Aggregation-induced emission (AIE) fluorophores as imaging tools to trace the biological fate of nano-based drug delivery systems

Chiappini, 2015, Biodegradable silicon nanoneedles delivering nucleic acids intracellularly induce localized in vivo neovascularization, Nat. Mater., 14, 532, 10.1038/nmat4249 Liu, 2011, Nanofibrous hollow microspheres self-assembled from star-shaped polymers as injectable cell carriers for knee repair, Nat. Mater., 10, 398, 10.1038/nmat2999 Xue, 2016, Aggregated single-walled carbon nanotubes attenuate the behavioural and neurochemical effects of methamphetamine in mice, Nat. Nanotechnol., 11, 613, 10.1038/nnano.2016.23 Wei, 2015, Anticancer drug nanomicelles formed by self-assembling amphiphilic dendrimer to combat cancer drug resistance, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 112, 2978, 10.1073/pnas.1418494112 Narasimhan, 2018, Multifunctional biophotonic nanostructures inspired by the longtail glasswing butterfly for medical devices, Nat. Nanotechnol., 13, 512, 10.1038/s41565-018-0111-5 Zhang, 2017, Diagnosis of Zika virus infection on a nanotechnology platform, Nat. Med., 23, 548, 10.1038/nm.4302 Barenholz, 2012, Doxil®—the first FDA-approved nano-drug: Lessons learned, J. Control. Release, 160, 117, 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.03.020 Hawkins, 2008, Protein nanoparticles as drug carriers in clinical medicine, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 60, 876, 10.1016/j.addr.2007.08.044 Drugs@FDA Chen, 2016, Black phosphorus nanosheet-based drug delivery system for synergistic photodynamic/photothermal/chemotherapy of cancer, Adv. Mater., 29, 1603864, 10.1002/adma.201603864 Peng, 2012, Silicon-nanowire-based nanocarriers with ultrahigh drug-loading capacity for in vitro and in vivo cancer therapy, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 52, 1457, 10.1002/anie.201206737 Gu, 2018, Nanotechnology-mediated immunochemotherapy combined with docetaxel and PD-L1 antibody increase therapeutic effects and decrease systemic toxicity, J. Control. Release, 286, 369, 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.08.011 Han, 2018, Immune lipoprotein nanostructures inspired relay drug delivery for amplifying antitumor efficiency, Biomaterials, 185, 205, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.09.016 Mao, 2018, Cyclic cRGDfk peptide and Chlorin e6 functionalized silk fibroin nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery and photodynamic therapy, Biomaterials, 161, 306, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.01.045 Bertrand, 2014, Cancer nanotechnology: the impact of passive and active targeting in the era of modern cancer biology, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 66, 2, 10.1016/j.addr.2013.11.009 Torchilin, 2014, Multifunctional, stimuli-sensitive nanoparticulate systems for drug delivery, Nat. Rev. Drug Discov., 13, 813, 10.1038/nrd4333 Tan, 2017, Structure-guided design and synthesis of a mitochondria-targeting near-infrared fluorophore with multimodal therapeutic activities, Adv. Mater., 29, 1704196, 10.1002/adma.201704196 Liu, 2016, Rapid degradation and high renal clearance of Cu3BiS3 nanodots for efficient cancer diagnosis and photothermal therapy in vivo, ACS Nano, 10, 4587, 10.1021/acsnano.6b00745 Zeng, 2016, Cancer diagnosis and imaging-guided photothermal therapy using a dual-modality nanoparticle, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 8, 29232, 10.1021/acsami.6b06883 Griffiths, 2010, Nanobead-based interventions for the treatment and prevention of tuberculosis, Nat. Rev. Microbiol., 8, 827, 10.1038/nrmicro2437 Chao, 2017, Biodegradable polymersomes as nanocarriers for doxorubicin hydrochloride: enhanced cytotoxicity in MCF-7/ADR cells and prolonged blood circulation, Pharm. Res., 34, 610, 10.1007/s11095-016-2088-9 Wang, 2016, Surface charge critically affects tumor penetration and therapeutic efficacy of cancer nanomedicines, Nano Today, 11, 133, 10.1016/j.nantod.2016.04.008 Dickherber, 2015, NCI investment in nanotechnology: achievements and challenges for the future, Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Nanomed. Nanobiotechnol., 7, 251, 10.1002/wnan.1318 Eaton, 2015, Delivering nanomedicines to patients: a practical guide, Nanomedicine, 11, 983, 10.1016/j.nano.2015.02.004 Noorlander, 2015, Horizon scan of nanomedicinal products, Nanomedicine, 10, 1599, 10.2217/nnm.15.21 Vandeginste, 1985, Three-component curve resolution in liquid chromatography with multiwavelength diode array detection, Anal. Chem., 57, 971, 10.1021/ac00283a005 Simonet, 2003, Enhancing sensitivity in capillary electrophoresis, TrAC Trends Anal. Chem., 22, 605, 10.1016/S0165-9936(03)01014-8 Wu, 2007, Biomedical and clinical applications of immunoassays and immunosensors for tumor markers, TrAC, Trends Anal. Chem., 26, 679, 10.1016/j.trac.2007.05.007 Wan, 2017, Intraocular fate of polycaprolactone nanoparticles administered via intravitreal and various periocular routes: bioimaging of integral nanoparticles using environment-sensitive fluorophores, J. Biomed. Nanotechnol., 13, 960, 10.1166/jbn.2017.2404 Ning, 2017, Recent advances in mitochondria- and lysosomes-targeted small-molecule two-photon fluorescent