutic index of newer H1-receptor antagonists, Clin Exp Allergy, 24, 707, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1994.tb00981.x
Cohen, 1987, The effects of acrivastine (BW825C), diphenhydramine and terfenadine in combination with alcohol on human CNS performance, Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 32, 279, 10.1007/BF00607576
Van-Wauwe, 1981, In vivo pharmacology of astemizole, a new type of H1-antihistaminic compound, Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther, 251, 39
Laduron, 1982, In vitro and in vivo binding characteristics of a new long-acting histamine H1 antagonist, astemizole, Mol Pharmacol, 21, 294
Awouters, 1983, Pharmacology of the specific histamine H1-antagonist astemizole, Arzneimittelforschung, 33, 381
Wilson, 1983, Astemizole: a new long-acting antihistamine in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis, Clin Allergy, 13, 131, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1983.tb02580.x
Howarth, 1984, Astemizole, a potent histamine H1-receptor antagonist: effect in allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, on antigen and histamine induced skin weal responses and relationship to serum levels, Br J Clin Pharmacol, 18, 1, 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1984.tb05013.x
Wihl, 1985, Effect of the nonsedative H1-receptor antagonist astemizole in perennial allergic and nonallergic rhinitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 75, 720, 10.1016/0091-6749(85)90100-9
Knight, 1985, Astemizole—a new, non-sedating antihistamine for hayfever, J Otolaryngol, 14, 85
Tanay, 1989, Astemizole in perennial allergic rhinitis with seasonal exacerbations: a placebo-controlled double-blind study, Ann Allergy, 63, 493
Franke, 1989, Double-blind multicenter controlled clinical study comparing the efficacy of picumast dihydrochloride versus astemizole and placebo in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis, Arzneimittelforschung, 39, 1360
Aaronson, 1991, Comparative efficacy of H1 antihistamines, Ann Allergy, 67, 541
Vanden-Bussche, 1987, Clinical profile of astemizole. A survey of 50 double-blind trials, Ann Allergy, 58, 184
Krstenansky, 1987, Astemizole: a long-acting, nonsedating antihistamine, Drug Intell Clin Pharm, 21, 947, 10.1177/106002808702101202
Richards, 1984, Astemizole. A review of its pharmacodynamic properties and therapeutic efficacy, Drugs, 28, 38, 10.2165/00003495-198428010-00003
Broadhurst, 1993, Cardiac arrest in a young woman with the long QT syndrome and concomitant astemizole ingestion, Br Heart J, 70, 469, 10.1136/hrt.70.5.469
Corey, 1993, Advances in the pharmacotherapy of allergic rhinitis: second-generation H1-receptor antagonists, Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 109, 584
Wiley, 1992, Cardiotoxic effects of astemizole overdose in children, J Pediatr, 120, 799, 10.1016/S0022-3476(05)80252-5
Tobin, 1991, Astemizole-induced cardiac conduction disturbances in a child, JAMA, 266, 2737, 10.1001/jama.1991.03470190085034
Hoppu, 1991, Accidental astemizole overdose in young children, Lancet, 338, 538, 10.1016/0140-6736(91)91101-Y
Salata, 1995, Cardiac electrophysiological actions of the histamine H1-receptor antagonists astemizole and terfenadine compared with chlorpheniramine and pyrilamine, Circ Res, 76, 110, 10.1161/01.RES.76.1.110
Genovese, 1997, Highlights in cardiovascular effects of histamine and H1-receptor antagonists, Allergy, 52, 67, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1997.tb04813.x
Morganroth, 1993, Variability of the QTc interval: impact on defining drug effect and low-frequency cardiac event, Am J Cardiol, 72, 26B, 10.1016/0002-9149(93)90037-D
Lang, 1993, Terfenadine alters action potentials in isolated canine Purkinje fibers more than acrivastine, J Cardiovasc Pharmacol, 22, 438, 10.1097/00005344-199309000-00014
Honig, 1992, Changes in the pharmacokinetics and electrocardiographic pharmacodynamics of terfenadine with concomitant administration of eryth-romycin, Clin Pharmacol Ther, 52, 231, 10.1038/clpt.1992.135
Achterrath-Tuckermann, 1988, Inhibition of cysteinyl-leukotriene production by azelastine and its biological significance, Agents Actions, 24, 217, 10.1007/BF02028274
Little, 1989, Azelastine inhibits stimulated histamine release from human lung tissue in vitro but does not alter cyclic nucleotide content, Agents Actions, 28, 16, 10.1007/BF02022975
Casale, 1989, The interaction of azelastine with human lung histamine H1, beta, and muscarinic receptor-binding sites, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 83, 771, 10.1016/0091-6749(89)90013-4
Busse, 1989, The effect of azelastine on neutrophil and eosinophil generation of superoxide, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 83, 400, 10.1016/0091-6749(89)90125-5
McTavish, 1989, Azelastine. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic potential, Drugs, 38, 778, 10.2165/00003495-198938050-00005
Fields, 1984, Inhibition by azelastine of nonallergic histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 73, 400, 10.1016/0091-6749(84)90415-9
Chand, 1985, Inhibition of IgE-mediated allergic histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells by azelastine and selected antiallergic drugs, Agents Actions, 16, 318, 10.1007/BF01982866
Chand, 1985, Inhibition of allergic his-tamine release by azelastine and selected antiallergic drugs from rabbit leukocytes, Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol, 77, 451, 10.1159/000233825
Weiler, 1988, Multicenter, double-blind, multiple-dose, parallel-groups efficacy and safety trial of azelastine, chlorpheniramine, and placebo in the treatment of spring allergic rhinitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 82, 801, 10.1016/0091-6749(88)90082-6
Meltzer, 1988, Efficacy of azelastine in perennial allergic rhinitis: clinical and rhinomanometric evaluation, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 82, 447, 10.1016/0091-6749(88)90018-8
Gould, 1988, A study of the clinical efficacy of azelastine in patients with extrinsic asthma, and its effect on airway responsiveness, Br J Clin Pharmacol, 26, 515, 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1988.tb05291.x
Ulbrich, 1990, Long-term multicentric study with azelastine in patients with intrinsic asthma, Arzneimittelforschung, 40, 1225
Tinkelman, 1990, Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of multiple doses of azelastine to adult patients with bronchial asthma over time, Am Rev Respir Dis, 141, 569, 10.1164/ajrccm/141.3.569
Busse, 1996, Corticosteroid-sparing effect of azelastine in the management of bronchial asthma, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 153, 122, 10.1164/ajrccm.153.1.8542104
An evaluation of the efficacy and safety of azelastine in patients with chronic asthma, 1996, Azelastine-Asthma Study Group, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 97, 1218
Rafferty, 1989, The inhibitory effect of azelastine hydrochloride on histamine- and allergen-induced bronchoconstriction in atopic asthma, Clin Exp Allergy, 19, 315, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1989.tb02389.x
Rafferty, 1989, The inhibitory actions of azelastine hydrochloride on the early and late bronchoconstrictor responses to inhaled allergen in atopic asthma, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 84, 649, 10.1016/0091-6749(89)90292-3
Balzano, 1992, Effect of azelastine on the seasonal increase in non-specific bronchial responsiveness to methacholine in pollen allergic patients. A randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled, crossover study, Clin Exp Allergy, 22, 371, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1992.tb03098.x
Van-Neste, 1993, Dynamics of the skin blood flow response to histamine. Comparison of the effects of cetirizine and loratadine on the skin response to a histamine dry prick test monitored with laser-Doppler flowmetry, Dermatology, 186, 281
Van-Neste, 1992, Agonist-antagonist interactions in the skin: comparison of effects of loratadine and cetirizine on skin vascular responses to prick tests with histamine and substance P, J Dermatol Sci, 4, 172, 10.1016/0923-1811(92)90016-5
Rihoux, 1990, Compared peripheral H1 inhibiting effects of cetirizine 2 HCl and loratadine, Ann Allergy, 65, 139
Kontou-Fili, 1989, Suppression of histamine-induced skin reactions by loratadine and cetirizine diHCl, Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 36, 617, 10.1007/BF00637746
Braunstein, 1992, Inhibition of histamine-induced nasal obstruction by cetirizine in allergic rhinitis, Br J Clin Pharmacol, 33, 445, 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1992.tb04065.x
Frossard, 1997, Onset of action in the nasal antihistaminic effect of cetirizine and loratadine in patients with allergic rhinitis, Allergy, 52, 205, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1997.tb00976.x
Persi, 1999, Comparison between nasal provocation tests and skin tests in patients treated with loratadine and cetirizine, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 103, 591, 10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70229-0
Wood-Baker, 1993, The comparative actions and adverse effect profile of single doses of H1-receptor antihistamines in the airways and skin of subjects with asthma, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 91, 1005, 10.1016/0091-6749(93)90213-Y
Falliers, 1991, Double-blind comparison of cetirizine and placebo in the treatment of seasonal rhinitis, Ann Allergy, 66, 257
Wasserman, 1991, Cetirizine therapy for seasonal allergic rhinitis: alternative dosage schedules, Clin Ther, 13, 707
Mansmann, 1992, Efficacy and safety of cetirizine therapy in perennial allergic rhinitis, Ann Allergy, 68, 348
Lockey, 1996, Comparative study of cetirizine and terfenadine versus placebo in the symptomatic management of seasonal allergic rhinitis, Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 76, 448, 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)63462-X
Pearlman, 1997, Once-daily cetirizine effective in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis in children aged 6 to 11 years: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, Clin Pediatr Phila, 36, 209, 10.1177/000992289703600405
Howarth, 1999, Double-blind, placebo-controlled study comparing the efficacy and safety of fexofenadine hydrochloride (120 and 180 mg once daily) and cetirizine in seasonal allergic rhinitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 104, 927, 10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70070-9
Bruttmann, 1989, Double-blind, placebo-controlled comparison of cetirizine 2HCl and terfenadine in atopic perennial rhinitis, Acta Ther, 15, 99
Baelde, 1992, Cetirizine in children with chronic allergic rhinitis. A multicentre double-blind study of two doses of cetirizine and placebo, Drug Invest, 4, 466, 10.1007/BF03259210
Jobst, 1994, Assessment of the efficacy and safety of three dose levels of cetirizine given once daily in children with perennial allergic rhinitis, Allergy, 49, 598, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1994.tb00125.x
Aaronson, 1996, Evaluation of cetirizine in patients with allergic rhinitis and perennial asthma, Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 76, 440, 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)63461-8
Bousquet, 1996, Improvement of quality of life by treatment with cetirizine in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis as determined by a French version of the SF-36 questionnaire, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 98, 309, 10.1016/S0091-6749(96)70155-0
Schoeneich, 1990, Effect of cetirizine in a conjunctival provocation test with allergens, Clin Exp Allergy, 20, 171, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1990.tb02663.x
Panayotopoulos, 1990, Efficacy of cetirizine in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, Ann Allergy, 65, 146
Allegra, 1993, Cetirizine for seasonal allergic rhinitis in children aged 2-6 years. A double-blind comparison with placebo, Pediatr Allergy Immunol, 4, 157, 10.1111/j.1399-3038.1993.tb00085.x
Masi, 1993, A placebo-controlled trial of cetirizine in seasonal allergic rhino-conjunctivitis in children aged 6 to 12 years, Pediatr Allergy Immunol, 4, 47, 10.1111/j.1399-3038.1993.tb00339.x
Grant, 1995, Cetirizine in patients with seasonal rhinitis and concomitant asthma: prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 95, 923, 10.1016/S0091-6749(95)70090-0
Rafferty, 1990, Antihistamines in the treatment of clinical asthma, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 86, 647, 10.1016/S0091-6749(05)80231-3
Bruttmann, 1990, Protective effect of ce-tirizine in patients suffering from pollen asthma, Ann Allergy, 64, 224
Rafferty, 1993, Effect of oral and inhaled cetirizine in allergen induced bronchoconstriction, Clin Exp Allergy, 23, 528, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1993.tb03242.x
Brik, 1987, Effect of cetirizine, a new histamine H1 antagonist, on airway dynamics and responsiveness to inhaled histamine in mild asthma, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 80, 51, 10.1016/S0091-6749(87)80190-2
Spector, 1995, Comparison of the bronchodilatory effects of cetirizine, albuterol, and both together versus placebo in patients with mild-to-moderate asthma, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 96, 174, 10.1016/S0091-6749(95)70005-6
Finnerty, 1990, The effect of 2 weeks treatment with cetirizine on bronchial reactivity to methacholine in asthma, Br J Clin Pharmacol, 29, 79, 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1990.tb03605.x
Tashkin, 1987, Cetirizine inhibition of histamine-induced bronchospasm, Ann Allergy, 59, 49
Adelsberg, 1997, Sedation and performance issues in the treatment of allergic conditions, Arch Intern Med, 157, 494, 10.1001/archinte.1997.00440260028006
Levander, 1991, Peripheral antihistamine and central sedative effects of single and continuous oral doses of cetirizine and hydroxyzine, Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 41, 435, 10.1007/BF00626365
Gengo, 1990, Quantitative effects of cetirizine and diphenhydramine on mental performance measured using an automobile driving simulator, Ann Allergy, 64, 520
Patat, 1995, Lack of interaction between two antihistamines, mizolastine and cetirizine, and ethanol in psychomotor and driving performance in healthy subjects, Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 48, 143, 10.1007/BF00192740
Ramaekers, 1992, Effects of loratadine and cetirizine on actual driving and psychometric test performance, and EEG during driving, Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 42, 363, 10.1007/BF00280119
Nicholson, 1998, Central effects of the H1-antihistamine, ce-tirizine, Aviat Space Environ Med, 69, 166
Donnelly, 1999, Central effects of the H1-antihistamine, cetirizine, Aviat Space Environ Med, 70, 89
Spencer, 1993, Cetirizine. A reappraisal of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use in selected allergic disorders, Drugs, 46, 1055, 10.2165/00003495-199346060-00008
Seidel, 1987, Cetirizine effects on objective measures of daytime sleepiness and performance, Ann Allergy, 59, 58
Gengo, 1987, Antihistamines, drowsiness, and psychomotor impairment: central nervous system effect of cetirizine, Ann Allergy, 59, 53
Pechadre, 1988, Comparison of the central and peripheral effects of cetirizine and terfenadine, Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 35, 255, 10.1007/BF00558262
Walsh, 1992, Simulated assembly line performance following ingestion of cetirizine or hydroxyzine, Ann Allergy, 69, 195
Volkerts, 1995, Specific review of the psychometric effects of cetirizine, Allergy, 50, 55, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1995.tb04265.x
Simons, 1996, Comparison of the central nervous system effects produced by six H1-receptor antagonists, Clin Exp Allergy, 26, 1092, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1996.tb00649.x
Simons, 1999, Prospective, long-term safety evaluation of the H1-receptor antagonist cetirizine in very young children with atopic dermatitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 104, 433, 10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70389-1
Roberts, 1996, A preclinical overview of ebastine. Studies on the pharmacological properties of a novel histamine H1 receptor antagonist, Drugs, 1, 8, 10.2165/00003495-199600521-00004
Pelaez, 1996, Clinical efficacy of ebastine in the treatment and prevention of seasonal allergic rhinitis, Drugs, 1, 35, 10.2165/00003495-199600521-00009
Simons, 1993, Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ebastine in children, J Pediatr, 122, 641, 10.1016/S0022-3476(05)83555-3
Aparicio, 1992, Studies of nonsedative antihistamines. II. Assessment of its antihistaminic potency, Allergol Immunopathol Madr, 20, 207
de-la-Cuadra, 1994, Assessment of the wheal size and skin blood flow of the erythema induced by histamine and its modification with cetirizine and ebastine: a crossover, double-blind study, Dermatology, 188, 131, 10.1159/000247117
de-Molina, 1989, Efficacy and tolerability of ebastine at two dose levels in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis, Drug Invest, 1, 40, 10.1007/BF03259166
Ankier, 1989, A double-blind placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and tolerability of ebastine against hayfever in general practice patients, J Intern Med, 226, 453, 10.1111/j.1365-2796.1989.tb01424.x
Storms, 1996, Clinical studies of the efficacy and tolerability of ebastine 10 or 20 mg once daily in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis in the US, Drugs, 1, 20, 10.2165/00003495-199600521-00006
Picado-Valles, 1991, Ebastine in perennial allergic rhinitis, Ann Allergy, 67, 615
Bousquet, 1999, A 12-week, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and safety of ebastine, 10 and 20 mg once daily, in the treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis. Multicentre Study Group, Allergy, 54, 562, 10.1034/j.1398-9995.1999.00984.x
Cohen, 1996, Comparison of the efficacy of ebastine 10mg and 20mg once daily with that of cetirizine 10mg once daily in adults with seasonal allergic rhinitis. A multicentre double-blind study, Drugs, 1, 26, 10.2165/00003495-199600521-00007
Bousquet, 1998, Antihistamines in severe/chronic rhinitis, Clin Exp Allergy, 6, 49, 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1998.0280s6049.x
Brookhuis, 1993, Acute and subchronic effects of the H1-histamine receptor antagonist ebastine in 10, 20 and 30 mg dose, and triprolidine 10 mg on car driving performance, Br J Clin Pharmacol, 36, 67, 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1993.tb05894.x
Mattila, 1992, Lack of pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions of the antihistamine ebastine with ethanol in healthy subjects, Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 43, 179, 10.1007/BF01740667
Hopes, 1992, Placebo controlled comparison of acute effects of ebastine and clemastine on performance and EEG, Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 42, 55, 10.1007/BF00314920
Vincent, 1988, Ebastine: the effect of a new antihis-tamine on psychomotor performance and autonomic responses in healthy subjects, Br J Clin Pharmacol, 26, 503, 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1988.tb05289.x
Llenas, 1992, Preclinical safety studies with ebastine. II. Pharmacologic effects on the cardiovascular system, Drugs Today, 28, 29
Valenzuela, 1997, Comparative effects of nonsedating histamine H1 receptor antagonists, ebastine and terfenadine, on human Kv1.5 channels, Eur J Pharmacol, 326, 257, 10.1016/S0014-2999(97)85421-0
Huang, 1998, Pharmacokinetics and Electrocardiographic Effect of Ebastine in Young Versus Elderly Healthy Subjects, Am J Ther, 5, 153, 10.1097/00045391-199805000-00005
Harada, 1993, Transdermal administration of emedastine, Biol Pharm Bull, 16, 884, 10.1248/bpb.16.884
Saito, 1993, Inhibitory effects of emedastine difumarate on histamine release, Jpn J Pharmacol, 62, 137, 10.1254/jjp.62.137
Sharif, 1994, Emedastine: a potent, high affinity his-tamine H1-receptor-selective antagonist for ocular use: receptor binding and second messenger studies, J Ocul Pharmacol, 10, 653, 10.1089/jop.1994.10.653
Yanni, 1994, Preclinical efficacy of emedastine, a potent, selective histamine H1 antagonist for topical ocular use, J Ocul Pharmacol, 10, 665, 10.1089/jop.1994.10.665
Discepola, 1999, Comparison of the topical ocular antiallergic efficacy of emedastine 0.05% ophthalmic solution to ketorolac 0.5% ophthalmic solution in a clinical model of allergic conjunctivitis, Acta Ophthalmol Scand Suppl, 228, 43, 10.1111/j.1600-0420.1999.tb01173.x
Adamus, 1987, Antihistamine activity and central effects of WAL 801 CL in man, Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 33, 381, 10.1007/BF00637634
Fugner, 1988, In vitro and in vivo studies of the non-sedating antihistamine epinastine, Arzneimittelforschung, 38, 1446
Kamei, 1991, Inhibitory effect of epinastine on the type II-IV allergic reactions in mice, rats and guinea pigs, Arzneimittelforschung, 41, 1150
