Albedo Enhancement by Stratospheric Sulfur Injections: A Contribution to Resolve a Policy Dilemma?

Climatic Change - Tập 77 Số 3-4 - 2006
Paul J. Crutzen1
1Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max-Planck-Institute for Chemistry, P.O. Box 3060, 55020, Mainz, Germany

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Albritton, D. L. et al.: 2001, ‘Technical Summary, in Climatic Change 2001, The Scientific Basis, Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change,’ in Houghton, J. T. et al. (eds.), Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.

Anderson, T. L. et al.: 2003a, ‘Climate forcing by aerosols-A hazy picture,’ Science 300, 1103–1104.

Anderson, T. L. et al.: 2003b, ‘Response to P. J. Crutzen and V. Ramanathan, op cited,’ Science 302, 1680–1681.

Andreae, M. O., Jones, C. D., and Cox, P. M.: 2005, ‘Strong present-day aerosol cooling implies a hot future,’ Nature 435, 1187–1190.

Bluth, G. J. S., Doiron, S. D., Schnetzler, C. C., Krueger, A. J., and Walter L. S.: 1992, ‘Global tracking of the SO2 clouds from the June 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruptions,’ Geophys. Res. Lett. 19, 151–154.

Bodansky, D.: 1996, ‘May we engineer the climate?,’ Clim. Change 33, 309–321.

Brasseur, G. P. and Roeckner, E.: 2005, ‘Impact of improved air quality on the future evolution of climate,’ Geophys. Res. Letters 32, L23704, doi:10.1029/2005GL023902.

Bryden, H. L., Longworth, H. R., and Cunningham, S. A.: 2005, ‘Slowing of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at 25 N,’ Nature 438, 655–657.

Bruckner, T. and Schellnhuber, H. J.: 1999, ‘Climate Change Protection: The Tolerable Windows Approach,’ IPTS Report 34, May 1999, 6.

Budyko, M. I.: 1977, ‘Climatic Changes, American Geophysical Society,’ Washington, D.C., 244 pp.

Chapin III, F. S. et al.: 2005, ‘Role of land-surface changes in Arctic summer warming,’ Science 310, 657–660.

Cherry, M.: 2005, ‘Ministers agree to act on warnings of soaring temperatures in Africa,’ Nature 437, 1217.

Chin, M. and Davis, D. D.: 1993, ‘Global sources and sinks of OCS and CS2 and their distributions,’ Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 7, 321–337.

Crutzen, P. J.: 1976, ‘The possible importance of COS for the sulfate layer of the stratosphere,’ Geophys. Res. Lett. 3, 73–76.

Crutzen, P. J. and Ramanathan, V.: 2003, ‘The parasol effect on climate,’ Science 302, 1679–1681.

Cubasch, U. et al.: 2001, ‘Projections of Future Climate Change,’ Chapter 9, pp. 525–582.

Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis, Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, J. T. Houghton et al. (eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. and New York, N.Y., USA.

Dickinson, R. E.: 1996, ‘Climate Engineering. A review of aerosol approaches to changing the global energy balance,’ Clim. Change 33, 279–290.

Govindasamy, B. and Caldeira, K.: 2000, ‘Geoengineering Earthapos; radiative balance to mitigate CO2-induced climatic change,’ Geophys. Res. Lett. 27, 2141–2144.

Govindasamy, B. et al.: 2002, ‘Impact of geoengineering schemes on the terrestrial biosphere,’ Geophys. Res. Lett. 29(22), 2061,doi.1029/2002GL015911, 2002.

Hansen, J., Lacis, A., Ruedy, R., and Sato, M.: 1992, ‘Potential climate impact of Mount Pinatubo eruption,’ Geophys. Res. Lett. 19, 215–218.

Hofmann, D. J. and Solomon, S.: 1989, ‘Ozone destruction through heterogeneous chemistry following the eruption of El Chichón,’ J. Geophys. Res. 94(D4), 5029–5041.

Jamieson, D.: 1996, ‘Ethics and intentional climate change,’ Clim. Change 33, 323–336.

