Akutes Leberversagen

Trey C, Davidson CS. The management of fulminant hepatic failure. Prog Liver Dis. 1970;3:282–98 (Review).

Lee WM, Squires RH Jr., Nyberg SL, Doo E, Hoofnagle JH. Acute liver failure: summary of a workshop. Hepatology. 2008 Apr;47(4):1401–15 (Clinical Conference Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural).

O’Grady JG, Alexander GJ, Hayllar KM, Williams R. Early indicators of prognosis in fulminant hepatic failure. Gastroenterology. 1989 Aug;97(2):439–45 (Comparative Study).

O’Grady JG, Schalm SW, Williams R. Acute liver failure: redefining the syndromes. Lancet. 1993 Jul 31;342(8866):273–5.

Polson J, Lee WM. AASLD position paper: the management of acute liver failure. Hepatology. 2005 May;41(5):1179–97 (Guideline Practice Guideline).

Ichai P, Samuel D. Epidemiology of liver failure. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol. 2011 Oct;35(10):610–7.

Daniels D GS, Wasley A. Centers for disease control and prevention. Surveillance for acute viral hepatitis – United States, 2007. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2009;58:1–27.

Wasley A, Fiore A, Bell BP. Hepatitis A in the era of vaccination. Epidemiol Rev. 2006;28:101–11 (Review).

Taylor RM, Davern T, Munoz S, Han SH, McGuire B, Larson AM, et al. Fulminant hepatitis A virus infection in the United States: incidence, prognosis, and outcomes. Hepatology. 2006 Dec;44(6):1589–97 (Multicenter Study Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov’t).

Khuroo MS, Kamili S. Clinical course and duration of viremia in vertically transmitted hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in babies born to HEV-infected mothers. J Viral Hepat. 2009 Jul;16(7):519–23.

Katz LH, Fraser A, Gafter-Gvili A, Leibovici L, Tur-Kaspa R. Lamivudine prevents reactivation of hepatitis B and reduces mortality in immunosuppressed patients: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Viral Hepat. 2008 Feb;15(2):89–102 (Meta-Analysis Review).

Yeo W, Zee B, Zhong S, Chan PK, Wong WL, Ho WM, et al. Comprehensive analysis of risk factors associating with Hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation in cancer patients undergoing cytotoxic chemotherapy. Br J Cancer. 2004 Apr 5;90(7):1306–11.

Davidson DG, Eastham WN. Acute liver necrosis following overdose of paracetamol. Br Med J. 1966 Aug 27;2(5512):497–9.

Strnad P, Zhou Q, Hanada S, Lazzeroni LC, Zhong BH, So P, et al. Keratin variants predispose to acute liver failure and adverse outcome: race and ethnic associations. Gastroenterology. 2010 Sep;139(3):828–35, 835.e1–3 (Comparative Study Multicenter Study Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov’t Research Support, U.S. Gov’t, P.H.S.).

Prescott LF. Paracetamol overdosage. Pharmacological considerations and clinical management. Drugs. 1983 Mar;25(3):290–314 (Review).

Broussard CN, Aggarwal A, Lacey SR, Post AB, Gramlich T, Henderson JM, et al. Mushroom poisoning–from diarrhea to liver transplantation. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001 Nov;96(11):3195–8 (Case Reports Review).

Escudie L, Francoz C, Vinel JP, Moucari R, Cournot M, Paradis V, et al. Amanita phalloides poisoning: reassessment of prognostic factors and indications for emergency liver transplantation. J Hepatol. 2007 Mar;46(3):466–73.

Andrade RJ, Lucena MI, Fernandez MC, Pelaez G, Pachkoria K, Garcia-Ruiz E, et al. Drug-induced liver injury: an analysis of 461 incidences submitted to the Spanish registry over a 10-year period. Gastroenterology. 2005 Aug;129(2):512–21 (Comparative Study Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov’t).

Sgro C, Clinard F, Ouazir K, Chanay H, Allard C, Guilleminet C, et al. Incidence of drug-induced hepatic injuries: a French population-based study. Hepatology. 2002 Aug;36(2):451–5 (Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov’t).

Bjornsson E, Olsson R. Outcome and prognostic markers in severe drug-induced liver disease. Hepatology. 2005 Aug;42(2):481–9.