Kamei, 1992, Antiallergic effect of epinastine (WAL 801 CL) on immediate hypersensitivity reactions: (I). Elucidation of the mechanism for histamine release inhibition, Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol, 14, 191, 10.3109/08923979209009219
Kamei, 1992, Antiallergic effect of epinastine (WAL 801 CL) on immediate hypersensitivity reactions: (II). Antagonistic effect of epinastine on chemical mediators, mainly antihistaminic and anti-PAF effects, Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol, 14, 207, 10.3109/08923979209009220
Misawa, 1991, Effect of the new antiallergic drug epinastine on chemical mediator induced bronchoconstrictions in guinea pigs, Arzneimittelforschung, 41, 1145
Misawa, 1991, Effects of the new antiallergic drug epinastine and ketotifen on repeated antigen challenge-induced airway hyperresponsiveness in rats, Arzneimittelforschung, 41, 1277
Schilling, 1990, Antihistaminic activity and side effect profile of epinastine and terfenadine in healthy volunteers, Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol, 28, 493
Tasaka, 1991, Comparison of pharmacological properties of optical isomers and a racemic mixture of epinastine, Arzneimittelforschung, 41, 219
Tasaka, 1994, Inhibitory effect of epinastine on bronchoconstriction induced by histamine, platelet activating factor and serotonin in guinea pigs and rats, Arzneimittelforschung, 44, 327
Walther, 1990, New tetracyclic guanidine derivatives with H1-antihistaminic properties. Chemistry of epinastine, Arzneimittelforschung, 40, 440
Kishimoto, 1997, Metabolism of epinastine, a histamine H1 receptor antagonist, in human liver microsomes in comparison with that of terfenadine, Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol, 98, 273
Chachin, 1999, Epinastine, a nonsedating histamine H1 receptor antagonist, has a negligible effect on HERG channel, Eur J Pharmacol, 374, 457, 10.1016/S0014-2999(99)00375-1
Ohmura, 1999, Effects of terfenadine, astemizole and epinastine on electrocardiogram in conscious cynomolgus monkeys, Eur J Pharmacol, 378, 169, 10.1016/S0014-2999(99)00457-4
Ohtani, 1999, Inhibitory effects of the antihistamines epinastine, terfenadine, and ebastine on potassium currents in rat ventricular myocytes, J Pharm Pharmacol, 51, 1059, 10.1211/0022357991773393
Russell, 1998, Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and tolerance of single- and multiple-dose fexofenadine hydrochloride in healthy male volunteers, Clin Pharmacol Ther, 64, 612, 10.1016/S0009-9236(98)90052-2
Simons, 1997, Peripheral H1-blockade effect of fexofenadine, Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 79, 530, 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)63061-X
1996, Med Lett Drugs Ther, 38, 95
Simons, 1996, The clinical pharmacology of fexofenadine in children, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 98, 1062, 10.1016/S0091-6749(96)80192-8
Terrien, 1999, Comparison of the effects of terfenadine with fexofenadine on nasal provocation tests with allergen, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 103, 1025, 10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70174-0
Bronsky, 1998, Effectiveness and safety of fexofenadine, a new nonsedating H1-receptor antagonist, in the treatment of fall allergies, Allergy Asthma Proc, 19, 135, 10.2500/108854198778604112
Casale, 1999, Safety and efficacy of once-daily fexo-fenadine HCl in the treatment of autumn seasonal allergic rhinitis, Allergy Asthma Proc, 20, 193, 10.2500/108854199778553046
Meltzer, 1999, Once-daily fexo-fenadine HCl improves quality of life and reduces work and activity impairment in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis, Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 83, 311, 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)62671-3
Vermeeren, 1998, Fexofenadine's effects, alone and with alcohol, on actual driving and psychomotor performance, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 101, 306, 10.1016/S0091-6749(98)70240-4
Pinto, 1999, QT lengthening and life-threatening arrhythmias associated with fexofenadine, Lancet, 353, 980, 10.1016/S0140-6736(99)01009-0
Giraud, 1999, QT lengthening and arrhythmias associated with fexofenadine, Lancet, 353, 2072, 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)77890-9
Mason, 1999, The systemic safety of fexofenadine HCl, Clin Exp Allergy, 3, 163, 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1999.0290s3163.x
Awouters, 1992, Levo-cabastine: pharmacological profile of a highly effective inhibitor of allergic reactions, Agents Actions, 35, 12, 10.1007/BF01990945
Roman, 1993, Loratadine. A review of recent findings in pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety, with a look at its use in combination with pseudoephedrine, Clin Rev Allergy, 11, 89, 10.1007/BF02802295
Clissold, 1989, Loratadine. A preliminary review of its pharmacodynamic properties and therapeutic efficacy, Drugs, 37, 42, 10.2165/00003495-198937010-00003
Dockhorn, 1987, Safety and efficacy of loratadine (Sch-29851): a new non-sedating antihistamine in seasonal allergic rhinitis, Ann Allergy, 58, 407
Kemp, 1987, A compariosn of loratadine, a new nonsedating antihistamine, with clemastine and placebo in patients with fall seasonal allergic rhinitis, Am J Rhinol, 3, 151, 10.2500/105065887781693411
Gutkowski, 1988, Comparison of the efficacy and safety of loratadine, terfenadine, and placebo in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 81, 902, 10.1016/0091-6749(88)90948-7
Del-Carpio, 1989, Efficacy and safety of loratadine (10 mg once daily), terfenadine (60 mg twice daily), and placebo in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 84, 741, 10.1016/0091-6749(89)90303-5
Frolund, 1990, A multicentre study of loratadine, clemastine and placebo in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis, Allergy, 45, 254, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1990.tb00493.x
Dolovich, 1994, Efficacy of loratadine versus placebo in the prophylactic treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis, Ann Allergy, 73, 235
Braun, 1997, Adjunct effect of loratadine in the treatment of acute sinusitis in patients with allergic rhinitis, Allergy, 52, 650, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1997.tb01044.x
Roth, 1987, Sedative effects of antihistamines, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 80, 94, 10.1016/S0091-6749(87)80197-5
O'Hanlon, 1988, Antihistamines and driving safety, Cutis, 42, 10
van-Cauwenberge, 1992, New data on the safety of loratadine, Drug Invest, 4, 283, 10.1007/BF03259406
Kay, 1997, Initial and steady-state effects of diphenhydramine and loratadine on sedation, cognition, mood, and psychomotor performance, Arch Intern Med, 157, 2350, 10.1001/archinte.1997.00440410082009
Kay, 1999, Loratadine: a non-sedating antihistamine. Review of its effects on cognition, psychomotor performance, mood and sedation, Clin Exp Allergy, 3, 147, 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1999.0290s3147.x
Hansen, 1999, Loratadine in the high performance aerospace environment, Aviat Space Environ Med, 70, 919
Lacerda, 1997, Interactions of the nonsedating antihistamine loratadine with a Kv1.5-type potassium channel cloned from human heart, Mol Pharmacol, 52, 314, 10.1124/mol.52.2.314
Delauche-Cavallier, 1999, QT interval monitoring during clinical studies with mizolastine, a new H1 antihistamine, Clin Exp Allergy, 3, 206, 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1999.0290s3206.x
Good, 1994, Loratadine and ventricular tachycardia, Am J Cardiol, 74, 207, 10.1016/0002-9149(94)90108-2
Woosley, 1994, Analysis of potential adverse drug reactions—a case of mistaken identity, Am J Cardiol, 74, 208, 10.1016/0002-9149(94)90109-0
Gervais, 1975, Comparative study of a new antihistamine, mequitazine, and placebos, Acta Allergol, 30, 286, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1975.tb00205.x
Pukander, 1990, Mequitazine and dexchlorpheniramine in perennial rhinitis. A double-blind cross-over placebo-controlled study, Rhinology, 28, 249
Hindmarch, 1986, A placebo-controlled assessment of mequitazine and astemizole in tests of psychomotor ability, Int J Clin Pharmacol Res, 6, 457
Nicholson, 1983, The H1-antagonist mequitazine: studies on performance and visual function, Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 25, 563, 10.1007/BF00542129
Persi, 1997, Efficacy of mequitazine in comparison with placebo assessed by ocular challenge with allergen in allergic conjunctivitis, Allergy, 52, 451, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1997.tb01028.x
Ascalone, 1993, Determination of mizolastine, a new antihistaminic drug, in human plasma by liquid-liquid extraction, solid-phase extraction and column-switching techniques in combination with high-performance liquid chromatography, J Chromatogr, 619, 275, 10.1016/0378-4347(93)80117-M
Danjou, 1992, Assessment of the anticholinergic effect of the new antihistamine mizolastine in healthy subjects, Br J Clin Pharmacol, 34, 328, 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1992.tb05638.x
Rosenzweig, 1992, Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of mizolastine (SL 85.0324), a new nonsedative H1 antihistamine, Ann Allergy, 69, 135
Benavides, 1995, In vivo and in vitro interaction of the novel selective histamine H1 receptor antagonist mizolastine with H1 receptors in the rodent, Arzneimittelforschung, 45, 551
Levrier, 1995, Anti-anaphylactic activity of the novel selective histamine H1 receptor antagonist mizolastine in the rodent, Arzneimittelforschung, 45, 559
Pichat, 1998, Anti-inflammatory properties of mizolastine after oral administration on arachidonic acid-induced cutaneous reaction in the rat, Arzneimittelforschung, 48, 173
Bousquet, 1996, Lack of subsensitivity to mizolastine over 8-week treatment, Allergy, 51, 251
Stern, 1998, Rapid and sustained efficacy of mizolastine 10 mg once daily in seasonal allergic rhinitis, J Int Med Res, 26, 292, 10.1177/030006059802600603
Sabbah, 1999, Comparison of the efficacy, safety, and onset of action of mizolastine, cetirizine, and placebo in the management of seasonal allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 83, 319, 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)62672-5
Bellioni, 1996, Comparison of mizolastine with loratadine in the treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis, Rhinology, 34, 101
Bachet, 1998, Mizolastine therapy also has an effect on nasal blockade in perennial allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, Allergy, 53, 969, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1998.tb03798.x
Kerr, 1994, The psychomotor and cognitive effects of a new antihistamine, mizolastine, compared to terfenadine, triprolidine and placebo in healthy volunteers, Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 47, 331, 10.1007/BF00191164
Depoortere, 1995, Mizolastine, a novel selective histamine H1 receptor antagonist: lack of sedative potential on the EEG in the rodent, Neuropsychobiology, 32, 214, 10.1159/000119238
Vuurman, 1994, Effects of mizolastine and clemastine on actual driving and psychomotor performance in healthy volunteers, Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 47, 253, 10.1007/BF02570505
Bantz, 1987, A double-blind evaluation of skin test suppression produced by two doses of terfenadine, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 80, 99, 10.1016/S0091-6749(87)80198-7
Carr, 1982, Synthesis of terfenadine, Arzneimittelforschung, 32, 1157
Melillo, 1982, A multicentre controlled trial of terfenadine, dexchlorpheniramine, and placebo in allergic rhinitis, Arzneimittelforschung, 32, 1202
Kemp, 1985, Multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of terfenadine in seasonal allergic rhinitis and conjunctivitis, Ann Allergy, 54, 502
Boerner, 1989, A placebo-controlled comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of picumast dihydrochloride and terfenadine in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis, Arzneimittelforschung, 39, 1356
Rosario, 1991, Comparison of terfenadine once daily with terfenadine twice daily for the treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis, J Int Med Res, 19, 112, 10.1177/030006059101900204
Guill, 1986, Multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of terfenadine suspension in the treatment of fall-allergic rhinitis in children, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 78, 4, 10.1016/0091-6749(86)90107-7
Brooks, 1990, Profile of ragweed hay fever symptom control with terfenadine started before or after symptoms are established, Clin Exp Allergy, 20, 21, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1990.tb02770.x
Honig, 1993, Itraconazole affects single-dose terfenadine pharmacokinetics and cardiac repolarization pharmacodynamics, J Clin Pharmacol, 33, 1201, 10.1002/j.1552-4604.1993.tb03920.x
Pratt, 1994, Risk of developing life-threatening ventricular arrhythmia associated with tefenadine in comparison with over-the-counter antihistamines, ibuprofen and clemastine, Am J Cardiol, 73, 346, 10.1016/0002-9149(94)90006-X
Rampe, 1993, Effects of terfenadine and its metabolites on a delayed rectifier K+ channel cloned from human heart, Mol Pharmacol, 44, 1240
Crane, 1993, Syncope and cardiac arrhythmia due to an interaction between itraconazole and terfenadine, Am J Med, 95, 445, 10.1016/0002-9343(93)90317-I
Perez-Sanchez, 1993, The effects of benzodiazepine drugs and antihistamines in experimental postinfarct arrhythmias, Arch Inst Cardiol Mex, 63, 185
Honig, 1993, The effect of fluconazole on the steady-state pharmacokinetics and electrocardiographic pharmacodynamics of terfenadine in humans, Clin Pharmacol Ther, 53, 630, 10.1038/clpt.1993.83
Flockhart, 1996, Drug interactions, cardiac toxicity, and terfenadine: from bench to clinic?, J Clin Psychopharmacol, 16, 101, 10.1097/00004714-199604000-00001
Marchiando, 1995, Probable terfenadine-fluoxetine-associated cardiac toxicity, Ann Pharmacother, 29, 937, 10.1177/106002809502900922
Honig, 1996, Grapefruit juice alters the systemic bioavailability and cardiac repolarization of terfenadine in poor metabolizers of terfenadine, J Clin Pharmacol, 36, 345, 10.1002/j.1552-4604.1996.tb04210.x
Ramirez Chanona, 1986, Treatment of allergic rhinitis with ketotifen. A double-blind vs. placebo study, Alergia, 33, 9
Molina Medina, 1985, Double-blind comparative study of ketotifen and a placebo in allergic rhinitis, Alergia, 32, 109
Grant, 1990, Ketotifen. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic use in asthma and allergic disorders, Drugs, 40, 412, 10.2165/00003495-199040030-00006
Church, 1980, Oxatomide: inhibition and stimulation of histamine release from human lung and leucocytes in vitro, Agents Actions, 10, 4, 10.1007/BF02024171
Wood, 1981, Oxatomide in the management of hay fever—a placebo-controlled double-blind study in general practice, Clin Allergy, 11, 491, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1981.tb01624.x
Vannieuwenhuyse, 1982, Oxatomide in the treatment of chronic allergic rhinitis, Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol, 91, 175, 10.1177/000348948209100212
D'Souza, 1983, A method for evaluating therapy for hay fever. A comparison of four treatments, Clin Allergy, 13, 329, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1983.tb02608.x
Richards, 1984, Oxatomide. A review of its pharmacodynamic properties and therapeutic efficacy, Drugs, 27, 210, 10.2165/00003495-198427030-00003
Horak, 1994, Dose-related control of allergic rhinitis symptoms by a H1-receptor antagonist. Finding the proper doses [correction of dosis] of dimethindene maleate in patients with allergic rhinitis, Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 103, 298, 10.1159/000236643
Holgate, 1999, Antihistamines: back to the future, Clin Exp Allergy, 29, iv, 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1999.04086.x
Klein, 1996, Brompheniramine, terfenadine, and placebo in allergic rhinitis, Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 77, 365, 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)63334-0
Thoden, 1998, Brompheniramine maleate: a double-blind, placebocontrolled comparison with terfenadine for symptoms of allergic rhinitis, Am J Rhinol, 12, 293, 10.2500/105065898781389976
McNeely, 1998, Intranasal azelastine. A review of its efficacy in the management of allergic rhinitis, Drugs, 56, 91, 10.2165/00003495-199856010-00011
Dechant, 1991, Levocabastine. A review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic potential as a topical antihistamine in allergic rhinitis and conjunctivitis, Drugs, 41, 202, 10.2165/00003495-199141020-00006
Bachert, 1996, Intranasal levocabastine provides fast and effective protection from nasal allergen challenge, Rhinology, 34, 140
Thomas, 1992, The effect of intranasal azelastine, Rhinolast, on nasal airways obstruction and sneezing following provocation testing with histamine and allergen, Clin Exp Allergy, 22, 642, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1992.tb00182.x
Lurie, 1992, Azelastine reduces allergen-induced nasal response: a clinical and rhinomanometric assessment, Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 42, 213, 10.1007/BF00278487
Greiff, 1997, Topical azelastine has a 12-hour duration of action as assessed by histamine challenge-induced exudation of alpha 2-macroglobulin into human nasal airways, Clin Exp Allergy, 27, 438, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1997.tb00730.x
Pazdrak, 1993, Inhibitory effect of levocabastine on allergen-induced increase of nasal reactivity to histamine and cell influx, Allergy, 48, 598, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1993.tb00755.x
Storms, 1994, Effectiveness of azelastine nasal solution in seasonal allergic rhinitis, Ear Nose Throat J, 73, 382, 10.1177/014556139407300608
Weiler, 1994, A dose-ranging study of the efficacy and safety of azelastine nasal spray in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis with an acute model, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 94, 972, 10.1016/0091-6749(94)90115-5
Dorow, 1993, Efficacy and tolerability of azelastine nasal spray in patients with allergic rhinitis compared to placebo and budesonide, Arzneimittelforschung, 43, 909
LaForce, 1996, Safety and efficacy of azelastine nasal spray (Astelin NS) for seasonal allergic rhinitis: a 4-week comparative multicenter trial, Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 76, 181, 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)63420-5
Newson-Smith, 1997, A placebo controlled study comparing the efficacy of intranasal azelastine and beclomethasone in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis, Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol, 254, 236, 10.1007/BF00874095
Ratner, 1994, A double-blind, controlled trial to assess the safety and efficacy of azelastine nasal spray in seasonal allergic rhinitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 94, 818, 10.1016/0091-6749(94)90148-1
Schata, 1991, Levocabastine nasal spray better than sodium cromoglycate and placebo in the topical treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 87, 873, 10.1016/0091-6749(91)90136-C
Palma-Carlos, 1988, The effect of levocabastine nasal spray in nasal provocation tests, Int J Clin Pharmacol Res, 8, 25
Pecoud, 1987, Effect of a new selective H1 receptor antagonist (levocabastine) in a nasal and conjunctival provocation test, Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol, 82, 541, 10.1159/000234274
Kolly, 1986, Comparison of levocabastine, a new selective H1-receptor antagonist, and disodium cromoglycate, in a nasal provocation test with allergen, Br J Clin Pharmacol, 22, 389, 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1986.tb02907.x
Dahl, 1995, Intranasal levocabastine for the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis: a multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, Rhinology, 33, 121
Hampel, 1999, Martin BG, Dolen J, Travers S, Karcher K, Holton D. Efficacy and safety of levocabastine nasal spray for seasonal allergic rhinitis, Am J Rhinol, 13, 55, 10.2500/105065899781389867
Grossman, 1994, Double-blind assessment of azelastine in the treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis, Ann Allergy, 73, 141
Davies, 1993, The effect of intranasal azelastine and beclomethasone on the symptoms and signs of nasal allergy in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis, Rhinology, 31, 159
de-Graaf-in-'t-Veld, 1995, Effect of topical levocabastine on nasal response to allergen challenge and nasal hyperreactivity in perennial rhinitis, Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 75, 261
Herman, 1997, A randomized double-blind placebo controlled study of azelastine nasal spray in children with perennial rhinitis, Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol, 39, 1, 10.1016/S0165-5876(96)01457-7
Stern, 1998, Nasal budesonide offers superior symptom relief in perennial allergic rhinitis in comparison to nasal azelastine, Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 81, 354, 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)63128-6
