Airway tone dysfunction among pre-schoolers with positive asthma predictive index: A case–control study

Martinez, 1995, Asthma and wheezing in the first six years of life. The Group Health Medical Associates, N Engl J Med, 332, 133, 10.1056/NEJM199501193320301 Guilbert, 2014, Childhood asthma-predictive phenotype, J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract, 2, 664, 10.1016/j.jaip.2014.09.010 Brand, 2008, Definition, assessment and treatment of wheezing disorders in preschool children: an evidence-based approach, Eur Respir J, 32, 1096, 10.1183/09031936.00002108 Schultz, 2010, The transient value of classifying preschool wheeze into episodic viral wheeze and multiple trigger wheeze, Acta Paediatr, 99, 56 Savenije, 2012, Predicting who will have asthma at school age among preschool children, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 130, 325, 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.05.007 Smit, 2015, Childhood asthma prediction models: a systematic review, Lancet Respir Med, 3, 973, 10.1016/S2213-2600(15)00428-2 Castro-Rodriguez, 2000, A clinical index to define risk of asthma in young children with recurrent wheezing, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 162, 1403, 10.1164/ajrccm.162.4.9912111 Castro-Rodriguez, 2012, Infantile and preschool asthma, vol. 56 Belgrave, 2014, Trajectories of lung function during childhood, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 189, 1101, 10.1164/rccm.201309-1700OC Keklikian, 2010, Do risk factors for persistent asthma modify lung function in infants and young children with recurrent wheeze?, Pediatr Pulmonol, 45, 914, 10.1002/ppul.21260 Brand, 2011, Ciclesonide in wheezy preschool children with a positive asthma predictive index or atopy, Respir Med, 105, 1588, 10.1016/j.rmed.2011.07.017 Guilbert, 2006, Long-term inhaled corticosteroids in preschool children at high risk for asthma, N Engl J Med, 354, 1985, 10.1056/NEJMoa051378 From the Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention, Global. Initiative for Asthma (GINA). 2012. Available from: http://www.ginasthma.org/ Beydon, 2007, An Official American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society Statement: Pulmonary Function Testing in Preschool Children, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 175, 1304, 10.1164/rccm.200605-642ST Pérez-Yarza, 2009, [Forced spirometry in healthy preschool children], An Pediatr (Barc), 70, 3, 10.1016/j.anpedi.2008.10.003 Borrego, 2009, Lung function and clinical risk factors for asthma in infants and young children with recurrent wheeze, Thorax, 64, 203, 10.1136/thx.2008.099903 Just, 2012, Two novel, severe asthma phenotype identified during childhood using a clustering approach, Eur Respir J, 40, 55, 10.1183/09031936.00123411 Marotta, 2003, Impulse oscillometry provides an effective measure of lung dysfunction in 4-year-old children at risk for persistent asthma, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 112, 317, 10.1067/mai.2003.1627 Oostveen, 2010, Lung function and bronchodilator response in 4-year-old children with different wheezing phenotypes, Eur Respir J, 35, 86, 10.1183/09031936.00023409 Morgan, 2005, Outcome of asthma and wheezing in the first 6 years of life: follow-up through adolescence, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 172, 1253, 10.1164/rccm.200504-525OC Bisgaard, 2012, Interaction between asthma and lung function growth in early life, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 185, 1183, 10.1164/rccm.201110-1922OC Turner, 2004, The relationship between infant airway function, childhood airway responsiveness, and asthma, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 169, 921, 10.1164/rccm.200307-891OC Stein, 1997, Peak flow variability, methacholine responsiveness and atopy as markers for detecting different wheezing phenotypes in childhood, Thorax, 52, 946, 10.1136/thx.52.11.946 Holgate, 2011, Pathophysiology of asthma: what has our current understanding taught us about new therapeutic approaches?, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 128, 495, 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.06.052 Lezmi, 2015, Airway remodeling in preschool children with severe recurrent wheeze, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 192, 164, 10.1164/rccm.201411-1958OC Saglani, 2007, Early detection of airway wall remodeling and eosinophilic inflammation in preschool wheezers, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 176, 858, 10.1164/rccm.200702-212OC Berankova, 2014, Structural changes in the bronchial mucosa of young children at risk of developing asthma, Pediatr Allergy Immunol, 25, 136, 10.1111/pai.12119 Castro-Rodriguez, 2013, Young infants with recurrent wheezing and positive asthma predictive index have higher levels of exhaled nitric oxide, J Asthma, 50, 162, 10.3109/02770903.2012.754030 Moeller, 2008, Exhaled nitric oxide distinguishes between subgroups of preschool children with respiratory symptoms, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 121, 705, 10.1016/j.jaci.2007.11.008 Balinotti, 2013, Association between the Asthma Predictive Index and levels of exhaled nitric oxide in infants and toddlers with recurrent wheezing, Arch Argent Pediatr, 111, 191 Garden, 2016, Change in the manifestations of asthma and asthma-related traits in childhood: a latent transition analysis, Eur Respir J, 47, 499, 10.1183/13993003.00284-2015 Duijts, 2016, Childhood wheezing phenotypes influence asthma, lung function and exhaled nitric oxide fraction in adolescence, Eur Respir J, 47, 510, 10.1183/13993003.00718-2015