Keith, D. W.: 2000, ‘Geoengineering the climate: History and prospect,’ Annu. Rev. Energy Environ. 25, 245–284.

Kinnison, D. E. et al.: 1994, ‘The chemical and radiative effects of the Mount Pinatubo eruption,’ J. Geophys. Res. 99, 25705–25731.

Lacis, A. A. and Mishchenko, M. I.: 1995, ‘Climate forcing, climate sensitivity, and climate response: A radiative modelling perspective on atmospheric aerosols,’ in Aerosol Forcing of Climate (Charlson R. J. and Heinztenberg, J., (eds.), 416 pp, Wiley, Chichester, pp. 11–42.

Lackner, K. S.: 2003, ‘A guide to CO2 sequestration,’ Science 300, 1677–1678.

Lovins, A. B.: 2005, ‘More profit with less carbon,’ Scientific American 293, 52–61.

Marland, G., Boden, T. A., and Andres, R. J.: 2005, ‘Global, Regional, and National CO2 Emissions.’ in Trends: A Compendium of Data on Global Change. Carbon Diozide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, US. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tenn.

National Academy of Sciences (NAS): 1992, Policy Implications of Greenhouse Warming: Mitigation, Adaptation, and the Science Base, Panel on Policy Implications of Greenhouse Warming, Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy, National Academy Press, Washington DC, 918 pp.

Nel, A.: 2005, ‘Air pollution-related illness: Effects of particles,’ Science 308, 804.

Orr, J. C. et al.: 2005, ‘Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms,’ Science 437, 681–686.

Pinker, R. T., Zhang, B., and Dutton, E. G.: 2005, ‘Do satellites detect trends in surface solar radiation?,’ Science 308, 850–854.

Pounds, J. A. et al.: 2005, ‘Widespread amphibian extinctions from epidemic disease driven by global warming,’ Nature 439, 161–165.

Prentice, I. C. et al.: 2001, ‘The Carbon Cycle and Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide,’ Chapter 3, pp. 183–238, Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Houghton, J. T. et al. (eds.), Cambridge University Press, U. K. and New York, USA.

Ramanathan, V., Crutzen, P. J., Kiehl, J. T., and Rosenfeld, D.: 2001, ‘Aerosols, climate and the hydrological cycle,’ Science 294, 2119–2124.

Ramaswamy, V. et al.: 2001, ‘Radiative Forcing of Climate Change,’ Chapter 6, pp. 349–416.

Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis, Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Houghton, J. T. et al. (eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. and New York, N.Y., USA.

Robock, A.: 2000, ‘Volcanic eruptions and climate,’ Rev. Geophys. 38, 191–219.

Root, T. L et al.: 2003, ‘Fingerprints of global warming on wild animals and plants,’ Nature 421, 57–60.

Rosenfeld, D.: 2000, ‘Suppression of rain and snow by urban and industrial air pollution,’ Science 287, 1793–1796.

Royal Society: June 2005, Ocean acidification due to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide, 57 pp.

Schneider, S. H.: 1996, ‘Geoengineering: Could-or-Should-we do it,’ Clim. Change 33, 291–302.

Siegenthaler, U. et al.: 2005, ‘Stable carbon cycle-climate relationship during the late Pleistocene,’ Science 310, 1313–1317.

Socolow, R. et al.: 2004, ‘Solving the climate problem,’ Environment 46, 8–19.

Stainforth, D. A. et al.: 2005, ‘Uncertainty in predictions of the climate response to rising levels of greenhouse gases,’ Nature 433, 403–406.

Stern, D. I.: 2005, ‘Global sulfur emissions from 1850 to 2000,’ Chemosphere 58, 163–175.

Teller, E., Wood, L., and Hyde, R.: 1997, ‘Global warming and ice ages: 1. Prospects for physics based modulation of global change,’ UCRL-JC-128157, Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA.

Wild, M. et al.: 2005, ‘From dimming to brightening: Decadal changes in solar radiation and Earthapos; surface,’ 308, 847–850.

Wilson, J. C. et al.: 1993, ‘In-situ observations of aerosol and chlorine monoxide after the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo: Effect of reactions on sulfate areosol,’ Science 261, 1140–1143.