Di Lorenzo, 1999, Comparison of the effects of fluticasone propionate, aqueous nasal spray and levocabastine on inflammatory cells in nasal lavage and clinical activity during the pollen season in seasonal rhinitics, Clin Exp Allergy, 29, 1367, 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1999.00643.x
Ortolani, 1999, A double-blind, placebo-controlled comparison of treatment with fluticasone propionate and levocabastine in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis, Allergy, 54, 1173, 10.1034/j.1398-9995.1999.00200.x
Giede-Tuch, 1998, Azelastine eye-drops in seasonal allergic conjunctivitis or rhinoconjunctivitis. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study, Allergy, 53, 857, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1998.tb03991.x
Lenhard, 1997, Double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled study of two concentrations of azelastine eye drops in seasonal allergic conjunctivitis or rhinoconjunctivitis, Curr Med Res Opin, 14, 21, 10.1185/03007999709113339
Sabbah, 1998, Azelastine eye drops in the treatment of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis or rhinoconjunctivitis in young children, Curr Med Res Opin, 14, 161, 10.1185/03007999809113356
Horak, 1998, Dose-dependent protection by azelastine eye drops against pollen- induced allergic conjunctivitis, Arzneimittelforschung, 48, 379
Janssens, 1993, Tolerability of levocabastine eye drops, Doc Ophthalmol, 84, 111, 10.1007/BF01206245
Davies, 1993, Topical levocabastine is more effective than sodium cromoglycate for the prophylaxis and treatment of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis, Allergy, 48, 519, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1993.tb01108.x
Pipkorn, 1985, A double-blind evaluation of topical levocabastine, a new specific H1 antagonist in patients with allergic conjunctivitis, Allergy, 40, 491, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1985.tb00255.x
Azevedo, 1991, Double-blind comparison of levocabastine eye drops with sodium cromoglycate and placebo in the treatment of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis, Clin Exp Allergy, 21, 689, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1991.tb03197.x
Janssens, 1991, Levocabastine: an effective topical treatment of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, Clin Exp Allergy, 2, 29, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1991.tb01755.x
Odelram, 1989, Topical levocabastine versus sodium cromoglycate in allergic conjunctivitis, Allergy, 44, 432, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1989.tb04175.x
Zuber, 1988, Effect of levocabastine, a new H1 antagonist, in a conjunctival provocation test with allergens, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 82, 590, 10.1016/0091-6749(88)90969-4
Rimas, 1990, Topical levocabastine protects better than sodium cromoglycate and placebo in conjunctival provocation tests, Allergy, 45, 18, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1990.tb01079.x
Rombaut, 1991, Effects of topical administration of levocabastine on psychomotor and cognitive function, Ann Allergy, 67, 75
Arriaga, 1990, Absence of central effects with levocabastine eye drops, Allergy, 45, 552, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1990.tb00531.x
Weiler, 1997, Azelastine nasal spray as adjunctive therapy to azelastine tablets in the management of seasonal allergic rhinitis, Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 79, 327, 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)63023-2
1972, Lancet, 2, 1239
Mygind, 1973, Local effect of intranasal beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol in hay fever, Br Med J, 4, 464, 10.1136/bmj.4.5890.464
Kwaselow, 1985, A comparison of intranasal and oral flunisolide in the therapy of allergic rhinitis. Evidence for a topical effect, Allergy, 40, 363, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1985.tb00248.x
Howland, 1996, The efficacy of fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray for allergic rhinitis and its relationship to topical effects, Clin Ther, 18, 1106, 10.1016/S0149-2918(96)80065-8
Greiff, 1998, Effects of orally inhaled budesonide in seasonal allergic rhinitis, Eur Respir J, 11, 1268, 10.1183/09031936.98.11061268
Andersson, 1988, Topical glucocorticosteroids and allergen-induced increase in nasal reactivity: relationship between treatment time and inhibitory effect, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 82, 1019, 10.1016/0091-6749(88)90139-X
Juniper, 1990, Aqueous beclome-thasone diproprionate nasal spray: regular versus “as required” use in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 86, 380, 10.1016/S0091-6749(05)80101-0
Adcock, 1996, Glucocorticoid receptor localization in normal and asthmatic lung, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 154, 771, 10.1164/ajrccm.154.3.8810618
Barnes, 1997, Molecular mechanisms of glucocorticoid action in asthma, Pulm Pharmacol Ther, 10, 3, 10.1006/pupt.1997.0074
Guo, 1995, Steroid hormones upregulate rat angio-tensin II type 1A receptor gene: role of glucocorticoid responsive elements in rat angiotensin II type 1A promoter, J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol, 53, 69, 10.1016/0960-0760(95)00023-S
Jantzen, 1987, Cooperativity of glucocorticoid response elements located far upstream of the tyrosine aminotransferase gene, Cell, 49, 29, 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90752-5
Ming, 1996, beta-Adrenoceptors and dexamethasone synergistically stimulate the expression of the angiotensinogen gene in opossum kidney cells, Kidney Int, 50, 94, 10.1038/ki.1996.291
Emorine, 1987, Structure of the gene for human beta 2-adrenergic receptor: expression and promoter characterization, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 84, 6995, 10.1073/pnas.84.20.6995
Cato, 1996, Molecular mechanisms of anti-inflammatory action of glucocorticoids, Bioessays, 18, 371, 10.1002/bies.950180507
Angel, 1991, The role of Jun, Fos and the AP-1 complex in cellproliferation and transformation, Biochim Biophys Acta, 1072, 129
Siebenlist, 1997, NF kappa B/I kappa B proteins. Their role in cell growth, differentiation and development, Biochim Biophys Acta, 1332, R7
Drouin, 1998, Novel mechanism of action for Nur77 and antagonism by glucocorticoids: a convergent mechanism for CRH activation and glucocorticoid repression of POMC gene transcription, J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol, 65, 59, 10.1016/S0960-0760(97)00180-5
Philips, 1997, Antagonism between Nur77 and glucocorticoid receptor for control of transcription, Mol Cell Biol, 17, 5952, 10.1128/MCB.17.10.5952
Ghaffar, 2000, In vivo expression of signal transducer and activator of transcription factor 6 (STAT6) in nasal mucosa from atopic allergic rhinitis: effect of topical corticosteroids, Clin Exp Allergy, 30, 86, 10.1046/j.1365-2222.2000.00781.x
Godthelp, 1995, The effect of fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray on nasal mucosal inflammation in perennial allergic rhinitis, Allergy, 50, 21, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1995.tb02737.x
Holt, 1997, Steroids inhibit uptake and/or processing but not presentation of antigen by airway dendritic cells, Immunology, 91, 145, 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1997.00321.x
Rak, 1994, Influence of prolonged treatment with topical corticosteroid (fluticasone propionate) on early and late phase nasal responses and cellular infiltration in the nasal mucosa after allergen challenge, Clin Exp Allergy, 24, 930, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1994.tb02724.x
Mullol, 1995, Comparative study of the effects of different glucocorticosteroids on eosinophil survival primed by cultured epithelial cell supernatants obtained from nasal mucosa and nasal polyps, Thorax, 50, 270, 10.1136/thx.50.3.270
Masuyama, 1994, Topical glucocorticosteroid (fluticasone propionate) inhibits cells expressing cytokine mRNA for interleukin-4 in the nasal mucosa in allergen-induced rhinitis, Immunology, 82, 192
Meltzer, 1995, Nasal cytological changes following pharmacological intervention, Allergy, 50, 15, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1995.tb02736.x
Dolovich, 1994, Double-blind comparison of intranasal fluticasone propionate, 200 micrograms, once daily with 200 micrograms twice daily in the treatment of patients with severe seasonal allergic rhinitis to ragweed, Ann Allergy, 72, 435
Banov, 1994, Once daily intranasal fluticasone propionate is effective for perennial allergic rhinitis, Ann Allergy, 73, 240
Jacobson, 1999, Effect of topical corticosteroids on seasonal increases in epithelial eosinophils and mast cells in allergic rhinitis: a comparison of nasal brush and biopsy methods, Clin Exp Allergy, 29, 1347, 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1999.00608.x
Mullol, 1997, Effects of topical anti-inflammatory drugs on eosinophil survival primed by epithelial cells. Additive effect of glucocorticoids and nedocromil sodium, Clin Exp Allergy, 27, 1432, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1997.tb02988.x
Juliusson, 1993, Mast cells and mediators in the nasal mucosa after allergen challenge. Effects of four weeks' treatment with topical glucocorticoid, Clin Exp Allergy, 23, 591, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1993.tb00899.x
Meltzer, 1994, Nasal cytology in patients with allergic rhinitis: effects of intranasal fluticasone propionate, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 94, 708, 10.1016/0091-6749(94)90178-3
Okuda, 1983, Intranasal beclomethasone: mode of action in nasal allergy, Ann Allergy, 50, 116
al-Ghamdi, 1997, IL-4 and IL-13 expression in chronic sinusitis: relationship with cellular infiltrate and effect of topical corticosteroid treatment, J Otolaryngol, 26, 160
Sim, 1995, Secretion of chemokines and other cytokines in allergen-induced nasal responses: inhibition by topical steroid treatment, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 152, 927, 10.1164/ajrccm.152.3.7545059
Garrelds, 1997, Response to intranasal fluticasone propionate in perennial allergic rhinitis not associated with glucocorticoid receptor characteristics, Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 78, 319, 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)63189-4
Pipkorn, 1987, Inhibition of mediator release in allergic rhinitis by pretreatment with topical glucocorticosteroids, N Engl J Med, 316, 1506, 10.1056/NEJM198706113162403
Scadding, 1994, Effect of short-term treatment with fluticasone propionate nasal spray on the response to nasal allergen challenge, Br J Clin Pharmacol, 38, 447, 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1994.tb04381.x
Wang, 1997, Effect of topical applications of budesonide and azelastine on nasal symptoms, eosinophil count and mediator release in atopic patients after nasal allergen challenge during the pollen season, Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 114, 185, 10.1159/000237665
Birchall, 1995, The effect of topical fluticasone propionate on intranasal histamine challenge in subjects with perennial allergic rhinitis, Clin Otolaryngol, 20, 204, 10.1111/j.1365-2273.1995.tb01848.x
Naclerio, 1993, Intranasal steroids inhibit seasonal increases in ragweed-specific immunoglobulin E antibodies, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 92, 717, 10.1016/0091-6749(93)90015-8
Chervinsky, 1996, Clinical review of once-daily beclomethasone dipropionate for seasonal allergic rhinitis, Clin Ther, 18, 790, 10.1016/S0149-2918(96)80039-7
Edwards, 1995, Effectiveness and safety of beclomethasone dipropionate, an intranasal corticosteroid, in the treatment of patients with allergic rhinitis, Clin Ther, 17, 1032, 10.1016/0149-2918(95)80082-4
Brogden, 1992, Budesonide. An updated review of its pharmacological properties, and therapeutic efficacy in asthma and rhinitis, Drugs, 44, 375, 10.2165/00003495-199244030-00007
Wiseman, 1997, Intranasal fluticasone propionate. A reappraisal of its pharmacology and clinical efficacy in the treatment of rhinitis, Drugs, 53, 885, 10.2165/00003495-199753050-00014
Onrust, 1998, Mometasone furoate. A review of its intranasal use in allergic rhinitis, Drugs, 56, 725, 10.2165/00003495-199856040-00018
Davies, 1997, Once-daily mometasone furoate nasal spray: efficacy and safety of a new intranasal glucocorticoid for allergic rhinitis, Clin Ther, 19, 27, 10.1016/S0149-2918(97)80070-7
Jeal, 1997, Triamcinolone acetonide. A review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in the management of allergic rhinitis, Drugs, 53, 257, 10.2165/00003495-199753020-00006
Juniper, 1989, Comparison of beclomethasone dipropionate aqueous nasal spray, astemizole, and the combination in the prophylactic treatment of ragweed pollen-induced rhinoconjunctivitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 83, 627, 10.1016/0091-6749(89)90075-4
Darnell, 1994, A double-blind comparison of fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray, terfenadine tablets and placebo in the treatment of patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis to grass pollen, Clin Exp Allergy, 24, 1144, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1994.tb03320.x
Bunnag, 1992, A double-blind comparison of nasal budesonide and oral astemizole for the treatment of perennial rhinitis, Allergy, 47, 313, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1992.tb02060.x
Svensson, 1998, Effects of topical budesonide and levocabastine on nasal symptoms and plasma exudation responses in seasonal allergic rhinitis, Allergy, 53, 367, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1998.tb03907.x
Bousquet, 1993, Prevention of pollen rhinitis symptoms: comparison of flutica-sone propionate aqueous nasal spray and disodium cromoglycate aqueous nasal spray, Allergy, 48, 327, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1993.tb02401.x
Fisher, 1994, Comparison of budesonide and disodium cromoglycate for the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis in children, Ann Allergy, 73, 515
Berkowitz, 1999, Onset of action of mometasone furoate nasal spray (NASONEX) in seasonal allergic rhinitis, Allergy, 54, 64, 10.1034/j.1398-9995.1999.00713.x
Selner, 1995, Onset of action of aqueous beclomethasone dipropionate nasal spray in seasonal allergic rhinitis, Clin Ther, 17, 1099, 10.1016/0149-2918(95)80088-3
Holm, 1998, A 1-year placebo-controlled study of intranasal fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis: a safety and biopsy study, Clin Otolaryngol, 23, 69, 10.1046/j.1365-2273.1998.00096.x
Bhatia, 1991, Intranasal budesonide once daily in seasonal allergic rhinitis, Curr Med Res Opin, 12, 287, 10.1185/03007999109112663
Drouin, 1996, Once daily mometasone furoate aqueous nasal spray is as effective as twice daily beclomethasone dipropionate for treating perennial allergic rhinitis patients, Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 77, 153, 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)63502-8
Wight, 1992, A double blind comparison of intranasal budesonide 400 micrograms and 800 micrograms in perennial rhinitis, Clin Otolaryngol, 17, 354, 10.1111/j.1365-2273.1992.tb01012.x
LaForce, 1999, Use of nasal steroids in managing allergic rhinitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 103, S388, 10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70218-6
Graft, 1996, A placebo- and active-controlled randomized trial of prophylactic treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis with mometasone furoate aqueous nasal spray, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 98, 724, 10.1016/S0091-6749(96)70119-7
Andersson, 1995, A comparison of budesonide nasal dry powder with fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis, Rhinology, 33, 18
Soderberg-Warner, 1984, Nasal septal perforation associated with topical corticosteroid therapy, J Pediatr, 105, 840, 10.1016/S0022-3476(84)80320-0
Cervin, 1998, Intranasal steroids and septum perforation—an overlooked complication? A description of the course of events and a discussion of the causes, Rhinology, 36, 128
Passalacqua, 2000, Inhaled and nasal corticosteroids: safety aspects, Allergy, 55, 16, 10.1034/j.1398-9995.2000.00370.x
Cave, 1999, Inhaled and nasal corticosteroids: factors affecting the risks of systemic adverse effects, Pharmacol Ther, 83, 153, 10.1016/S0163-7258(99)00019-4
Storms, 1998, Risk-benefit assessment of fluticasone propionate in the treatment of asthma and allergic rhinitis, J Asthma, 35, 313, 10.3109/02770909809075665
Brannan, 1995, Lack of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis suppression with once-daily or twice-daily beclomethasone dipropionate aqueous nasal spray administered to patients with allergic rhinitis, Clin Ther, 17, 637, 10.1016/0149-2918(95)80040-9
Nayak, 1998, The effects of triamcinolone acetonide aqueous nasal spray on adrenocortical function in children with allergic rhinitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 101, 157, 10.1016/S0091-6749(98)70379-3
Howland, 1996, A comparison of effects of triamcinolone acetonide aqueous nasal spray, oral prednisone, and placebo on adrenocortical function in male patients with allergic rhinitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 98, 32, 10.1016/S0091-6749(96)70223-3
Munk, 1996, Efficacy and safety of triamcinolone acetonide aqueous nasal spray in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis, Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 77, 277, 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)63320-0
Homer, 1999, Cushing's syndrome induced by betamethasone nose drops. In rhinological disease betamethasone should be regarded as systemic corticosteroid, BMJ, 318, 1355, 10.1136/bmj.318.7194.1355
Malozowski, 1999, Cushing's syndrome induced by betamethasone nose drops. Children taking intranasal corticosteroids should be monitored for growth retardation, BMJ, 318, 1355, 10.1136/bmj.318.7194.1355
Findlay, 1998, Childhood Cushing's syndrome induced by betamethasone nose drops, and repeat prescriptions, BMJ, 317, 739, 10.1136/bmj.317.7160.739
Stevens, 1988, Cushing's syndrome due to the abuse of betamethasone nasal drops, J Laryngol Otol, 102, 219, 10.1017/S0022215100104566
Nutting, 1995, Iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome due to nasal betamethasone: a problem not to be sniffed at!, Postgrad Med J, 71, 231, 10.1136/pgmj.71.834.231
Howland, 1996, Fluticasone propionate: topical or systemic effects?, Clin Exp Allergy, 3, 18, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1996.tb00654.x
Holm, 1999, Long-term effects of corticosteroid nasal spray on nasal inflammatory cells in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis, Clin Exp Allergy, 29, 1356, 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1999.00665.x
Vargas, 1998, Effect of fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray versus oral prednisone on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 102, 191, 10.1016/S0091-6749(98)70085-5
Grossman, 1993, Fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray is safe and effective for children with seasonal allergic rhinitis, Pediatrics, 92, 594, 10.1542/peds.92.4.594
Wilson, 1998, Effects of repeated once daily dosing of three intranasal corticosteroids on basal and dynamic measures of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-axis activity, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 101, 470, 10.1016/S0091-6749(98)70354-9
Wilson, 1998, Effects of intranasal corticosteroids on adrenal, bone, and blood markers of systemic activity in allergic rhinitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 102, 598, 10.1016/S0091-6749(98)70275-1
Lipworth, 1999, Systemic adverse effects of inhaled corticosteroid therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Arch Intern Med, 159, 941, 10.1001/archinte.159.9.941
Fokkens, 1999, The effect of intranasal and inhaled corticosteroids in healthy volunteers on the number of circulating lymphocytes and lymphocyte subsets, Allergy, 54, 158, 10.1034/j.1398-9995.1999.00747.x
Wilson, 1999, 24 hour and fractionated profiles of adrenocortical activity in asthmatic patients receiving inhaled and intranasal corticosteroids, Thorax, 54, 20, 10.1136/thx.54.1.20
Skoner, 2000, Detection of growth suppression in children during treatment with intranasal belcomethasone dipropionate, Pediatrics, 105, e23, 10.1542/peds.105.2.e23
Bircher, 1996, Delayed hypersensitivity reactions to corticosteroids applied to mucous membranes, Br J Dermatol, 135, 310, 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1996.tb01169.x
Gonzalo Garijo, 1995, Cutaneous-mucosal allergic contact reaction due to topical corticosteroids, Allergy, 50, 833, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1995.tb05058.x
Haimovici, 1997, Central serous chorioretinopathy associated with inhaled or intranasal corticosteroids, Ophthalmology, 104, 1653, 10.1016/S0161-6420(97)30082-7
Kallen, 1999, Congenital malformations after the use of inhaled budesonide in early pregnancy, Obstet Gynecol, 93, 392, 10.1016/S0029-7844(98)00454-2
Prenner, 1996, Double-strength beclomethasone dipropionate (84 micrograms/spray) aqueous nasal spray in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 98, 302, 10.1016/S0091-6749(96)70154-9