Daly AK, Day CP. Genetic association studies in drug-induced liver injury. Semin Liver Dis. 2009 Nov;29(4):400–11 (Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov’t Review).

Lucena MI, Andrade RJ, Martinez C, Ulzurrun E, Garcia-Martin E, Borraz Y, et al. Glutathione S-transferase m1 and t1 null genotypes increase susceptibility to idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury. Hepatology. 2008 Aug;48(2):588–96 (Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov’t).

Fuhrmann V, Jager B, Zubkova A, Drolz A. Hypoxic hepatitis – epidemiology, pathophysiology and clinical management. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2010 Mar;122(5–6):129–39 (Review).

Taylor BJ, Kjaergaard J, Snyder EM, Olson TP, Johnson BD. Pulmonary capillary recruitment in response to hypoxia in healthy humans: a possible role for hypoxic pulmonary venoconstriction? Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2011 Jul 31;177(2):98–107 (Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov’t).

Bernal W. Changing patterns of causation and the use of transplantation in the United kingdom. Semin Liver Dis. 2003 Aug;23(3):227–37 (Review).

Wei G, Kalaitzakis E, Bergquist A, Bjornsson E. Long-term follow-up of patients with acute liver failure of indeterminate aetiology. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2008 Aug;43(8):984–91 (Comparative Study Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov’t).

Bernal W, Auzinger G, Dhawan A, Wendon J. Acute liver failure. Lancet. 2010 Jul 17;376(9736):190–201 (Review).

Ichai P, Samuel D. Etiology and prognosis of fulminant hepatitis in adults. Liver Transpl. 2008 Oct;14(Suppl 2):S67–79 (Review).

Albrecht J, Zielinska M, Norenberg MD. Glutamine as a mediator of ammonia neurotoxicity: a critical appraisal. Biochem Pharmacol. 2010 Nov 1;80(9):1303–8 (Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov’t Research Support, U.S. Gov’t, Non-P.H.S. Review).

Bernal W, Hall C, Karvellas CJ, Auzinger G, Sizer E, Wendon J. Arterial ammonia and clinical risk factors for encephalopathy and intracranial hypertension in acute liver failure. Hepatology. 2007 Dec;46(6):1844–52.

Conn HO, Leevy CM, Vlahcevic ZR, Rodgers JB, Maddrey WC, Seeff L, et al. Comparison of lactulose and neomycin in the treatment of chronic portal-systemic encephalopathy. A double blind controlled trial. Gastroenterology. 1977 Apr;72(4 Pt 1):573–83 (Clinical Trial Comparative Study Randomized Controlled Trial).

Parsons-Smith BG, Summerskill WH, Dawson AM, Sherlock S. The electroencephalograph in liver disease. Lancet. 1957 Nov 2;273(7001):867–71.

Bernal W, Wendon J. Liver transplantation in adults with acute liver failure. J Hepatol. 2004 Feb;40(2):192–7 (Review).

Lee WM. Acute liver failure. N Engl J Med. 1993 Dec 16;329(25):1862–72 (Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov’t Review).

Schmidt LE, Larsen FS. MELD score as a predictor of liver failure and death in patients with acetaminophen-induced liver injury. Hepatology. 2007 Mar;45(3):789–96 (Evaluation Studies).

Mitchell I, Bihari D, Chang R, Wendon J, Williams R. Earlier identification of patients at risk from acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure. Crit Care Med. 1998 Feb;26(2):279–84 (Comparative Study Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov’t).

Rutherford A, Davern T, Hay JE, Murray NG, Hassanein T, Lee WM, et al. Influence of high body mass index on outcome in acute liver failure. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006 Dec;4(12):1544–9 (Multicenter Study Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural).

Schmidt LE, Larsen FS. Blood lactate as a prognostic marker in acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure. Hepatology. 2003 May;37(5):1199–201 (Comment).

Schmidt LE, Dalhoff K. Serum phosphate is an early predictor of outcome in severe acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity. Hepatology. 2002 Sep;36(3):659–65.