Harries, 1984, A comparison of an aqueous and a pressurized nasal spray of beclomethasone dipropionate in the management of seasonal rhinitis, Pharmatherapeutica, 3, 623
Gibson, 1974, Double-blind cross-over trial comparing intranasal beclomethasone dipropionate and placebo in perennial rhinitis, Br Med J, 4, 503, 10.1136/bmj.4.5943.503
Knight, 1983, Long term efficacy and safety of beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol in Perennial Rhinitis, Ann Allergy, 50, 81
Svendsen, 1989, Beclomethasone dipropionate versus flunisolide as topical steroid treatment in patients with perennial rhinitis, Clin Otolaryngol, 14, 441, 10.1111/j.1365-2273.1989.tb00401.x
Malm, 1976, Intra-nasal beclomethasone dipropionate in vasomotor rhinitis, Acta Allergol, 31, 245, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1976.tb01685.x
Lofkvist, 1976, Treatment of vasomotor rhinitis with intranasal beclomethasone dipropionate (Becotide), Acta Allergol, 31, 227, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1976.tb01683.x
Prahl, 1975, Beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol in treatment of hay fever in children, Arch Dis Child, 50, 875, 10.1136/adc.50.11.875
Kobayashi, 1989, Beclomethasone dipropionate aqueous nasal spray for seasonal allergic rhinitis in children, Ann Allergy, 62, 205
Sipila, 1983, Comparative trial of flunisolide and beclomethasone dipropionate nasal sprays in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis, Allergy, 38, 303, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1983.tb04123.x
Conley, 1994, Comparative trial of acceptability of beclomethasone dipropionate and a new formulation of flunisolide, Ann Allergy, 72, 529
Langrick, 1984, Comparison of flunisolide and beclomethasone dipropionate in seasonal allergic rhinitis, Curr Med Res Opin, 9, 290, 10.1185/03007998409109594
Aasand, 1982, Flunisolide nasal spray compared to beclomethasone dipropionate in the treatment of seasonal rhinitis, Rhinology, 20, 205
Morrow-Brown, 1984, A comparison of beclomethasone dipropionate aqueous nasal spray and sodium cromoglycate nasal spray in the management of seasonal allergic rhinitis, Allergol Immunopathol, 12, 355
Beswick, 1985, A comparative study of beclomethasone dipropionate aqueous nasal spray with terfenadine tablets in seasonal allergic rhinitis, Curr Med Res Opin, 9, 560, 10.1185/03007998509109635
Robinson, 1989, Double-blind cross-over trial comparing beclomethasone dipropionate and terfenadine in perennial rhinitis, Clin Exp Allergy, 19, 569, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1989.tb02437.x
Wood, 1986, Oral antihistamine or nasal steroid in hay fever: a double-blind double-dummy comparative study of once daily oral astemizole vs twice daily nasal beclomethasone dipropionate, Clin Allergy, 16, 195, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1986.tb00766.x
Salomonsson, 1988, Efficacy of an oral antihistamine, astemizole, as compared to a nasal steroid spray in hay fever, Allergy, 43, 214, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1988.tb00421.x
Drouin, 1995, Adding loratadine to topical nasla steroid therapy improves moderately severe seasonal allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, Adv Ther, 12, 340
Wihl, 1997, Systemic effects of two nasally administered glucocorticosteroids, Allergy, 52, 620, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1997.tb01040.x
Pipkorn, 1980, Budesonide—a new nasal steroid, Rhinology, 18, 171
Warland, 1981, Budesonide—a new steroid for intranasal use. A double-blind clinical comparison between budesonide and placebo in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis, Allergy, 36, 425, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1981.tb01849.x
Steensen, 1981, Treatment of grass pollen-induced hay fever with intranasal budesonide. A double-blind clinical comparison between budesonide and placebo, Allergy, 36, 245, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1981.tb01570.x
Pedersen, 1991, Powder administration of pure budesonide for the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis, Allergy, 46, 582, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1991.tb00627.x
Ross, 1991, Budesonide once-daily in seasonal allergic rhinitis, Curr Med Res Opin, 12, 507, 10.1185/03007999109111661
Malmberg, 1991, A comparison between intranasal budesonide aerosol and budesonide dry powder in the treatment of hay fever symptoms, Rhinology, 29, 137
Norman, 1992, Budesonide in grass pollen rhinitis, Ann Allergy, 69, 309
Andersson, 1993, Dry powder inhalation of budesonide in allergic rhinitis, Clin Otolaryngol, 18, 30, 10.1111/j.1365-2273.1993.tb00805.x
Pedersen, 1994, Budesonide powder administration for the treatment of grass-pollen-induced allergic rhinitis, Allergy, 49, 855, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1994.tb00787.x
Balle, 1982, The treatment of perennial rhinitis with a new, non-halogenated, topical, aerosol packed, steroid, Budesonide, Acta Otolaryngol, 94, 169, 10.3109/00016488209128901
Day, 1990, Efficacy and safety of intranasal budesonide in the treatment of perennial rhinitis in adults and children, Ann Allergy, 64, 445
Meltzer, 1998, Clinical and antiinflammatory effects of intranasal budesonide aqueous pump spray in the treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis, Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 81, 128, 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)62798-6
Pipkorn, 1988, Long-term safety of budesonide nasal aerosol: a 5.5-year follow-up study, Clin Allergy, 18, 253, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1988.tb02867.x
Lindqvist, 1989, Intranasally administered budesonide, a glucocorticoid, does not exert its clinical effect through vasoconstriction, Clin Otolaryngol, 14, 519, 10.1111/j.1365-2273.1989.tb00416.x
Wihl, 1982, Topical corticosteroids and nasal reactivity, Eur J Respir Dis Suppl, 122, 205
Cameron, 1984, Randomised double blind controlled clinical trial of intranasal budesonide in treatment of hay fever, Br Med J, 288, 1881, 10.1136/bmj.288.6434.1881
Creticos, 1998, Intranasal budesonide aqueous pump spray (Rhinocort Aqua) for the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis, Allergy Asthma Proc, 19, 285, 10.2500/108854198778557692
Agertoft, 1993, Nasal powder administration of budesonide for seasonal rhinitis in children and adolescents, Pediatr Allergy Immunol, 4, 152, 10.1111/j.1399-3038.1993.tb00084.x
Wolthers, 1992, A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the effect of intranasal budesonide in the treatment of children with seasonal rhinitis, Acta Paediatr, 81, 902, 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1992.tb12132.x
Morelli, 1996, Effect of preseasonal and seasonal budesonide topical nasal powder in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis, Allergol Intern, 45, 151, 10.2332/allergolint.45.151
Ruhno, 1990, A double-blind comparison of intranasal budesonide with placebo for nasal polyposis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 86, 946, 10.1016/S0091-6749(05)80158-7
Lildholdt, 1995, Efficacy of topical cortico-steroid powder for nasal polyps: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of budesonide, Clin Otolaryngol, 20, 26, 10.1111/j.1365-2273.1995.tb00007.x
Tos, 1998, Efficacy of an aqueous and a powder formulation of nasal budesonide compared in patients with nasal polyps, Am J Rhinol, 12, 183, 10.2500/105065898781390217
Synnerstad, 1996, A clinical comparison of intranasal budesonide with beclomethasone dipropionate for perennial non-allergic rhinitis: a 12 month study, Br J Clin Pract, 50, 363, 10.1111/j.1742-1241.1996.tb09577.x
Stern, 1997, A comparison of aqueous suspensions of budesonide nasal spray (128 micrograms and 256 micrograms once daily) and fluticasone propionate nasal spray (200 micrograms once daily) in the treatment of adult patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis, Am J Rhinol, 11, 323, 10.2500/105065897781446658
Day, 1998, Comparison of the efficacy of budesonide and fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray for once daily treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 102, 902, 10.1016/S0091-6749(98)70326-4
Simpson, 1994, Budesonide and terfenadine, separately and in combination, in the treatment of hay fever, Ann Allergy, 73, 497
Lindqvist, 1986, Long-term safety and efficacy of budesonide nasal aerosol in perennial rhinitis. A 12-month multicentre study, Allergy, 41, 179, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1986.tb00298.x
Ratner, 1996, New formulation of aqueous flunisolide nasal spray in the treatment of allergic rhinitis: comparative assessment of safety, tolerability, and efficacy, Allergy Asthma Proc, 17, 149, 10.2500/108854196779165049
Greenbaum, 1988, Comparative tolerability of two formulations of Rhinalar (flunisolide) nasal spray in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis, Ann Allergy, 61, 305
Meltzer, 1990, Evaluation of symptom relief, nasal airflow, nasal cytology, and acceptability of two formulations of flunisolide nasal spray in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis, Ann Allergy, 64, 536
Warland, 1982, Evaluation of flunisolide nasal solution in the symptomatic treatment of perennial rhinitis, Allergy, 37, 417, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1982.tb02320.x
Joubert, 1983, Flunisolide nasal spray in the treatment of perennial rhinitis, S Afr Med J, 64, 623
Erhan, 1996, Comparison of topical silver nitrate and flunisolide treatment in patients with idiopathic non-allergic rhinitis, Tokai J Exp Clin Med, 21, 103
Todd, 1983, A study of flunisolide nasal spray in children with perennial rhinitis, Br J Clin Pract, 37, 259, 10.1111/j.1742-1241.1983.tb07197.x
Sensi, 1997, Allergic rhinitis in children: effects of flunisolide and disodium cromoglycate on nasal eosinophil cationic protein, Clin Exp Allergy, 27, 270, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1997.tb00705.x
Pipkorn, 1984, A comparative trial testing budesonide and flunisolide nasal sprays in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis, Ann Allergy, 52, 183
Dickson, 1984, Comparison of flunisolide nasal spray and terfenadine tablets in hay fever, Br J Clin Pract, 38, 416, 10.1111/j.1742-1241.1984.tb07751.x
Backhouse, 1986, Treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis with flunisolide and terfenadine, J Int Med Res, 14, 35
Findlay, 1992, Efficacy of once-a-day intranasal administration of triamcinolone acetonide in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis, Ann Allergy, 68, 228
Rosenthal, 1998, Tri-Nasal triamcinolone acetonide nasal spray 200 and 400 micrograms qd versus placebo and Nasacort triamcinolone acetonide nasal aerosol 440 micrograms qd in patients suffering from seasonal allergic rhinitis during the grass season, Am J Rhinol, 12, 427, 10.2500/105065898780707991
Munk, 1997, Preseasonal, once daily triamcinolone acetonide nasal aerosol for seasonal allergic rhinitis, Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 78, 325, 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)63190-0
Settipane, 1995, Triamcinolone acetonide Aqueous nasal spray in patients with seasonal ragweed allergic rhinitis: a placebo-controlled, double-blind study, Clin Ther, 17, 252, 10.1016/0149-2918(95)80023-9
Tinkelman, 1990, Multicenter evaluation of triamcinolone acetonide nasal aerosol in the treatment of adult patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis, Ann Allergy, 64, 234
Kobayashi, 1995, Triamcinolone acetonide aqueous nasal spray for the treatment of patients with perennial allergic rhinitis: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, Clin Ther, 17, 503, 10.1016/0149-2918(95)80115-4
Spector, 1990, Multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of triamcinolone acetonide nasal aerosol in the treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis, Ann Allergy, 64, 300
Storms, 1991, Once daily triamcinolone acetonide nasal spray is effective for the treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis [published erratum appears in Ann Allergy 1991 Jun;66:457], Ann Allergy, 66, 329
Banov, 1996, Placebo-controlled, double-blind study of the efficacy and safety of triamcinolone acetonide aerosol nasal inhaler in pediatric patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis, Clin Ther, 18, 265, 10.1016/S0149-2918(96)80007-5
Welch, 1991, Clinical evaluation of triamcinolone acetonide nasal aerosol in children with perennial allergic rhinitis, Ann Allergy, 67, 493
Small, 1997, A comparison of triamcinolone acetonide nasal aerosol spray and fluticasone propionate aqueous solution spray in the treatment of spring allergic rhinitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 100, 592, 10.1016/S0091-6749(97)70160-X
Gawchik, 1982, The use of clemastine fumarate for allergic rhinitis, Pa Med, 85, 42
Schoenwetter, 1995, Comparison of intranasal triamcinolone acetonide with oral loratadine for the treatment of patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis, Clin Ther, 17, 479, 10.1016/0149-2918(95)80113-8
Bernstein, 1996, Comparison of triamcinolone acetonide nasal inhaler with astemizole in the treatment of ragweed-induced allergic rhinitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 97, 749, 10.1016/S0091-6749(96)80151-5
Koepke, 1997, Long-term safety and efficacy of triamcinolone acetonide aqueous nasal spray for the treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis, Allergy Asthma Proc, 18, 33, 10.2500/108854197778612844
Welch, 1994, Long-term safety of triamcinolone acetonide nasal aerosol for the treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis, Clin Ther, 16, 253
Pedersen, 1995, Once daily fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray controls symptoms of most patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis, Allergy, 50, 794, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1995.tb05051.x
Dolovich, 1994, Multicenter trial of fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray in ragweed allergic rhinitis, Ann Allergy, 73, 147
Storms, 1995, Treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis with fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray: review of comparator studies, Allergy, 50, 25, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1995.tb02738.x
Scadding, 1991, Clinical and physiological effects of fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray in the treatment of perennial rhinitis, Rhinol Suppl, 11, 37
van As, 1991, Dose tolerance study of fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis, Ann Allergy, 67, 156
Munk, 1994, Intranasal fluticasone is effective and well-tolerated in adolescents with seasonal allergic rhinitis, Pediat Asthma Allergy Immunol, 8, 39, 10.1089/pai.1994.8.39
van-As, 1993, Once daily fluticasone propionate is as effective for perennial allergic rhinitis as twice daily beclomethasone diproprionate, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 91, 1146, 10.1016/0091-6749(93)90317-9
Treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis with once-daily intranasal fluticasone propionate therapy in children, 1994, Fluticasone Propionate Collaborative Pediatric Working Group, J Pediatr, 125, 628
Boner, 1995, The efficacy and tolerability of fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray in children with seasonal allergic rhinitis, Allergy, 50, 498, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1995.tb01185.x
Ngamphaiboon, 1997, Fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray treatment for perennial allergic rhinitis in children, Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 78, 479, 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)63235-8
Richards, 1996, Fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray: a well-tolerated and effective treatment for children with perennial rhinitis, Pediatr Allergy Immunol, 7, 35, 10.1111/j.1399-3038.1996.tb00103.x
Ratner, 1992, Fluticasone propionate given once daily is as effective for seasonal allergic rhinitis as beclomethasone dipropionate given twice daily, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 90, 285, 10.1016/S0091-6749(05)80005-3
Mandl, 1997, Comparison of once daily mometasone furoate (Nasonex) and fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal sprays for the treatment of perennial rhinitis, Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 79, 370, 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)63030-X
Penttilo, 2000, Dose-related efficacy and tolerability of fluticasone propionate nasal drops 400 μg once daily and twice daily in the treatment of bilateral nasal polyposis: a placebo-controlled randomized study in adult patients, Clin Exp Allergy, 30, 94, 10.1046/j.1365-2222.2000.00695.x
van-Bavel, 1994, Intranasal fluticasone propionate is more effective than terfenadine tablets for seasonal allergic rhinitis, Arch Intern Med, 154, 2699, 10.1001/archinte.1994.00420230086010
Bronsky, 1996, Fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray compared with terfenadine tablets in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 97, 915, 10.1016/S0091-6749(96)80065-0
Gehanno, 1997, Fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray compared with oral loratadine in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis, Allergy, 52, 445, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1997.tb01027.x
Jordana, 1996, Intranasal fluticasone propionate versus loratadine in the treatment of adolescent patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 97, 588, 10.1016/S0091-6749(96)70303-2
Ratner, 1998, A comparison of the efficacy of fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray and loratadine, alone and in combination, for the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis, J Fam Pract, 47, 118
Haye, 1993, A multicentre study to assess long-term use of fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray in comparison with beclomethasone dipropionate aqueous nasal spray in the treatment of perennial rhinitis, Rhinology, 31, 169
Foresi, 1996, Once daily intranasal fluticasone propionate (200 micrograms) reduces nasal symptoms and inflammation but also attenuates the increase in bronchial responsiveness during the pollen season in allergic rhinitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 98, 274, 10.1016/S0091-6749(96)70150-1
Hebert, 1996, Once-daily mometasone furoate aqueous nasal spray (Nasonex) in seasonal allergic rhinitis: an active- and placebo-controlled study, Allergy, 51, 569
Bronsky, 1997, Dose ranging study of mometasone furoate (Nasonex) in seasonal allergic rhinitis, Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 79, 51, 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)63084-0
Brannan, 1997, Safety and tolerability of once-daily mometasone furoate aqueous nasal spray in children, Clin Ther, 19, 1330, 10.1016/S0149-2918(97)80008-2
Schenkel, 2000, Absence of growth retardation in children with perennial allergic rhinitis following 1 year treatment with mometasone furoate aqueous nasal spray, Pediatrics, 101, e22, 10.1542/peds.105.2.e22
Minshall, 1998, Assessment by nasal biopsy of long-term use of mometasone furoate aqueous nasal spray (Nasonex) in the treatment of perennial rhinitis, Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 118, 648
Schmidt, 1999, The new topical steroid ciclesonide is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, J Clin Pharmacol, 39, 1062, 10.1177/00912709922011836
Borum, 1987, Seasonal allergic rhinitis and depot injection of a corticosteroid. Evaluation of the efficacy of medication early and late in the season based on detailed symptom recording, Allergy, 42, 26, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1987.tb02183.x
Brooks, 1988, Vasoconstrictor and corticosteroid responsive components of allergic nasal mucosal swelling, Ann Allergy, 61, 151
Brooks, 1993, Oral methylprednisolone acetate (Medrol Tablets) for seasonal rhinitis: examination of dose and symptom response, J Clin Pharmacol, 33, 816, 10.1002/j.1552-4604.1993.tb01957.x
Laursen, 1987, Intramuscular betamethasone dipropionate vs. oral prednisolone in hay fever patients, Allergy, 42, 168, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1987.tb02194.x
Norris, 1996, Pharmacology of sodium cromoglycate, Clin Exp Allergy, 4, 5, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1996.tb00661.x
Cox, 1967, Disodium cromoglycate (FPL 670) (‘Intal'): a specific inhibitor of reaginic antibody-antigen mechanisms, Nature, 216, 1328, 10.1038/2161328a0
Orr, 1969, Disodium cromoglycate, an inhibitor of mas cell degranulation and histamine release induced by phospholipase A, Nature, 223, 197, 10.1038/223197b0
Orr, 1977, Mode of action of disodium cromoglycate, Acta Allergol, 13, 9
Okuda, 1985, The effects of cromolyn sodium on nasal mast cells, Clin Exp Allergy, 55, 721
Kivity, 1996, A comparison of the inhibitory effect of cromoline and nedocromil Na on histamine release from airway metachromatic cells and from peripheral basophils, Immunol Lett, 53, 147, 10.1016/S0165-2478(96)02627-2
Theoharides, 1980, Antiallergic drug cromolyn may inhibit histamine secretion by regulating phosphorylation of a mast cell protein, Science, 207, 80, 10.1126/science.6153130
Correia, 1996, Characterization of the 78 kDa mast cell protein phosphorylated by the antiallergic drug cromolyn and homology to moesin, Biochem Pharmacol, 52, 413, 10.1016/0006-2952(96)00243-2
Wang, 1999, Ca2+ and phorbol ester effect on the mast cell phosphoprotein induced by cromolyn, Eur J Pharmacol, 371, 241, 10.1016/S0014-2999(99)00179-X
Loh, 1994, Disodium cromoglycate inhibits S mu—>S epsilon deletional switch recombination and IgE synthesis in human B cells, J Exp Med, 180, 663, 10.1084/jem.180.2.663
Moqbel, 1988, Effects of nedocromil sodium (Tilade) on the activation of human eosinophils and neutrophils and the release of histamine from mast cells, Allergy, 43, 268, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1988.tb00899.x
Damon, 1989, Increased generation of the arachidonic metabolites LTB4 and 5-HETE by human alveolar macrophages in patients with asthma: effect in vitro of nedocromil sodium, Eur Respir J, 2, 202, 10.1183/09031936.93.02030202
Bruijnzeel, 1990, Inhibition of neutrophil and eosinophil induced chemotaxis by nedocromil sodium and sodium cromoglycate, Br J Pharmacol, 99, 798, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1990.tb13009.x
Warringa, 1993, Inhibition of cytokine-primed eosinophil chemotaxis by nedocromil sodium, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 91, 802, 10.1016/0091-6749(93)90200-Y
Radeau, 1993, Effect of nedocromil sodium on sulfidopeptide leukotrienes-stimulated human alveolar macrophages in asthma, Pulm Pharmacol, 6, 27, 10.1006/pulp.1993.1005
Radeau, 1992, Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase metabolism in human neutrophils from patients with asthma: in vitro effect of nedocromil sodium, Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 97, 209, 10.1159/000236121
Dixon, 1989, Bradykinin-induced bronchoconstriction: inhibition by nedocromil sodium and sodium cromoglycate, Br J Clin Pharmacol, 27, 831, 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1989.tb03446.x
Lozewicz, 1990, Allergen-induced changes in the nasal mucous membrane in seasonal allergic rhinitis: effect of nedocromil sodium, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 85, 125, 10.1016/0091-6749(90)90233-T
Orgel, 1991, Comparison of intranasal cromolyn sodium, 4%, and oral terfenadine for allergic rhinitis: symptoms, nasal cytology, nasal ciliary clearance, and rhinomanometry, Ann Allergy, 66, 237
Holopainen, 1971, Effect of disodium cromoglycate on seasonal allergic rhinitis, Lancet, 1, 55, 10.1016/S0140-6736(71)90778-1
Blair, 1973, Treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis with 2 percent sodium cromoglycate (BP) solution, Clin Allergy, 3, 283, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1973.tb01335.x
Knight, 1976, Disodium cromoglycate in ragweed-allergic rhinitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 58, 278, 10.1016/0091-6749(76)90132-9
Handelman, 1977, Cromolyn sodium nasal solution in the prophylactic treatment of pollen- induced seasonal allergic rhinitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 59, 237, 10.1016/0091-6749(77)90156-7
Nizami, 1977, Efficacy double-blind, crossover study of sodium cromoglycate in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis, Ann Allergy, 38, 42
Frostad, 1977, The treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis with a 2% aqueous solution of sodium cromoglycate delivered by a metered dose nasal spray, Clin Allergy, 7, 347, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1977.tb01462.x
Welsh, 1977, Preseasonal IgE ragweed antibody level as a predictor of response to therapy of ragweed hay fever with intranasal cromolyn sodium solution, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 60, 104, 10.1016/0091-6749(77)90034-3
Posey, 1977, Controlled trials with four per cent cromolyn spray in seasonal allergic rhinitis, Clin Allergy, 7, 485, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1977.tb01479.x
Craig, 1977, Treatment of ragweed hay fever with intranasally administered disodium cromoglycate, Clin Allergy, 7, 569, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1977.tb01487.x
Girard, 1975, Study of 2% solution of sodium cromoglycate in perennial rhinitis assessed by subjective and objective parameters, Clin Allergy, 5, 301, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1975.tb01867.x
Hillas, 1980, A comparative trial of intra-nasal beclomethasone dipropionate and sodium cromoglycate in patients with chronic perennial rhinitis, Clin Allergy, 10, 253, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1980.tb02104.x
Lobaton, 1975, Treatment of perennial rhinitis with 2% solution of sodium cromoglycate, Rhinology, 13, 91
Cohan, 1976, Treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis with cromolyn sodium. Double-blind study on 34 adult patients, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 58, 121, 10.1016/0091-6749(76)90147-0
Sorri, 1979, Disodium chromoglycate therapy in perennial rhinitis, Acta Otolaryngol Suppl, 360, 30
Druce, 1990, Multicenter placebo-controlled study of nedocromil sodium 1% nasal solution in ragweed seasonal allergic rhinitis, Ann Allergy, 65, 212
Bellioni, 1988, A double-blind group comparative study of nedocromil sodium in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis, Rhinology, 26, 281
Donnelly, 1993, Nedocromil sodium is rapidly effective in the therapy of seasonal allergic rhinitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 91, 997, 10.1016/0091-6749(93)90212-X
Schuller, 1990, A multicenter trial of nedocromil sodium, 1% nasal solution, compared with cromolyn sodium and placebo in ragweed seasonal allergic rhinitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 86, 554, 10.1016/S0091-6749(05)80212-X
Sipila, 1987, Double-blind comparison of nedocromil sodium (1% nasal spray) and placebo in rhinitis caused by birch pollen, Clin Otolaryngol, 12, 365, 10.1111/j.1365-2273.1987.tb00218.x
Bukstein, 1996, Tilarin in combination with astemizole, Allergy, 51, 20, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1996.tb04775.x
Engstrom, 1971, Disodium cromoglycate in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinoconjunctivitis in children, Ann Allergy, 29, 505
Greenbaum, 1977, Sodium cromoglycate in ragweed-allergic conjunctivitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 59, 437, 10.1016/0091-6749(77)90006-9
Lindsay-Miller, 1979, Group comparative trial of 2% sodium cromoglycate (Opticrom) with placebo in the treatment of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis, Clin Allergy, 9, 271, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1979.tb01553.x
Kray, 1985, Tipton WR, Selner JC, O'Dea J, Nelson HS. Cromolyn sodium in seasonal allergic conjunctivitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 76, 623, 10.1016/0091-6749(85)90785-7
van Bijsterveld, 1984, A double-blind crossover study comparing sodium cromoglycate eye drops with placebo in the treatment of chronic conjunctivitis, Acta Ophthalmol, 62, 479, 10.1111/j.1755-3768.1984.tb08428.x
Ruggieri, 1987, Double-blind group comparative trial of sodium cromoglycate eye ointment and placebo in the treatment of allergic eye diseases, Ann Allergy, 58, 109
Welsh, 1979, Topical ocular administration of cromolyn sodium for treatment in seasonal ragweed conjunctivitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 64, 209, 10.1016/0091-6749(79)90097-6
Frostad, 1993, A comparison of topical levocabastine and sodium cromoglycate in the treatment of pollen-provoked allergic conjunctivitis, Clin Exp Allergy, 23, 406, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1993.tb00346.x
Nizami, 1981, Treatment of ragweed allergic conjunctivitis with 2% cromolyn solution in unit doses, Ann Allergy, 47, 5
Foster, 1988, Evaluation of topical cromolyn sodium in the treatment of vernal keratoconjunctivitis, Ophthalmology, 95, 194, 10.1016/S0161-6420(88)33201-X
Juniper, 1994, Sodium cromoglycate eye drops: regular versus “as needed” use in the treatment of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 94, 36, 10.1016/0091-6749(94)90069-8
Leino, 1990, Double-blind group comparative study of 2% nedocromil sodium eye drops with placebo eye drops in the treatment of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis, Ann Allergy, 64, 398
Blumenthal, 1992, Efficacy and safety of nedocromil sodium ophthalmic solution in the treatment of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis, Am J Ophthalmol, 113, 56, 10.1016/S0002-9394(14)75754-X
Miglior, 1993, Nedocromil sodium and astemizole, alone or combined, in the treatment of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis, Acta Ophthalmol Copenh, 71, 73, 10.1111/j.1755-3768.1993.tb04964.x
Stockwell, 1994, Group comparative trial of 2% nedocromil sodium with placebo in the treatment of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis, Eur J Ophthalmol, 4, 19, 10.1177/112067219400400104
Cohen, 1993, Treatment of ragweed pollen sesonal allergic conjunctivitis (SAC) with bid nedocromil sodium 2% ophtalmic solution, Ocular Immunol, 1, 19, 10.3109/09273949309086531
Melamed, 1994, Evaluation of nedocromil sodium 2% ophthalmic solution for the treatment of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis, Ann Allergy, 73, 57
Kjellman, 1995, Clinical experience with Tilavist: an overview of efficacy and safety, Allergy, 50, 14, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1995.tb04252.x
el Hennawi, 1994, A double blind placebo controlled group comparative study of ophthalmic sodium cromoglycate and nedocromil sodium in the treatment of vernal keratoconjunctivitis, Br J Ophthalmol, 78, 365, 10.1136/bjo.78.5.365
Verin, 1999, Nedocromil sodium eye drops are more effective than sodium cromoglycate eye drops for the long-term management of vernal keratoconjunctivitis, Clin Exp Allergy, 29, 529, 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1999.00501.x
Moller, 1994, Nedocromil sodium 2% eye drops for twice-daily treatment of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis: a Swedish multicentre placebo-controlled study in children allergic to birch pollen, Clin Exp Allergy, 24, 884, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1994.tb01811.x
Hammann, 1996, Comparison of effects of topical levocabastine and nedocromil sodium on the early response in a conjunctival provocation test with allergen, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 98, 1045, 10.1016/S0091-6749(96)80189-8
Miadonna, 1998, N-acetyl-aspartyl-glutamic acid inhibits cellular recruitment and mediator release during the late allergen-induced nasal reaction, Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 54, 515, 10.1007/s002280050506
Althaus, 1994, Nasal application of a gel formulation of N-acetyl-aspartyl glutamic acid (NAAGA) compared with placebo and disodium cromoglycate in the symptomatic treatment of pollinosis, Allergy, 49, 184, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1994.tb00823.x
Magyar, 1993, The protective effect of N-acetyl-aspartyl-glutamate (NAAGA) against nasal obstruction provoked by antigen in allergic rhinitis, Allergy, 48, 631, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1993.tb00761.x
Malm, 1994, Pharmacological background to decongesting and anti-inflammatory treatment of rhinitis and sinusitis, Acta Otolaryngol Suppl, 515, 53, 10.3109/00016489409124325
Johnson, 1993, The pharmacology of alpha-adrenergic decongestants, Pharmacotherapy, 13, 110S, 10.1002/j.1875-9114.1993.tb02779.x
Johannssen, 1997, Alpha 1-receptors at pre-capillary resistance vessels of the human nasal mucosa, Rhinology, 35, 161
Andersson, 1984, Adrenoceptors in the control of human nasal mucosal blood flow, Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol, 93, 179, 10.1177/000348948409300216
Bende, 1986, Vascular effects of topical oxymetazoline on human nasal mucosa, J Laryngol Otol, 100, 285, 10.1017/S0022215100099151
Akerlund, 1989, Nasal decongestant effect of oxymetazoline in the common cold: an objective dose-response study in 106 patients, J Laryngol Otol, 103, 743, 10.1017/S0022215100109958
Svensson, 1992, Topical vasoconstrictor (oxymetazoline) does not affect histamine- induced mucosal exudation of plasma in human nasal airways, Clin Exp Allergy, 22, 411, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1992.tb03103.x
Witek, 1992, Superficial nasal mucosal blood flow and nasal patency following topical oxymetazoline hydrochloride, Ann Allergy, 68, 165
Vansal, 1999, Direct effects of ephedrine isomers on human beta-adrenergic receptor subtypes, Biochem Pharmacol, 58, 807, 10.1016/S0006-2952(99)00152-5
Loth, 1985, The effect of topical phenylpropanolamine on nasal secretion and nasal airway resistance after histamine challenge in man, Clin Otolaryngol, 10, 15, 10.1111/j.1365-2273.1985.tb01159.x
Broms, 1982, Oral vasoconstrictors in perennial non-allergic rhinitis, Allergy, 37, 67, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1982.tb01879.x
Kanfer, 1993, Pharmacokinetics of oral decongestants, Pharmacotherapy, 13, 116S, 10.1002/j.1875-9114.1993.tb02780.x
Simons, 1996, Pharmacokinetics of the orally administered decongestants pseudoephedrine and phenylpropanolamine in children, J Pediatr, 129, 729, 10.1016/S0022-3476(96)70157-9
Hendeles, 1993, Selecting a decongestant, Pharmacotherapy, 13, 129S, 10.1002/j.1875-9114.1993.tb02781.x
Hamilton, 1982, A study of sustained action pseudoephedrine in allergic rhinitis, Ann Allergy, 48, 87
Smith, 1993, Over-the-counter cold medications. A critical review of clinical trials between 1950 and 1991, JAMA, 269, 2258, 10.1001/jama.1993.03500170088039
Jawad, 1998, Effect of pseudoephedrine on nasal airflow in patients with nasal congestion associated with common cold, Rhinology, 36, 73
Taverner, 1999, The effects of oral pseudoephed-rine on nasal patency in the common cold: a double-blind single-dose placebo-controlled trial, Clin Otolaryngol, 24, 47, 10.1046/j.1365-2273.1999.00208.x
Graf, 1995, Four-week use of oxymetazoline nasal spray (Nezeril) once daily at night induces rebound swelling and nasal hyperreactivity, Acta Otolaryngol, 115, 71, 10.3109/00016489509133350
Graf, 1996, Effect on the nasal mucosa of long-term treatment with oxymetazoline, benzalkonium chloride, and placebo nasal sprays, Laryngoscope, 106, 605, 10.1097/00005537-199605000-00016
Yoo, 1997, Extended use of topical nasal decongestants, Laryngoscope, 107, 40, 10.1097/00005537-199701000-00010
Hallen, 1997, Fluticasone propionate nasal spray is more effective and has a faster onset of action than placebo in treatment of rhinitis medicamentosa, Clin Exp Allergy, 27, 552, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1997.tb00744.x
Thomas, 1991, A comparison of the cardiovascular effects of phenylpropanolamine and phenylephrine containing proprietary cold remedies, Br J Clin Pharmacol, 32, 705, 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1991.tb03977.x
Onuigbo, 1998, Over-the-counter sympathomimetics: a risk factor for cardiac arrhythmias in pregnancy, South Med J, 91, 1153, 10.1097/00007611-199812000-00011
Bradley, 1991, Nonprescription drugs and hypertension. Which ones affect blood pressure?, Postgrad Med, 89, 195, 10.1080/00325481.1991.11700928
Beck, 1992, Cardiovascular effects of pseudoephedrine in medically controlled hypertensive patients, Arch Intern Med, 152, 1242, 10.1001/archinte.1992.00400180098015
Sauder, 1997, Visual hallucinations in a toddler: accidental ingestion of a sympathomimetic over-the-counter nasal decongestant, Am J Emerg Med, 15, 521, 10.1016/S0735-6757(97)90200-X
Graf, 1999, Ten days' use of oxymetazoline nasal spray with or without benzalkonium chloride in patients with vasomotor rhinitis, Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 125, 1128, 10.1001/archotol.125.10.1128
Mazzotta, 1999, Treating allergic rhinitis in pregnancy. Safety considerations, Drug Saf, 20, 361, 10.2165/00002018-199920040-00005
Nomeir, 1996, Influence of food on the oral bioavailability of loratadine and pseudoephedrine from extended-release tablets in healthy volunteers, J Clin Pharmacol, 36, 923, 10.1002/j.1552-4604.1996.tb04759.x
Segal, 1993, Safety and efficacy of terfenadine/pseudoephedrine versus clemastine/phenylpropanolamine in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis, Ann Allergy, 70, 389
Williams, 1996, Efficacy of acrivastine plus pseudoephedrine for symptomatic relief of seasonal allergic rhinitis due to mountain cedar, Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 76, 432, 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)63460-6
Dockhorn, 1996, Efficacy of acrivastine with pseudoephedrine in treatment of allergic rhinitis due to ragweed, Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 76, 204, 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)63423-0
Bertrand, 1996, Cetirizine and pseudoephedrine retard alone and in combination in the treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis: a double-blind multicentre study, Rhinology, 34, 91
Horak, 1998, Efficacy and safety relative to placebo of an oral formulation of cetirizine and sustained-release pseudoephedrine in the management of nasal congestion, Allergy, 53, 849, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1998.tb03990.x
Sussman, 1999, The efficacy and safety of fexofenadine HCl and pseudoephedrine, alone and in combination, in seasonal allergic rhinitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 104, 100, 10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70120-X
Storms, 1989, SCH 434: a new antihistamine/decongestant for seasonal allergic rhinitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 83, 1083, 10.1016/0091-6749(89)90450-8
Berkowitz, 1989, The effectiveness of the nonsedating antihistamine loratadine plus pseudoephedrine in the symptomatic management of the common cold, Ann Allergy, 63, 336
Grossman, 1989, Loratadine-pseudoephedrine combination versus placebo in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis, Ann Allergy, 63, 317
Bronsky, 1995, Comparative efficacy and safety of a once-daily loratadinepseudoephedrine combination versus its components alone and placebo in the management of seasonal allergic rhinitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 96, 139, 10.1016/S0091-6749(95)70001-3
Serra, 1998, Loratadine-pseudoephedrine in children with allergic rhinitis, a controlled double blind trial, Br J Clin Pharmacol, 45, 147, 10.1046/j.1365-2125.1998.00657.x
Kaiser, 1998, Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Once-Daily Versus Twice-Daily Loratadine-Pseudoephedrine Combinations Versus Placebo in Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis, Am J Ther, 5, 245, 10.1097/00045391-199807000-00007
Howarth, 1993, The influence of terfenadine and pseudo-ephedrine alone and in combination on allergen-induced rhinitis, Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 101, 318, 10.1159/000236470
Corren, 1997, Efficacy and safety of loratadine plus pseudoephedrine in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis and mild asthma, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 100, 781, 10.1016/S0091-6749(97)70274-4
Weiler, 1990, Randomized, double-blind, parallel groups, placebo-controlled study of efficacy and safety of Rynatan in the treatment of allergic rhinitis using an acute model, Ann Allergy, 64, 63
Eccles, 1973, The parasympathetic secretory nerves of the nose of the cat, J Physiol, 230, 213, 10.1113/jphysiol.1973.sp010184
Anggard, 1977, Parasympathetic influence on the nasal mucosa, Acta Otolaryngol, 83, 22, 10.3109/00016487709128806
Baroody, 1992, Ipratropium bromide (Atrovent nasal spray) reduces the nasal response to methacholine, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 89, 1065, 10.1016/0091-6749(92)90290-I
Wood, 1995, Product characteristics and pharmacokinetics of intranasal ipratropium bromide, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 95, 1111, 10.1016/S0091-6749(95)70214-8
Kirkegaard, 1987, Ordinary and high-dose ipratropium in perennial nonallergic rhinitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 79, 585, 10.1016/S0091-6749(87)80153-7
Mygind, 1989, Intranasal ipratropium: literature abstracts and comments, Rhinol Suppl, 9, 37
Jackson, 1981, Low-dose topical atropine for rhinorrhea, Arch Otolaryngol, 107, 288, 10.1001/archotol.1981.00790410026006
Bronsky, 1995, A clinical trial of ipratropium bromide nasal spray in patients with perennial nonallergic rhinitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 95, 1117, 10.1016/S0091-6749(95)70215-6
Georgitis, 1994, Ipratropium bromide nasal spray in non-allergic rhinitis: efficacy, nasal cytological response and patient evaluation on quality of life, Clin Exp Allergy, 24, 1049, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1994.tb02742.x
Bende, 1985, Treatment of perennial secretory rhinitis, Orl J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec, 47, 303, 10.1159/000275790
Borum, 1979, Intranasal ipratropium: a new treatment for perennial rhinitis, Clin Otolaryngol, 4, 407, 10.1111/j.1365-2273.1979.tb01773.x
Dolovich, 1987, Control of the hypersecretion of vasomotor rhinitis by topical ipratropium bromide, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 80, 274, 10.1016/0091-6749(87)90031-5