Lee WM, Hynan LS, Rossaro L, Fontana RJ, Stravitz RT, Larson AM, et al. Intravenous N-acetylcysteine improves transplant-free survival in early stage non-acetaminophen acute liver failure. Gastroenterology. 2009 Sep;137(3):856–64, 864.e1 (Multicenter Study Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov’t Research Support, U.S. Gov’t, P.H.S.).

Prescott L. Paracetamol (acetaminophen): a critical bibliographic review. London: Taylor and Francis; 1996.

Stravitz RT, Kramer AH, Davern T, Shaikh AO, Caldwell SH, Mehta RL, et al. Intensive care of patients with acute liver failure: recommendations of the U.S. Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Crit Care Med. 2007 Nov;35(11):2498–508 (Practice Guideline Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural).

Rumack BH, Matthew H. Acetaminophen poisoning and toxicity. Pediatrics. 1975 Jun;55(6):871–6.

Lee WM, Stravitz RT, Larson A. Introduction to the revised AASLD position paper on acute liver failure 2011. Hepatology. 2011 Dec 27.

Kumar M, Satapathy S, Monga R, Das K, Hissar S, Pande C, et al. A randomized controlled trial of lamivudine to treat acute hepatitis B. Hepatology. 2007 Jan;45(1):97–101 (Randomized Controlled Trial).

Tillmann HL, Hadem J, Leifeld L, Zachou K, Canbay A, Eisenbach C, et al. Safety and efficacy of lamivudine in patients with severe acute or fulminant hepatitis B, a multicenter experience. J Viral Hepat. 2006 Apr;13(4):256–63 (Clinical Trial Multicenter Study Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov’t).

Jochum C, Gieseler RK, Gawlista I, Fiedler A, Manka P, Saner FH, et al. Hepatitis B-associated acute liver failure: immediate treatment with entecavir inhibits hepatitis B virus replication and potentially its sequelae. Digestion. 2009;80(4):235–40 (Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov’t).

Garg H, Sarin SK, Kumar M, Garg V, Sharma BC, Kumar A. Tenofovir improves the outcome in patients with spontaneous reactivation of hepatitis B presenting as acute-on-chronic liver failure. Hepatology. 2011 Mar;53(3):774–80 (Randomized Controlled Trial).

Ichai P, Duclos-Vallee JC, Guettier C, Hamida SB, Antonini T, Delvart V, et al. Usefulness of corticosteroids for the treatment of severe and fulminant forms of autoimmune hepatitis. Liver transpl. 2007 Jul;13(7):996–1003.

Czaja AJ. Corticosteroids or not in severe acute or fulminant autoimmune hepatitis: therapeutic brinksmanship and the point beyond salvation. Liver transpl. 2007 Jul;13(7):953–5 (Editorial Review).

Potts JR, Verma S. Optimizing management in autoimmune hepatitis with liver failure at initial presentation. World J Gastroenterol: WJG. 2011 Apr 28;17(16):2070–5 (Editorial Review).

Peters DJ, Greene WH, Ruggiero F, McGarrity TJ. Herpes simplex-induced fulminant hepatitis in adults: a call for empiric therapy. Dig Dis Sci. 2000 Dec;45(12):2399–404 (Case Reports).

Smilkstein MJ, Bronstein AC, Linden C, Augenstein WL, Kulig KW, Rumack BH. Acetaminophen overdose: a 48-hour intravenous N-acetylcysteine treatment protocol. Ann Emerg Med. 1991 Oct;20(10):1058–63 (Clinical Trial Multicenter Study Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov’t).

Floersheim GL, Eberhard M, Tschumi P, Duckert F. Effects of penicillin and silymarin on liver enzymes and blood clotting factors in dogs given a boiled preparation of Amanita phalloides. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1978 Nov;46(2):455–62.

Hruby K, Csomos G, Fuhrmann M, Thaler H. Chemotherapy of Amanita phalloides poisoning with intravenous silibinin. Hum Toxicol. 1983 Apr;2(2):183–95.

Czaja AJ, Freese DK. Diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatology. 2002 Aug;36(2):479–97 (Guideline Practice Guideline).

Maclayton DO, Eaton-Maxwell A. Rifaximin for treatment of hepatic encephalopathy. Ann Pharmacother. 2009 Jan;43(1):77–84 (Review).