Knight, 1986, A trial of intranasal Atrovent versus placebo in the treatment of vasomotor rhinitis, Ann Allergy, 57, 348
Wagenmann, 1994, Onset and duration of inhibition of ipratropium bromide nasal spray on methacholine-induced nasal secretions, Clin Exp Allergy, 24, 288, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1994.tb00233.x
Georgitis, 1992, The anticholinergic treatment of allergic perennial rhinitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 90, 1071, 10.1016/0091-6749(92)90125-L
Kaiser, 1995, Long-term treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis with ipratropium bromide nasal spray 0.06%, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 95, 1128, 10.1016/S0091-6749(95)70217-2
Borum, 1981, Ipratropium nasal spray: a new treatment for rhinorrhea in the common cold, Am Rev Respir Dis, 123, 418
Malmberg, 1983, Ipratropium (Atrovent) in the treatment of vasomotor rhinitis of elderly patients, Clin Otolaryngol, 8, 273, 10.1111/j.1365-2273.1983.tb01441.x
Meltzer, 1992, Ipratropium bromide aqueous nasal spray for patients with perennial allergic rhinitis: a study of its effect on their symptoms, quality of life, and nasal cytology, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 90, 242, 10.1016/0091-6749(92)90078-G
Milford, 1990, Long-term safety and efficacy study of intranasal ipratropium bromide, J Laryngol Otol, 104, 123, 10.1017/S0022215100112022
Finn, 1998, Ipratropium bromide nasal spray 0.03% provides additional relief from rhinorrhea when combined with terfenadine in perennial rhinitis patients; a randomized, double-blind, active-controlled trial, Am J Rhinol, 12, 441, 10.2500/105065898780707919
Dockhorn, 1999, Ipratropium bromide nasal spray 0.03% and beclomethasone nasal spray alone and in combination for the treatment of rhinorrhea in perennial rhinitis, Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 82, 349, 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)63284-X
Groth, 1983, The absence of systemic side-effects from high doses of ipratropium in the nose, Eur J Respir Dis Suppl, 128, 490
Busse, 1996, The role of leukotrienes in asthma and allergic rhinitis, Clin Exp Allergy, 26, 868, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1996.tb00621.x
Knapp, 1990, Reduced allergen-induced nasal congestion and leukotriene synthesis with an orally active 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, N Engl J Med, 323, 1745, 10.1056/NEJM199012203232506
Donnelly, 1995, The leukotriene D4-receptor antagonist, ICI 204,219, relieves symptoms of acute seasonal allergic rhinitis, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 151, 1734, 10.1164/ajrccm.151.6.7767514
Pullerits, 1999, Randomized placebo-controlled study comparing a leukotriene receptor antagonist and a nasal glucocorticoid in seasonal allergic rhinitis, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 159, 1814, 10.1164/ajrccm.159.6.9810016
Meltzer, 2000, Concomitant montelukast and loratadine as treatment for seasonal allergic rhinitis: placebo-controlled clinical trial, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 105, 917, 10.1067/mai.2000.106040
Dahlen, 1998, Benefits from adding the 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor zileuton to conventional therapy in aspirin-intolerant asthmatics, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 157, 1187, 10.1164/ajrccm.157.4.9707089
Tinkelman, 1991, A pilot study of pemirolast in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis, Ann Allergy, 66, 162
Davis, 1998, The use of complementary/alternative medicine for the treatment of asthma in the United States, J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol, 8, 73
Lewith, 1996, Unconventional therapies in asthma: an overview, Allergy, 51, 761, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1996.tb04464.x
Wiesenauer, 1985, Double-blind trial comparing the effectiveness of the homeopathic preparation Galphimia potentiation D6, Galphimia dilution 10(-6) and placebo on pollinosis, Arzneimittelforschung, 35, 1745
Weiser, 1999, A randomized equivalence trial comparing the efficacy and safety of Luffa comp.-Heel nasal spray with cromolyn sodium spray in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis, Forsch Komplementarmed, 6, 142, 10.1159/000021239
Reilly, 1994, Is evidence for homoeopathy reproducible?, Lancet, 344, 1601, 10.1016/S0140-6736(94)90407-3
Reilly, 1986, Is homoeopathy a placebo response? Controlled trial of homoeopathic potency, with pollen in hayfever as model, Lancet, 2, 881, 10.1016/S0140-6736(86)90410-1
Yu, 1993, Acupuncture treatment of chronic rhinitis in 75 cases, J Tradit Chin Med, 13, 103
Lai, 1993, Observation on the curative effect of acupuncture on type I allergic diseases, J Tradit Chin Med, 13, 243
Xia, 1997, Acupuncture at agger nasi for treatment of allergic rhinitis, J Tradit Chin Med, 17, 278
Hu, 1997, 200 cases of chronic rhinitis treated by acupuncture at nei ying xiang, J Tradit Chin Med, 17, 53
Davies, 1998, The effect of acupuncture on nonallergic rhinitis: a controlled pilot study, Altern Ther Health Med, 4, 70
Krouse, 1999, Patient use of traditional and complementary therapies in treating rhinosinusitis before consulting an otolaryngologist, Laryngoscope, 109, 1223, 10.1097/00005537-199908000-00007
Borchers, 1997, Complementary medicine: a review of immunomodulatory effects of Chinese herbal medicines, Am J Clin Nutr, 66, 1303, 10.1093/ajcn/66.6.1303
Barrett, 1999, Assessing the risks and benefits of herbal medicine: an overview of scientific evidence, Altern Ther Health Med, 5, 40
Cupp, 1999, Herbal remedies: adverse effects and drug interactions, Am Fam Physician, 59, 1239
Klepser, 1999, Unsafe and potentially safe herbal therapies, Am J Health Syst Pharm, 56, 125, 10.1093/ajhp/56.2.125
Naito, 1993, Seasonal variations of nasal resistance in allergic rhinitis and environmental pollen counts. II: Efficacy of preseasonal therapy, Auris Nasus Larynx, 20, 31, 10.1016/S0385-8146(12)80208-2
Dev, 1999, Ancient-modern concordance in ayurvedic plants: some examples, Environ Health Perspect, 107, 783, 10.1289/ehp.99107783
Gupta, 1998, Effects of Boswellia serrata gum resin in patients with bronchial asthma: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, 6-week clinical study, Eur J Med Res, 3, 511
Tripathi, 1979, Studies on the mechanism of action of Albizzia lebbeck, an Indian indigenous drug used in the treatment of atopic allergy, J Ethnopharmacol, 1, 385, 10.1016/S0378-8741(79)80003-3
Schoni, 1997, Efficacy trial of bioresonance in children with atopic dermatitis, Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 112, 238, 10.1159/000237460
Vedanthan, 1998, Clinical study of yoga techniques in university students with asthma: a controlled study, Allergy Asthma Proc, 19, 3, 10.2500/108854198778557971
Kay, 1992, Allergy. Conventional and alternative concepts. A report of the Royal College of Physicians Committee on Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Clin Exp Allergy, 3, 1
Taccariello, 1999, Nasal douching as a valuable adjunct in the management of chronic rhinosinusitis, Rhinology, 37, 29
Mori, 1999, Submucous turbinectomy decreases not only nasal stiffness but also sneezing and rhinorrhea in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis, Clin Exp Allergy, 29, 1542, 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1999.00645.x
Inouye, 1999, Laser surgery for allergic and hypertrophic rhinitis, Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl, 180, 3, 10.1177/0003489499108S1101
Sadanaga, 1989, Clinical evaluation of vidian neurectomy for nasal allergy, Auris Nasus Larynx, 16, S53, 10.1016/S0385-8146(89)80030-6
Jones, 1999, Current concepts in the management of paediatric rhinosinusitis, J Laryngol Otol, 113, 1, 10.1017/S0022215100143038
Osguthorpe, 1999, Rhinosinusitis. Current concepts in evaluation and management, Med Clin North Am, 83, 27, 10.1016/S0025-7125(05)70085-7
Lildholdt, 1997, Glucocorticoid treatment for nasal polyps. The use of topical budesonide powder, intramuscular betamethasone, and surgical treatment, Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 123, 595, 10.1001/archotol.1997.01900060037006
Vanselow, 1967, Bronchial asthma induced by indomethacin, Ann Intern Med, 66, 568, 10.7326/0003-4819-66-3-568
Smith, 1971, Response of aspirin-allergic patients to challenge by some analgesics in common use, Br Med J, 2, 494, 10.1136/bmj.2.5760.494
Settipane, 1995, Prevalence of cross-sensitivity with acetaminophen in aspirin-sensitive asthmatic subjects, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 96, 480, 10.1016/S0091-6749(95)70290-3
Szczeklik, 1983, Antipyretic analgesics and the allergic patient, Am J Med, 75, 82, 10.1016/0002-9343(83)90236-X
Gutgesell, 1999, Azapropazone in aspirin intolerance, Allergy, 54, 897, 10.1034/j.1398-9995.1999.00268.x
Bavbek, 1999, The use of nimesulide in patients with acetylsalicylic acid and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug intolerance, J Asthma, 36, 657, 10.3109/02770909909055417
Mastalerz, 1997, Intranasal fluticasone propionate for chronic eosinophilic rhinitis in patients with aspirin-induced asthma, Allergy, 52, 895, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1997.tb01248.x
Stevenson, 1996, Aspirin desensitization treatment of aspirin-sensitive patients with rhinosinusitis-asthma: long-term outcomes, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 98, 751, 10.1016/S0091-6749(96)70123-9
Patriarca, 1991, Nasal provocation test with lysine acetylsalicylate in aspirin-sensitive patients, Ann Allergy, 67, 60
The current status of allergen immunotherapy hyposensitisation, 1989, Report of a WHO/IUIS working group, Allergy, 44, 369, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1989.tb04167.x
Bousquet, 1998, WHO Position Paper. Allergen Immunotherapy: TherapeuticVaccines for allergic diseases, Allergy, 53
Malling, 1988, Immunotherapy. Position Paper of the EAACI, Allergy, 43
Malling, 1993, Immunotherapy. Position Paper of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Allergy, 48, 9, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1993.tb04754.x
Frew, 1993, Injection immunotherapy. British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology Working Party, BMJ, 307, 919, 10.1136/bmj.307.6909.919
Nicklas, 1996, Practice parameters for allergen immunotherapy, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 6, 1001, 10.1016/S0091-6749(96)80183-7
Demoly, 1999, Immunotherapy in allergic rhinitis: a prevention for asthma?, Curr Probl Dermatol, 28, 119, 10.1159/000060586
Bousquet, 1999, Sublingual-swallow immunotherapy (SLIT) in patients with asthma due to house-dust mites: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study, Allergy, 54, 249, 10.1034/j.1398-9995.1999.00916.x
White, 1998, Symptom control in patients with hay fever in UK general practice: how well are we doing and is there a need for allergen immunotherapy?, Clin Exp Allergy, 28, 266, 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1998.00237.x
Varney, 1991, Usefulness of immunotherapy in patients with severe summer hay fever uncontrolled by antiallergic drugs, BMJ, 302, 265, 10.1136/bmj.302.6771.265
Allergen products Producta allergenica, 1997, European Pharmacopeia, 1063
Dreborg, 1993, Allergen standardization and skin tests. EAACI Position Paper, Allergy, 48
Nelson, 1996, Studies of allergen extract stability: the effects of dilution and mixing, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 98, 382, 10.1016/S0091-6749(96)70162-8
Norman, 1978, Comparisons of alum-precipitated and unprecipitated aqueous ragweed pollen extracts in the treatment of hay fever, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 61, 384, 10.1016/0091-6749(78)90118-5
Durham, 1998, Immunologic changes associated with allergen immunotherapy, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 102, 157, 10.1016/S0091-6749(98)70079-X
Akdis, 1999, Immunologic mechanisms of specific immunotherapy, Allergy, 56, 31, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1999.tb04435.x
Gleich, 1982, Effect of immunotherapy on immunoglobulin E and immunoglobulin G anti- bodies to ragweed antigens: a six-year prospective study, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 70, 261, 10.1016/0091-6749(82)90062-8
Van-der-Zee, 1991, The role of IgG in immediate-type hypersensitivity, Eur Respir J Suppl, 13, 91s
Lichtenstein, 1968, A quantitative in vitro study of the chromatographic distribution and immunoglobulin characteristics of human blocking antibody, J Immunol, 101, 317, 10.4049/jimmunol.101.2.317
Bousquet, 1988, Double-blind, placebo-controlled immunotherapy with mixed grass-pollen allergoids. II. Comparison between parameters assessing the efficacy of immunotherapy, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 82, 439, 10.1016/0091-6749(88)90017-6
Varney, 1993, Influence of grass pollen immunotherapy on cellular infiltration and cytokine mRNA expression during allergen-induced late-phase cutaneous responses, J Clin Invest, 92, 644, 10.1172/JCI116633
Secrist, 1993, Allergen immunotherapy decreases interleukin 4 production in CD4+ T cells from allergic individuals, J Exp Med, 178, 2123, 10.1084/jem.178.6.2123
Ebner, 1997, Immunological changes during specific immunotherapy of grass pollen allergy: reduced lymphoproliferative responses to allergen and shift from TH2 to TH1 in T-cell clones specific for Phl p 1, a major grass pollen allergen, Clin Exp Allergy, 27, 1007, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1997.tb01252.x
Meissner, 1999, Modified T-cell activation pattern during specific immunotherapy (SIT) in cat-allergic patients, Clin Exp Allergy, 29, 618, 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1999.00562.x
Akdis, 1999, IL-10-induced anergy in peripheral T cell and reactivation by microenvironmental cytokines: two key steps in specific immunotherapy, Faseb J, 13, 603, 10.1096/fasebj.13.6.603
Majori, 1998, Specific immunotherapy downregulates peripheral blood CD4 and CD8 T- lymphocyte activation in grass pollen-sensitive asthma, Eur Respir J, 11, 1263, 10.1183/09031936.98.11061263
Hedlin, 1990, Comparison of the in-vivo and in-vitro response to ragweed immunotherapy in children and adults with ragweed-induced rhinitis, Clin Exp Allergy, 20, 491, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1990.tb03141.x
Bousquet, 1991, Differences in clinical and immunologic reactivity of patients allergic to grass pollens and to multiple-pollen species. II. Efficacy of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, specific immunotherapy with standardized extracts, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 88, 43, 10.1016/0091-6749(91)90299-4
Durham, 1996, Grass pollen immunotherapy inhibits allergen-induced infiltration of CD4+ T lymphocytes and eosinophils in the nasal mucosa and increases the number of cells expressing messenger RNA for interferon-gamma, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 97, 1356, 10.1016/S0091-6749(96)70205-1
Klimek, 1999, Short-term preseasonal birch pollen allergoid immunotherapy influences symptoms, specific nasal provocation and cytokine levels in nasal secretions, but not peripheral T-cell responses, in patients with allergic rhinitis, Clin Exp Allergy, 29, 1326, 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1999.00651.x
Fanta, 1999, Systemic immunological changes induced by administration of grass pollen allergens via the oral mucosa during sublingual immunotherapy, Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 120, 218, 10.1159/000024270
Hirsch, 1981, Rinkel injection therapy: a multicenter controlled study, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 68, 133, 10.1016/0091-6749(81)90172-X
Van-Metre, 1980, A controlled study of the effectiveness of the Rinkel method of immunotherapy for ragweed pollen hay fever, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 65, 288, 10.1016/0091-6749(80)90158-X
Van-Metre, 1980, A comparative study of the effectiveness of the Rinkel method and the current standard method of immunotherapy for ragweed pollen hay fever, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 66, 500, 10.1016/0091-6749(80)90012-3
Creticos, 1984, Dose response of IgE and IgG antibodies during ragweed immunotherapy, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 73, 94, 10.1016/0091-6749(84)90490-1
Balda, 1998, Tree-pollen allergy is efficiently treated by short-term immunotherapy (STI) with seven preseasonal injections of molecular standardized allergens, Allergy, 53, 740, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1998.tb03969.x
Bousquet, 1987, Double-blind, placebo-controlled immunotherapy with mixed grass-pollen allergoids. I. Rush immunotherapy with allergoids and standardized orchard grass-pollen extract, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 80, 591, 10.1016/0091-6749(87)90013-3
Bousquet, 1989, Double-blind, placebo-controlled immunotherapy with mixed grass-pollen allergoids. III. Efficacy and safety of unfractionated and high-molecular-weight preparations in rhinoconjunctivitis and asthma, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 84, 546, 10.1016/0091-6749(89)90369-2
Bousquet, 1990, Double-blind, placebo-controlled immunotherapy with mixed grass-pollen allergoids. IV. Comparison of the safety and efficacy of two dosages of a highmolecular-weight allergoid, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 85, 490, 10.1016/0091-6749(90)90160-6
Dolz, 1996, Placebocontrolled study of immunotherapy with grass pollen extract Alutard SQ during a 3 year period with initial rush immunotherapy, Allergy, 1996, 489
Frankland, 1954, Prophylaxis of summer hay fever and asthma: a controlled trial comparing crude grass pollen extract with the isolated main protein components, Lancet, 1, 1055, 10.1016/S0140-6736(54)91620-7
Grammer, 1983, A double-blind histamine placebo-controlled trial of polymerized whole grass for immunotherapy of grass allergy, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 72, 448, 10.1016/0091-6749(83)90580-8
Grammer, 1986, A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of polymerized whole grass administered in an accelerated dosage schedule for immunotherapy of grass pollinosis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 78, 1180, 10.1016/0091-6749(86)90269-1
McAllen, 1969, Hyposensitization in grass pollen hay fever, Acta Allergol, 24, 421, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1969.tb03756.x
Ortolani, 1984, Grass pollen immunotherapy: a single year double-blind, placebo-controlled study in patients with grass pollen-induced asthma and rhinitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 73, 283, 10.1016/S0091-6749(84)80021-4
Pastorello, 1990, A double-blind study of hyposensitization with an alginate-conjugated extract of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Conjuvac) in patients with perennial rhinitis. II. Immunological aspects, Allergy, 45, 505, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1990.tb00526.x
Starr, 1970, Studies in pollen allergy. III. The relationship between blocking antibody levels, and symptomatic relief following hyposensitization with Allpyral in hay fever subjects, Int Arch Allergy, 38, 514, 10.1159/000230304
Weyer, 1981, Grass pollen hyposensitization versus placebo therapy. I. Clinical effectiveness and methodological aspects of a pre-seasonal course of desensitization with a four-grass pollen extract, Allergy, 36, 309, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1981.tb01582.x
Zenner, 1997, Short-term immunotherapy: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter study of molecular standardized grass and rye allergens in patients with grass pollen-induced allergic rhinitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 100, 23, 10.1016/S0091-6749(97)70190-8
Arbesman, 1964, Hyposensitization therapy including repository: a double-blind study, J Allergy, 35, 12, 10.1016/0021-8707(64)90044-9
Cockcroft, 1977, Allergen-injection therapy with glutaraldehyde-modified-ragweed pollnetyrosine adsorbate. A double-blind trial, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 60, 56, 10.1016/0091-6749(77)90083-5
Grammer, 1982, A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of polymerized whole ragweed for immunotherapy of ragweed allergy, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 69, 494, 10.1016/0091-6749(82)90173-7
Lichtenstein, 1968, Clinical and in vitro studies on the role of immunotherapy in ragweed hay fever, Am J Med, 44, 514, 10.1016/0002-9343(68)90052-1
Lichtenstein, 1971, A single year of immunotherapy in ragweed hay fever, Am J Med, 44, 514, 10.1016/0002-9343(68)90052-1
Lowell, 1965, A double-blind study of the effectiveness and specificity of injection therapy in ragweed hay fever, N Engl J Med, 273, 675, 10.1056/NEJM196509232731302
Meriney, 1986, The clinical and immunologic efficacy of immunotherapy with modified ragweed extract (allergoid) for ragweed hay fever, Ann Allergy, 56, 34
Norman, 1968, Immunotherapy of hay fever with ragweed antigen E: comparisons with whole extracts and placebo, J Allergy, 42, 93, 10.1016/0021-8707(68)90139-1
Norman, 1982, Controlled evaluation of allergoid in the immunotherapy of ragweed hay fever, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 70, 248, 10.1016/0091-6749(82)90061-6
Ariano, 1999, Long-term treatment with allergoid immunotherapy with Parietaria. Clinical and immunologic effects in a randomized, controlled trial, Allergy, 54, 313, 10.1034/j.1398-9995.1999.00900.x
D'Amato, 1995, Immunotherapy with Alpare in patients with respiratory allergy to Parietaria pollen: a two year double-blind placebocontrolled study, Clin Exp Allergy, 25, 149, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1995.tb01020.x
Ortolani, 1994, A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of immunotherapy with an alginate-conjugated extract of Parietaria judaica in patients with Parietaria hay fever, Allergy, 49, 13, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1994.tb00767.x
Tari, 1997, Immunotherapy with an alum-adsorbed Parietaria-pollen allergoid: a 2- year, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, Allergy, 52, 65, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1997.tb02547.x
Hirsch, 1982, Comparison of Rinkel injection therapy with standard immunotherapy, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 70, 183, 10.1016/0091-6749(82)90040-9
Karmakar, 1994, Placebo-controlled immunotherapy with Cocos nucifera pollen extract, Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 103, 194, 10.1159/000236627
Corrado, 1989, A double-blind study of hyposensitization with an alginate conjugated extract of D. pteronyssinus (Conjuvac) in patients with perennial rhinitis. 1. Clinical aspects, Allergy, 44, 108, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1989.tb02233.x
D'Souza, 1973, Hyposensitization with Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus in house dust allergy: a controlled study of clinical and immunological effects, Clin Allergy, 3, 177, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1973.tb01320.x
Ewan, 1988, Effective hyposensitization in allergic rhinitis using a potent partially purified extract of house dust mite, Clin Allergy, 18, 501, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1988.tb02900.x
Gabriel, 1977, Study of prolonged hyposensitization with D pteronyssinus extract in allergic rhinitis, Clin Allergy, 7, 325, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1977.tb01460.x
McHugh, 1990, A placebo-controlled trial of immunotherapy with two extracts of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus in allergic rhinitis, comparing clinical outcome with changes in antigen-specific IgE, IgG, and IgG subclasses, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 86, 521, 10.1016/S0091-6749(05)80208-8
Pichler, 1997, Specific immunotherapy with Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and D farinae results in decreased bronchial hyperreactivity, Allergy, 52, 274, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1997.tb00991.x
Alvarez-Cuesta, 1994, Monoclonal antibody-standardized cat extract immunotherapy: risk-benefit effects from a double-blind placebo study, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 93, 556, 10.1016/S0091-6749(94)70067-2
Haugaard, 1992, Immunotherapy in patients allergic to cat and dog dander. I. Clinical results, Allergy, 47, 249, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1992.tb00658.x
Ohman, 1984, Immunotherapy in cat-induced asthma. Double-blind trial with evaluation of in vivo and in vitro responses, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 74, 230, 10.1016/0091-6749(84)90251-3
Sundin, 1986, Immunotherapy with partially purified and standardized animal dander extracts. I. Clinical results from a double-blind study on patients with animal dander asthma, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 77, 478, 10.1016/0091-6749(86)90183-1
Taylor, 1978, Immunotherapy in cat-induced asthma. Double-blind trial with evaluation of bronchial responses to cat allergen and histamine, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 61, 283, 10.1016/0091-6749(78)90048-9
Van-Metre, 1988, Immunotherapy for cat asthma, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 82, 1055, 10.1016/0091-6749(88)90144-3
Malling, 2000, Bacterial vaccines: anything but placebo, Allergy, 55, 214, 10.1034/j.1398-9995.2000.00110.x
Malling, 1998, Immunotherapy as an effective tool in allergy treatment, Allergy, 53, 461, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1998.tb04082.x
Abramson, 1999, Immunotherapy in asthma: an updated systematic review, Allergy, 54, 1022, 10.1034/j.1398-9995.1999.00102.x
Andri, 1995, Local nasal immunotherapy for birch allergic rhinitis with extract in powder form, Clin Exp Allergy, 25, 1092, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1995.tb03256.x
Cirla, 1996, Preseasonal intranasal immunotherapy in birch-alder allergic rhinitis. A double-blind study, Allergy, 51, 299
Andri, 1996, Local nasal immunotherapy with extract in powder form is effective and safe in grass pollen rhinitis: a double-blind study, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 97, 34, 10.1016/S0091-6749(96)70280-4
Bertoni, 1999, Clinical efficacy and tolerability of a steady dosage schedule of local nasal immunotherapy. Results of preseasonal treatment in grass pollen rhinitis, Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 82, 47, 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)62659-2
Georgitis, 1983, Local intranasal immunotherapy for grass-allergic rhinitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 71, 71, 10.1016/0091-6749(83)90549-3
Johansson, 1979, Use of glutaraldehydemodified timothy grass pollen extract in nasal hyposensitisation treatment of hay fever, Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol, 60, 447, 10.1159/000232376
Gaglani, 1997, Nasal immunotherapy in weed-induced allergic rhinitis, Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 79, 259, 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)63012-8
Georgitis, 1986, Local intranasal immunotherapy with high-dose polymerized ragweed extract, Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol, 81, 170, 10.1159/000234127
Georgitis, 1985, Local nasal immunotherapy: efficacy of low-dose aqueous ragweed extract, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 75, 496, 10.1016/S0091-6749(85)80023-3
Nickelsen, 1981, Local intranasal immunotherapy for ragweed allergic rhinitis. I. Clinical response, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 68, 33, 10.1016/0091-6749(81)90120-2
Schumacher, 1982, Intranasal immunotherapy and polymerized grass pollen allergens, Allergy, 37, 241, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1982.tb01906.x
Welsh, 1981, Preseasonal intranasal immunotherapy with nebulized short ragweed extract, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 67, 237, 10.1016/0091-6749(81)90067-1
Andri, 1992, Local nasal immunotherapy in allergic rhinitis to Parietaria. A double-blind controlled study, Allergy, 47, 318, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1992.tb02061.x
D'Amato, 1995, A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of local nasal immunotherapy in allergic rhinitis to Parietaria pollen, Clin Exp Allergy, 25, 141, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1995.tb01019.x
Passalacqua, 1995, Nasal immunotherapy to Parietaria: evidence of reduction of local allergic inflammation, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 152, 461, 10.1164/ajrccm.152.2.7633693
Purello-D'Ambrosio, 1999, Sublingual immunotherapy: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with Parietaria judaica extract standardized in mass units in patients with rhinoconjunctivitis, asthma, or both, Allergy, 54, 968, 10.1034/j.1398-9995.1999.00203.x
Andri, 1993, Local nasal immunotherapy for Dermatophagoides-induced rhinitis: efficacy of a powder extract, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 91, 987, 10.1016/0091-6749(93)90211-W
Horak, 1998, Immunotherapy with sublingual birch pollen extract. A short-term double- blind placebo study, J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol, 8, 165
Clavel, 1998, Clinical efficacy of sublingual-swallow immunotherapy: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of a standardized five-grass-pollen extract in rhinitis, Allergy, 53, 493, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1998.tb04086.x
Feliziani, 1995, Safety and efficacy of sublingual rush immunotherapy with grass allergen extracts. A double blind study, Allergol Immunopathol Madr, 23, 224
Hordijk, 1998, Sublingual immunotherapy with a standardised grass pollen extract; a double-blind placebocontrolled study, Allergol Immunopathol, 26, 234
Sabbah, 1994, A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial by the sublingual route of immunotherapy with a standardized grass pollen extract, Allergy, 49, 309, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1994.tb02273.x
La Rosa, 1999, Double-blind placebo-controlled evaluation of sublingual-swallow immunotherapy with standardized Parietaria judaica extract in children with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 104, 425, 10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70388-X
Passalacqua, 1999, Clinical and immunologic effects of a rush sublingual immunotherapy to parietaria species: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 104, 964, 10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70076-X
Troise, 1995, Sublingual immunotherapy in Parietaria pollen-induced rhinitis: a double-blind study, J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol, 5, 25
Mungan, 1999, Comparison of the efficacy of subcutaneous and sublingual immunotherapy in mite-sensitive patients with rhinitis and asthma—a placebo controlled study, Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 82, 485, 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)62726-3
Passalacqua, 1998, Randomised controlled trial of local allergoid immunotherapy on allergic inflammation in mite-induced rhinoconjunctivitis, Lancet, 351, 629, 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)07055-4
Tari, 1990, Efficacy of sublingual immunotherapy in patients with rhinitis and asthma due to house dust mite. A double-blind study, Allergol Immunopathol Madr, 18, 277
Giovane, 1994, A three-year double-blind placebo-controlled study with specific oral immunotherapy to Dermatophagoides: evidence of safety and efficacy in paediatric patients, Clin Exp Allergy, 24, 53, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1994.tb00917.x
Moller, 1986, Oral immunotherapy of children with rhinoconjunctivitis due to birch pollen allergy. A double blind study, Allergy, 41, 271, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1986.tb02028.x
Mosbech, 1987, High dose grass pollen tablets used for hyposensitization in hay fever patients. A one-year double blind placebo-controlled study, Allergy, 42, 451, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1987.tb00362.x
Oppenheimer, 1994, Safety and efficacy of oral immunotherapy with standardized cat extract, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 93, 61, 10.1016/0091-6749(94)90233-X
Taudorf, 1985, Oral administration of grass pollen to hay fever patients. An efficacy study in oral hyposensitization, Allergy, 40, 321, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1985.tb00243.x
Taudorf, 1987, Oral immunotherapy in birch pollen hay fever, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 80, 153, 10.1016/0091-6749(87)90124-2
Lockey, 1987, Fatalities from immunotherapy (IT) and skin testing (ST), J Allergy Clin Immunol, 79, 660, 10.1016/S0091-6749(87)80164-1
Bousquet, 1994, Safety considerations in assessing the role of immunotherapy in allergic disorders, Drug Saf, 10, 5, 10.2165/00002018-199410010-00002
Hejjaoui, 1990, Immunotherapy with a standardized Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus extract. IV. Systemic reactions according to the immunotherapy schedule, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 85, 473, 10.1016/0091-6749(90)90157-Y
Hejjaoui, 1992, Systemic reactions occurring during immunotherapy with standardized pollen extracts, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 89, 925, 10.1016/0091-6749(92)90214-M
Vourdas, 1998, Double-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation of sublingual immunotherapy with standardized olive pollen extract in pediatric patients with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and mild asthma due to olive pollen sensitization, Allergy, 53, 662, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1998.tb03952.x
Di Rienzo, 1999, Post-marketing surveillance study on the safety of sublingual immunotherapy in pediatric patients, Allergy, 54, 1110, 10.1034/j.1398-9995.1999.00267.x
Grammer, 1984, Persistence of efficacy after a brief course of polymerized ragweed allergen: a controlled study, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 73, 484, 10.1016/0091-6749(84)90359-2
Mosbech, 1988, Does the effect of immunotherapy last after termination of treatment? Follow-up study in patients with grass pollen rhinitis, Allergy, 43, 523, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1988.tb01631.x
Des-Roches, 1996, Immunotherapy with a standardized Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus extract. V- Duration of efficacy of immunotherapy after its cessation, Allergy, 51, 430, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1996.tb00155.x
Naclerio, 1997, A double-blind study of the discontinuation of ragweed immunotherapy, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 100, 293, 10.1016/S0091-6749(97)70240-9
Durham, 1999, Long-term clinical efficacy of grass-pollen immunotherapy, N Engl J Med, 341, 468, 10.1056/NEJM199908123410702
Filiaci, 1999, Non-specific hyperreactivity before and after nasal specific immunotherapy, Allergol Immunopathol, 27, 24
Bousquet, 1988, Specific immunotherapy with a standardized Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus extract. II. Prediction of efficacy of immunotherapy, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 82, 971, 10.1016/0091-6749(88)90133-9
Des-Roches, 1997, Immunotherapy with a standardized Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus extract. VI. Specific immunotherapy prevents the onset of new sensitizations in children, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 99, 450, 10.1016/S0091-6749(97)70069-1
Johnstone, 1981, Immunotherapy in children: past, present, and future. (Part I), Ann Allergy, 46, 1
Jacobsen, 1995, The benefit of specific allergy treatment, 745
Jacobsen, 1996, Immunotherapy as a preventive treatment, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 97, 232, 10.1016/S0091-6749(96)80416-7
Norman, 1996, Is there a role for immunotherapy in the treatment of asthma? Yes, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 154, 1225, 10.1164/ajrccm.154.5.8912729
Barnes, 1996, Is there a role for immunotherapy in the treatment of asthma? No, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 154, 1227, 10.1164/ajrccm.154.5.8912730
Presta, 1993, Humanization of an antibody directed against IgE, J Immunol, 151, 2623, 10.4049/jimmunol.151.5.2623
Saban, 1994, Human FcERI-IgG and humanized anti-IgE monoclonal antibody MaE11 block passive sensitization of human and rhesus monkey lung, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 94, 836, 10.1016/0091-6749(94)90151-1
MacGlashan, 1997, Down-regulation of Fc(epsilon)RI expression on human basophils during in vivo treatment of atopic patients with anti-IgE antibody, J Immunol, 158, 1438, 10.4049/jimmunol.158.3.1438
Saini, 1999, Down-regulation of human basophil IgE and FC epsilon RI alpha surface densities and mediator release by anti-IgEinfusions is reversible in vitro and in vivo, J Immunol, 162, 5624, 10.4049/jimmunol.162.9.5624
Davis, 1993, Can anti-IgE be used to treat allergy?, Springer Semin Immunopathol, 15, 51, 10.1007/BF00204626
Heusser, 1997, Demonstration of the therapeutic potential of non-anaphylactogenic anti-IgE antibodies in murine models of skin reaction, lung function and inflammation, Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 113, 231, 10.1159/000237555
Casale, 1997, Use of an anti-IgE humanized monoclonal antibody in ragweed-induced allergic rhinitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 100, 110, 10.1016/S0091-6749(97)70202-1
Racine-Poon, 1997, Efficacy, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics of CGP 51901, an anti- immunoglobulin E chimeric monoclonal antibody, in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis, Clin Pharmacol Ther, 62, 675, 10.1016/S0009-9236(97)90087-4
Boulet, 1997, Inhibitory effects of an anti-IgE antibody E25 on allergen-induced early asthmatic response, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 155, 1835, 10.1164/ajrccm.155.6.9196083
Fahy, 1997, The effect of an anti-IgE monoclonal antibody on the early- and late-phase responses to allergen inhalation in asthmatic subjects, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 155, 1828, 10.1164/ajrccm.155.6.9196082
Milgrom, 1999, Treatment of allergic asthma with monoclonal anti-IgE antibody, N Engl J Med, 341, 1966, 10.1056/NEJM199912233412603
Corne, 1997, The effect of intravenous administration of a chimeric anti-IgE antibody on serum IgE levels in atopic subjects: efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics, J Clin Invest, 99, 879, 10.1172/JCI119252
Cuss, 1998, Therapeutic effects of antibodies to interleukin-5, Allergy, 53, 89, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1998.tb04947.x
Lotvall, 1999, Treating asthma with anti-IgE or anti-IL5, Curr Pharm Des, 5, 757, 10.2174/1381612805666230111210207
Renz, 1999, Soluble interleukin-4 receptor (sIL-4R) in allergic diseases, Inflamm Res, 48, 425, 10.1007/s000110050482
Griffiths-Johnson, 1997, Animal models of asthma: role of chemokines, Methods Enzymol, 288, 241, 10.1016/S0076-6879(97)88018-4
Wells, 1999, Chemokine receptors and their antagonists in allergic lung disease, Inflamm Res, 48, 353, 10.1007/s000110050472
Metzger, 1995, Therapeutic approaches to asthma based on VLA-4 integrin and its counter receptors, Springer Semin Immunopathol, 16, 467, 10.1007/BF00196101
Lin, 1999, Selective, tight-binding inhibitors of integrin alpha4beta1 that inhibit allergic airway responses, J Med Chem, 42, 920, 10.1021/jm980673g
Buchheit, 1999, KATP channel openers for the treatment of airways hyperreactivity, Pulm Pharmacol Ther, 12, 103, 10.1006/pupt.1999.0183
Fozard, 1999, Adenosine receptor ligands: potential as therapeutic agents in asthma and COPD, Pulm Pharmacol Ther, 12, 111, 10.1006/pupt.1999.0191
Challita-Eid, 1998, A B7.1-antibody fusion protein retains antibody specificity and ability to activate via the T cell costimulatory pathway, J Immunol, 160, 3419, 10.4049/jimmunol.160.7.3419
Larche, 1998, Costimulation through CD86 is involved in airway antigenpresenting cell and T cell responses to allergen in atopic asthmatics, J Immunol, 161, 6375, 10.4049/jimmunol.161.11.6375
Oettgen, 1999, IgE in asthma and atopy: cellular and molecular connections, J Clin Invest, 104, 829, 10.1172/JCI8205
Schou, 1996, Advantages and disadvantages of recombinant allergens and peptides for specific immunotherapy, Adv Exp Med Biol, 409, 137, 10.1007/978-1-4615-5855-2_18
Valenta, 1999, Recombinant allergens for specific immunotherapy, Allergy, 56, 43, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1999.tb04441.x
Norman, 1996, Treatment of cat allergy with T-cell reactive peptides, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 154, 1623, 10.1164/ajrccm.154.6.8970345
Pene, 1998, Immunotherapy with Fel d 1 peptides decreases IL-4 release by peripheral blood T cells of patients allergic to cats, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 102, 571, 10.1016/S0091-6749(98)70294-5
Aaronson, 1999, The safety and efficacy of ALLERVAX CAT in cat allergic patients, Clin Immunol, 93, 222, 10.1006/clim.1999.4795
Erb, 1998, Infection of mice with Mycobacterium bovis-Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) suppresses allergen-induced airway eosinophilia, J Exp Med, 187, 561, 10.1084/jem.187.4.561
Macaubas, 1999, Regulation of T-helper cell responses to inhalant allergen during early childhood, Clin Exp Allergy, 29, 1223, 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1999.00654.x
Martinez, 1999, Role of microbial burden in aetiology of allergy and asthma, Lancet, 354, SII12, 10.1016/S0140-6736(99)90437-3
Raz, 1996, Preferential induction of a Th1 immune response and inhibition of specific IgE antibody formation by plasmid DNA immunization, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 93, 5141, 10.1073/pnas.93.10.5141
Roman, 1997, Immunostimulatory DNA sequences function as T helper-1-promoting adjuvants, Nat Med, 3, 849, 10.1038/nm0897-849
Mathieu, 1999, The glucocorticoid receptor gene as a candidate for gene therapy in asthma, Gene Ther, 6, 245, 10.1038/sj.gt.3300814
Vanden Berghe, 1999, Dissociated glucocorticoids with anti-inflammatory potential repress interleukin-6 gene expression by a nuclear factor-kappaB-dependent mechanism, Mol Pharmacol, 56, 797
Altamura, 1999, Nonpeptide antagonists for kinin receptors, Regul Pept, 80, 13, 10.1016/S0167-0115(99)00003-8