Acharya SK, Bhatia V, Sreenivas V, Khanal S, Panda SK. Efficacy of L-ornithine L-aspartate in acute liver failure: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Gastroenterology. 2009 Jun;136(7):2159–68 (Comparative Study Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov’t).

Larsen FS, Wendon J. Prevention and management of brain edema in patients with acute liver failure. Liver transpl. 2008 Oct;14(Suppl 2):S90–6 (Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov’t Review).

Vaquero J, Fontana RJ, Larson AM, Bass NM, Davern TJ, Shakil AO, et al. Complications and use of intracranial pressure monitoring in patients with acute liver failure and severe encephalopathy. Liver transpl. 2005 Dec;11(12):1581–9 (Comparative Study Multicenter Study Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov’t).

Jalan R, Rose C. Hypothermia in acute liver failure. Metab Brain Dis. 2004 Dec;19(3–4):215–21 (Review).

Stravitz RT, Larsen FS. Therapeutic hypothermia for acute liver failure. Crit Care Med. 2009 Jul;37(7 Suppl):S258–64 (Review).

Wendon JA, Harrison PM, Keays R, Williams R. Cerebral blood flow and metabolism in fulminant liver failure. Hepatology. 1994 Jun;19(6):1407–13 (Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov’t).

Vaquero J, Polson J, Chung C, Helenowski I, Schiodt FV, Reisch J, et al. Infection and the progression of hepatic encephalopathy in acute liver failure. Gastroenterology. 2003 Sep;125(3):755–64 (Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov’t Research Support, U.S. Gov’t, P.H.S.).

Harry R, Auzinger G, Wendon J. The effects of supraphysiological doses of corticosteroids in hypotensive liver failure. Liver international: official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver. 2003 Apr;23(2):71–7 (Comparative Study).

Shawcross DL, Davies NA, Mookerjee RP, Hayes PC, Williams R, Lee A, et al. Worsening of cerebral hyperemia by the administration of terlipressin in acute liver failure with severe encephalopathy. Hepatology. 2004 Feb;39(2):471–5 (Clinical Trial Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov’t).

Davenport A, Will EJ, Davison AM. Early changes in intracranial pressure during haemofiltration treatment in patients with grade 4 hepatic encephalopathy and acute oliguric renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1990;5(3):192–8 (Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov’t).

Mehta RL. Continuous renal replacement therapy in the critically ill patient. Kidney Int. 2005 Feb;67(2):781–95 (Clinical Conference Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, U.S. Gov’t, P.H.S.).

van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F, Verwaest C, Bruyninckx F, Schetz M, et al. Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2001 Nov 8;345(19):1359–67 (Clinical Trial Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov’t).

Munoz SJ. Nutritional therapies in liver disease. Semin Liver Dis. 1991 Nov;11(4):278–91 (Review).

Devlin J, Wendon J, Heaton N, Tan KC, Williams R. Pretransplantation clinical status and outcome of emergency transplantation for acute liver failure. Hepatology. 1995 Apr;21(4):1018–24.

Barshes NR, Lee TC, Balkrishnan R, Karpen SJ, Carter BA, Goss JA. Risk stratification of adult patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation for fulminant hepatic failure. Transplantation. 2006 Jan 27;81(2):195–201 (Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov’t).

Steadman RH, Van Rensburg A, Kramer DJ. Transplantation for acute liver failure: perioperative management. Curr Opin Organ Transplant. 2010 Jun;15(3):368–73 (Review).

Demetriou AA, Brown RS Jr., Busuttil RW, Fair J, McGuire BM, Rosenthal P, et al. Prospective, randomized, multicenter, controlled trial of a bioartificial liver in treating acute liver failure. Ann Surg. 2004 May;239(5):660–7; discussion 7–70 (Clinical Trial Multicenter Study Randomized Controlled Trial).

Saliba F CC, Durand F, et al. Randomized controlled multicenter trial evaluating the efficacy and saftey of albumin dialysis with MARS® in patients with fulminant and subfulminant hepatic failure. Hepatology. 2008;48:377A.

Larsen FS SL, Wendon J, et al. Liver assisting with high-volume plasma exchange in patients with acute liver failure. Hepatology. 2010;52:A114 (abstract).