Austin, 1994, Reduction by Hoe 140, the B2 kinin receptor antagonist, of antigen-induced nasal blockage, Br J Pharmacol, 111, 969, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1994.tb14835.x
Proud, 1995, Inhibition of the response to nasal provocation with bradykinin by HOE- 140: efficacy and duration of action, Can J Physiol Pharmacol, 73, 820, 10.1139/y95-111
Lagente, 1998, Tachykinins and airway function, Pulm Pharmacol Ther, 11, 331, 10.1006/pupt.1999.0162
Lundblad, 1984, Mechanisms for reflexive hypertension induced by local application of capsaicin and nicotine to the nasal mucosa, Acta Physiol Scand, 121, 277, 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1984.tb07457.x
Guyatt, 1999, Users' guides to the medical literature: XVI. How to use a treatment recommendation. Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group and the Cochrane Applicability Methods Working Group, JAMA, 281, 1836, 10.1001/jama.281.19.1836
Guyatt, 1995, Users' guides to the medical literature. IX. A method for grading health care recommendations. Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group, JAMA, 274, 1800, 10.1001/jama.1995.03530220066035
Couto, 1998, Evidence-based medicine: a Kuhnian perspective of a transvestite non-theory, J Eval Clin Pract, 4, 267, 10.1111/j.1365-2753.1998.tb00085.x
Earle, 1999, Evidence-based medicine: a cup half full or half empty?, Am J Med, 106, 263
Mant, 1999, Can randomised trials inform clinical decisions about individual patients?, Lancet, 353, 743, 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)09102-8
Taylor, 1998, Evidence-based medicine: not as simple as it seems, Acad Med, 73, 1221, 10.1097/00001888-199812000-00007
Cabana, 1999, Why don't physicians follow clinical practice guidelines? A framework for improvement, JAMA, 282, 1458, 10.1001/jama.282.15.1458
Doerschug, 1999, Asthma guidelines: an assessment of physician understanding and practice, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 159, 1735, 10.1164/ajrccm.159.6.9809051
Alicea, 1999, Asthma knowledge among internal medicine residents, P R Health Sci J, 18, 19
Keslin, 1999, Diagnosis and treatment of allergic rhinitis: primary care in an integrated health system setting, Am J Manag Care, 5, S248
In vivo diagnostic testing and immunotherapy for allergy, 1987, JAMA, 258, 1363, 10.1001/jama.1987.03400100097030
van der Bijl, 1977, Report on a trial of SCG 2% nasal solution (metered dose) in hayfever, Rhinology, 15, 97
Balle, 1977, Disodium cromoglycate nasal spray in the treatment of perennial rhinitis, Acta Otolaryngol, 84, 287, 10.3109/00016487709123969
Blair, 1975, A double blind trial of a 2% solution of sodium cromoglycate in perennial rhinitis, Clin Allergy, 5, 139, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1975.tb01846.x
Boland, 1977, Trial of 2 per cent of sodium cromoglycate (BP) in perennial rhinitis, Ir Med J, 70, 333
Hopper, 1972, The effect of disodium cromoglycate in perennial rhinitis, J Laryngol Otol, 86, 725, 10.1017/S0022215100075782
Leino, 1992, Double-blind group comparative study of 2% nedocromil sodium eye drops with 2% sodium cromoglycate and placebo eye drops in the treatment of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis, Clin Exp Allergy, 22, 929, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1992.tb02066.x
Simon-Licht, 1982, A double-blind clinical trial wtih cromoglycate eye drops in patients with atopic conjunctivitis, Ann Allergy, 49, 220
Renvall, 1979, A double-blind clinical study with Monydrin tablets in patients with chronic non-allergic rhinitis, J Int Med res, 7, 235, 10.1177/030006057900700312
Lofkvist, 1994, Effects of immunotherapy with a purified standardized allergen preparation of Dermatophagoides farinae in adults with perennial allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, Allergy, 49, 100, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1994.tb00808.x
Warner, 1978, Controlled trial of hyposensitisation to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus in children with asthma, Lancet, 2, 912, 10.1016/S0140-6736(78)91630-6
Bardare, 1996, Local nasal immunotherapy with a powdered extract for grass pollen induced rhinitis in pediatric age, J Invest Allergol Clin Immunol, 6, 359
Watson, 1993, Treatment of allergic rhinitis with intranasal corticosteroids in patients with mild asthma: effect on lower airway responsiveness, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 91, 97, 10.1016/0091-6749(93)90301-U
Pedersen, 1990, Nasal inhalation of the glucocorticoid budesonide from a spacer for the treatment of patients with pollen rhinitis and asthma, Allergy, 45, 451, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1990.tb01096.x
Henriksen, 1984, Effect of an intranasally administered corticosteroid (budesonide) on nasal obstruction, mouth breathing, and asthma, Am Rev Respir Dis, 130, 1014
Aubier, 1992, Different effects of nasal and bronchial glucocorticosteroid administration on bronchial hyperresponsiveness in patients with allergic rhinitis, Am Rev Respir Dis, 146, 122, 10.1164/ajrccm/146.1.122
Corren, 1992, Nasal beclomethasone prevents the seasonal increase in bronchial responsiveness in patients with allergic rhinitis and asthma, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 90, 250, 10.1016/0091-6749(92)90079-H
Rafferty, 1990, Terfenadine, a potent histamine H1-receptor antagonist in the treatment of grass pollen sensitive asthma, Br J Clin Pharmacol, 30, 229, 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1990.tb03769.x
Taytard, 1987, Treatment of bronchial asthma with terfenadine; a randomized controlled trial, Br J Clin Pharmacol, 24, 743, 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1987.tb03240.x
Bousquet, 1990, Double-blind multicenter study of cetirizine in grass-pollen-induced asthma, Ann Allergy, 65, 504
Bousquet, 1992, Antihistamines in the treatment of asthma, Eur Respir J, 5, 1137, 10.1183/09031936.93.05091137
Van-Ganse, 1997, Effects of antihistamines in adult asthma: a meta-analysis of clinical trials, Eur Respir J, 10, 2216, 10.1183/09031936.97.10102216
Roquet, 1997, Combined antagonism of leukotrienes and histamine produces predominant inhibition of allergen-induced early and late phase airway obstruction in asthmatics, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 155, 1856, 10.1164/ajrccm.155.6.9196086
Naclerio, 1986, Theophylline reduces histamine release during pollen-induced rhinitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 78, 874, 10.1016/0091-6749(86)90233-2
Kjellman, 1994, Natural course of asthma and allergy in childhood, Pediatr Allergy Immunol, 5, 13, 10.1111/j.1399-3038.1994.tb00342.x
Hattevig, 1993, Appearance of IgE antibodies to ingested and inhaled allergens during the first 12 years of life in atopic and non-atopic children, Pediatr Allergy Immunol, 4, 182, 10.1111/j.1399-3038.1993.tb00089.x
Warner, 1997, Early treatment of the atopic child, Pediatr Allergy Immunol, 8, 46
Iikura, 1992, Prevention of asthma by ketotifen in infants with atopic dermatitis, Ann Allergy, 68, 233
Agertoft, 1999, Short-term lower leg growth rate in children with rhinitis treated with intranasal mometasone furoate and budesonide, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 104, 948, 10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70073-4
Tinkelman, 1993, Aerosol beclomethasone dipropionate compared with theophylline as primary treatment of chronic, mild to moderately severe asthma in children, Pediatrics, 92, 64, 10.1542/peds.92.1.64
Doull, 1995, Growth of prepubertal children with mild asthma treated with inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 151, 1715, 10.1164/ajrccm.151.6.7767512
Simons, 1997, A comparison of beclomethasone, salmeterol, and placebo in children with asthma, N Engl J Med, 337, 1659, 10.1056/NEJM199712043372304
Wolthers, 1993, Short-term growth in children with allergic rhinitis treated with oral antihistamine, depot and intranasal glucocorticosteroids, Acta Paediatr, 82, 635, 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1993.tb18030.x
Meltzer, 1990, Performance effects of antihistamines, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 86, 613, 10.1016/S0091-6749(05)80225-8
Carlsen, 1977, Intoxication with antihistamines. Treatment with physostigmin, Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen, 97, 1261
Anderson, 1972, A double-blind controlled trial of disodium cromoglycate in seasonal allergic rhinitis, Practitioner, 208, 676
Pauwels, 1998, Influence of treatment on the nose and/or the lungs, Clin Exp Allergy, 2, 37
Bustos, 1995, Prevention of asthma with ketotifen in preasthmatic children: a three-year follow-up study, Clin Exp Allergy, 25, 568, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1995.tb01096.x
Ellegard, 1999, IgE-mediated reactions and hyperreactivity in pregnancy rhinitis, Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 125, 1121, 10.1001/archotol.125.10.1121
Schatz, 1990, Treatment of asthma and allergic rhinitis during pregnancy, Ann Allergy, 65, 427
Schatz, 1999, Interrelationships between asthma and pregnancy: a literature review, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 103, S330, 10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70258-7
Ciprandi, 1997, Treatment of allergic diseases during pregnancy, J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol, 7, 557
Schatz, 1975, Corticosteroid therapy for the pregnant asthmatic patient, JAMA, 233, 804, 10.1001/jama.1975.03260070062025
Snyder, 1978, Corticosteroids for asthma during pregnancy, Ann Allergy, 41, 340
Greenberger, 1983, Beclomethasone diproprionate for severe asthma during pregnancy, Ann Intern Med, 98, 478, 10.7326/0003-4819-98-4-478
Wilson, 1982, Use of sodium cromoglycate during pregnancy, Acta Ther, 8, 45
Saxen, 1975, Associations between oral clefts and drugs taken during pregnancy, Int J Epidemiol, 4, 37, 10.1093/ije/4.1.37
Saxen, 1974, Letter: Cleft palate and maternal diphenhydramine intake, Lancet, 1, 407, 10.1016/S0140-6736(74)93172-9
Einarson, 1997, Prospective controlled study of hydroxyzine and cetirizine in pregnancy, Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 78, 183, 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)63385-6
Metzger, 1978, The safety of immunotherapy during pregnancy, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 61, 268, 10.1016/0091-6749(78)90202-6
Edelstein, 1996, Aging of the normal nose in adults, Laryngoscope, 106, 1, 10.1097/00005537-199609001-00001
McCue, 1996, Safety of antihistamines in the treatment of allergic rhinitis in elderly patients, Arch Fam Med, 5, 464, 10.1001/archfami.5.8.464
Tan, 1995, Optimum treatment of rhinitis in the elderly, Drugs Aging, 7, 168, 10.2165/00002512-199507030-00002
Warner, 1999, Primary sensitization in infants, Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 83, 426, 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)62846-3
Prescott, 1998, Transplacental priming of the human immune system to environmental allergens: universal skewing of initial T cell responses toward the Th2 cytokine profile, J Immunol, 160, 4730, 10.4049/jimmunol.160.10.4730
Glovsky, 1991, Effect of maternal immunotherapy on immediate skin test reactivity, specific rye I IgG and IgE antibody, and total IgE of the children, Ann Allergy, 67, 21
Hide, 1996, Allergen avoidance in infancy and allergy at 4 years of age, Allergy, 51, 89, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1996.tb00040.x
Zeiger, 1995, Secondary prevention of allergic disease: an adjunct to primary prevention, Pediatr Allergy Immunol, 6, 127, 10.1111/j.1399-3038.1995.tb00272.x
Isolauri, 1998, Elimination diet in cow's milk allergy: risk for impaired growth in young children, J Pediatr, 132, 1004, 10.1016/S0022-3476(98)70399-3
Chan-Yeung, 1999, Sensitization to cat without direct exposure to cats, Clin Exp Allergy, 29, 762, 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1999.00597.x
Ichikawa, 1999, High prevalence of sensitization to cat allergen among Japanese children with asthma, living without cats, Clin Exp Allergy, 29, 754, 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1999.00472.x
Warner, 1999, Worldwide variations in the prevalence of atopic symptoms: what does it all mean?, Thorax, 54, S46, 10.1136/thx.54.2008.S46
Juniper, 1991, Development and testing of a new measure of health status for clinical trials in rhinoconjunctivitis, Clin Exp Allergy, 21, 77, 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1991.tb00807.x
Guyatt, 1999, Generic and specific measurement of health-related quality of life in a clinical trial of respiratory rehabilitation, J Clin Epidemiol, 52, 187, 10.1016/S0895-4356(98)00157-7
Juniper, 1993, Comparison of powder and aerosolized budesonide in perennial rhinitis: validation of rhinitis quality of life questionnaire, Ann Allergy, 70, 225
Juniper, 1994, Assessment of quality of life in adolescents with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis: development and testing of a questionnaire for clinical trials, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 93, 413, 10.1016/0091-6749(94)90349-2
Juniper, 1998, Measuring quality of life in children with rhinoconjunctivitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 101, 163, 10.1016/S0091-6749(98)70380-X
Juniper, 1993, Aqueous beclomethasone dipropionate in the treatment of ragweed pollen- induced rhinitis: further exploration of “as needed” use, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 92, 66, 10.1016/0091-6749(93)90039-I
Juniper, 1992, Aqueous beclomethasone dipropionate nasal spray in the treatment of seasonal (ragweed) rhinitis, CMAJ, 147, 887
Harvey, 1996, Model for outcomes assessment of antihistamine use for seasonal allergic rhinitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 97, 1233, 10.1016/S0091-6749(96)70190-2
de-Graaf-in-'t-Veld, 1996, The relationships between nasal hyperreactivity, quality of life, and nasal symptoms in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 98, 508, 10.1016/S0091-6749(96)70083-0
Marks, 1993, An evaluation of an asthma quality of life questionnaire as a measure of change in adults with asthma, J Clin Epidemiol, 10, 1103, 10.1016/0895-4356(93)90109-E
van der Molen, 1998, Quality of life during formoterol treatment: comparison between asthma-specific and generic questionnaires, Eur Respir J, 12, 30, 10.1183/09031936.98.12010030
Juniper, 1998, Impact of upper respiratory allergic diseases on quality of life, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 101, S386, 10.1016/S0091-6749(98)70227-1
Stewart, 1988, The MOS short-form general health survey. Reliability and validity in a patient population, Med Care, 26, 724, 10.1097/00005650-198807000-00007
Ostinelli, 1998, Effect of nasal steroids on generic quality of life in seasonal allergic rhinitis, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 101, S246
Bousquet, 1994, Quality of life in asthma. I. Internal consistency and validity of the SF-36 questionnaire, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 149, 371, 10.1164/ajrccm.149.2.8306032
Gliklich, 1997, Effect of sinus surgery on quality of life, Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 117, 12, 10.1016/S0194-5998(97)70199-2
Metson, 1998, Clinical outcome of endoscopic surgery for frontal sinusitis, Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 124, 1090, 10.1001/archotol.124.10.1090
Benninger, 1997, The development of the Rhinosinusitis Disability Index, Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 123, 1175, 10.1001/archotol.1997.01900110025004
Piccirillo, 1995, Psychometric and clinimetric validity of the 31)Item Rhinosinusitis Outcome Measure (RSOM-31), Am J Rhinol, 9, 927, 10.2500/105065895781808711
Berdeaux, 1998, Parental quality of life and recurrent ENT infections in their children: development of a questionnaire, Qual Life Res, 7, 501, 10.1023/A:1008874324258
Juniper, 1994, Determining a minimal important change in a disease-specific Quality of Life Questionnaire, J Clin Epidemiol, 47, 81, 10.1016/0895-4356(94)90036-1
Vuurman, 1996, Effects of semprex-D and diphenhydramine on learning in young adults with seasonal allergic rhinitis, Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 76, 247, 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)63435-7
Milgrom, 1999, Comparison of ipratropium bromide 0.03% with beclomethasone dipropionate in the treatment of perennial rhinitis in children, Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 83, 105, 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)62620-8
Fireman, 1997, Treatment of allergic rhinitis: effect on occupation productivity and work force costs, Allergy Asthma Proc, 18, 63, 10.2500/108854197778605482
Gilmore, 1996, Occupational injuries and medication use, Am J Ind Med, 30, 234, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0274(199608)30:2<234::AID-AJIM16>3.0.CO;2-Y
Smith, 1999, Health surveillance in milling, baking and other food manufacturing operations—five years' experience, Occup Med, 49, 147, 10.1093/occmed/49.3.147
Revicki, 1998, Development and preliminary validation of the multiattribute Rhinitis Symptom Utility Index, Qual Life Res, 7, 693, 10.1023/A:1008860113818
Juniper, 1999, Validation of a standardized version of the Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire, Chest, 115, 1265, 10.1378/chest.115.5.1265
Gill, 1994, A critical appraisal of the quality of quality-of-life measurements, JAMA, 272, 619, 10.1001/jama.1994.03520080061045
Magnussen, 1993, Effect of air pollution on the prevalence of asthma and allergy: lessons from the German reunification, Thorax, 48, 879, 10.1136/thx.48.9.879
Rice, 1985, The economic cost of illness: a replication and update, Heath Care Financ Rev, 7, 61
National asthma campaign, 1992
Mellis, 1991, The cost of asthma in New South Wales, Med J Aust, 155, 522, 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1991.tb93888.x
Krahn, 1996, Direct and indirect costs of asthma in Canada, 1990, CMAJ, 154, 821
Thompson, 1984, On the social cost of asthma, Eur J Respir Dis Suppl, 136, 185
Weiss, 1992, An economic evaluation of asthma in the United States, N Engl J Med, 326, 862, 10.1056/NEJM199203263261304
Lozano, 1999, The economic burden of asthma in US children: estimates from the national medical expenditure survey, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 104, 957, 10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70075-8
Neville, 1999, A cost analysis on the pattern of asthma prescribing in the UK, Eur Respir J, 14, 605, 10.1034/j.1399-3003.1999.14c20.x
Weiss, 1996, Understanding the costs of asthma: the next step, Can Med Assoc J, 154, 841
Australian Bureau of Statitistics, 1991
Vance, 1971, The financial cost of chronic childhood asthma, Ann Allergy, 29, 455
Donnelly, 1987, Parental perceptions and attitudes toward asthma and its treatment: a controlled study, Soc Sci Med, 24, 431, 10.1016/0277-9536(87)90216-4
Wasilewski, 1988, The effect of paternal social support on maternal disruption caused by childhood asthma, J Community Health, 13, 33, 10.1007/BF01321478
Blanc, 1999, Characterizing the occupational impact of asthma, vol 138, 55
McMenamin, 1994, Costs of hay fever in the United States in 1990, Ann Allergy, 73, 35
Ray, 1999, Direct expenditures for the treatment of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis in 1996, including the contributions of related airway illnesses, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 103, 401, 10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70463-X
Okuda, 1998, Cost implication of allergic rhinitis, Allergy Immunol, 5, 86
Revicki, 1999, Pharmacoeconomic evaluation in the real world. Effectiveness versus efficacy studies, Pharmacoeconomics, 15, 423, 10.2165/00019053-199915050-00001
Flay, 1986, Efficacy and effectiveness trials (and other phases of research) in the development of health promotion programs, Prev Med, 15, 451, 10.1016/0091-7435(86)90024-1
Weinstein, 1977, Foundations of cost-effectiveness analysis for health and medical practices, N Engl J Med, 296, 716, 10.1056/NEJM197703312961304
Siegel, 1996, Recommendations for reporting cost-effectiveness analyses. Panel on Cost-Effectiveness in Health and Medicine, JAMA, 276, 1339, 10.1001/jama.276.16.1339
Sullivan, 1996, National Asthma Education and Prevention Program working group report on the cost effectiveness of asthma care, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 154, S84, 10.1164/ajrccm/154.3_Pt_2.S84
Gilbert, 1992, Airway cooling and rewarming. The second reaction sequence in exercise-induced asthma, J Clin Invest, 90, 699, 10.1172/JCI115940
Anderson, 1985, Airway cooling as the stimulus to exercise-induced asthma—a re-evaluation, Eur J Respir Dis, 67, 20
Perera, 1995, Efficacy and cost effectiveness of inhaled steroids in asthma in a developing country, Arch Dis Child, 72, 312, 10.1136/adc.72.4.312
Aït-Khaled, 1996
Aït-Khaled, 2000, Affordability of inhaled corticosteroids as a potential barrier to treatment of asthma in some developing countries, Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 4, 268
Greenhalgh, 1997, How to read a paper. The Medline database, BMJ, 315, 180, 10.1136/bmj.315.7101.180