probes, Chin. Chem. Lett., 28, 1943, 10.1016/j.cclet.2017.09.026 Luo, 2001, Aggregation-induced emission of 1-methyl-1,2,3,4,5-pentaphenylsilole, Chem. Commun., 1740, 10.1039/b105159h Gonçalves, 2009, Fluorescent labeling of biomolecules with organic probes, Chem. Rev., 109, 190, 10.1021/cr0783840 Noh, 2010, Fluorescence quenching caused by aggregation of water-soluble CdSe quantum dots, Colloids Surf. Physicochem. Eng. Asp., 359, 39, 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2010.01.059 Mei, 2015, Aggregation-induced emission: together we shine, united we soar!, Chem. Rev., 115, 11718, 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00263 Chen, 2016, Fabrication of fluorescent nanoparticles based on AIE luminogens (AIE dots) and their applications in bioimaging, Mater. Horiz., 3, 283, 10.1039/C6MH00060F Shi, 2012, Real-time monitoring of cell apoptosis and drug screening using fluorescent light-up probe with aggregation-induced emission characteristics, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 134, 17972, 10.1021/ja3064588 Zhao, 2015, A luminogen with aggregation-induced emission characteristics for wash-free bacterial imaging, high-throughput antibiotics screening and bacterial susceptibility evaluation, Adv. Mater., 27, 4931, 10.1002/adma.201501972 Leung, 2014, Restriction of intramolecular motions: the general mechanism behind aggregation-induced emission, Chem. Eur. J., 20, 15349, 10.1002/chem.201403811 Mei, 2014, Aggregation-induced emission: the whole is more brilliant than the parts, Adv. Mater., 26, 5429, 10.1002/adma.201401356 Luo, 2011, Switching of non-helical overcrowded tetrabenzoheptafulvalene derivatives, Chem. Sci., 2, 2029, 10.1039/c1sc00340b He, 2018, Journey of aggregation-induced emission research, ACS Omega, 3, 3267, 10.1021/acsomega.8b00062 Choi, 2014, Aggregation-induced emission enhancement of a meso-trifluoromethyl BODIPY via J-aggregation, Chem. Sci., 5, 751, 10.1039/C3SC52495G Chen, 2009, Emission enhancement and chromism in a salen-based gel system, Langmuir, 25, 8395, 10.1021/la8035727 Zhang, 2010, Fluorescence-enhanced organogels and mesomorphic superstructure based on hydrazine derivatives, Langmuir, 26, 10183, 10.1021/la100325c An, 2002, Enhanced emission and its switching in fluorescent organic nanoparticles, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 124, 14410, 10.1021/ja0269082 He, 2018, Novel quercetin aggregation-induced emission luminogen (AIEgen) with excited-state intramolecular proton transfer for in vivo bioimaging, Adv. Funct. Mater., 28, 1706196, 10.1002/adfm.201706196 Li, 2004, Enhanced fluorescent emission of organic nanoparticles of an intramolecular proton transfer compound and spontaneous formation of one-dimensional nanostructures, J. Phys. Chem. B, 108, 10887, 10.1021/jp0488012 Chen, 2017, A novel fluorophore based on the coupling of AIE and ESIPT mechanisms and its application in biothiol imaging, J. Mater. Chem. B, 5, 7736, 10.1039/C7TB02076G Dong, 2007, Aggregation-induced emissions of tetraphenylethene derivatives and their utilities as chemical vapor sensors and in organic light-emitting diodes, Appl. Phys. Lett., 91, 10.1063/1.2753723 An, 2012, π-Conjugated cyanostilbene derivatives: a unique self-assembly motif for molecular nanostructures with enhanced emission and transport, Acc. Chem. Res., 45, 544, 10.1021/ar2001952 Yuan, 2010, Changing the behavior of chromophores from aggregation-caused quenching to aggregation-induced emission: development of highly efficient light emitters in the solid state, Adv. Mater., 22, 2159, 10.1002/adma.200904056 Zhao, 2009, Structural modulation of solid-state emission of 2,5-Bis(trialkylsilylethynyl)-3,4-diphenylsiloles, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 48, 7608, 10.1002/anie.200903698 Zhou, 2013, Deep blue fluorescent 2,5-bis(phenylsilyl)-substituted 3,4-diphenylsiloles: Synthesis, structure and aggregation-induced emission, Dyes Pigments, 99, 520, 10.1016/j.dyepig.2013.05.016 Chen, 2014, Creation of bifunctional materials: improve electron-transporting ability of light emitters based on AIE-Active 2,3,4,5-tetraphenylsiloles, Adv. Funct. Mater., 24, 3621, 10.1002/adfm.201303867 Chen, 2017, A thiol probe for measuring unfolded protein load and proteostasis in cells, Nat. Commun., 8, 474, 10.1038/s41467-017-00203-5 Zhang, 2017, Transferrin-dressed virus-like ternary nanoparticles with aggregation-induced emission for targeted delivery and rapid cytosolic release of siRNA, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 9, 16006, 10.1021/acsami.7b03402 Gu, 2017, Precise two-photon photodynamic therapy using an efficient photosensitizer with aggregation-induced emission characteristics, Adv. Mater., 29, 1701076, 10.1002/adma.201701076 Nicol, 2017, Ultrafast delivery of aggregation-induced emission nanoparticles and pure organic phosphorescent nanocrystals by saponin encapsulation, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 139, 14792, 10.1021/jacs.7b08710 Xia, 2018, Aggregation-induced emission-active near-infrared fluorescent organic nanoparticles for noninvasive long-term monitoring of tumor growth, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 10, 17081, 10.1021/acsami.8b03861 Yuan, 2014, Specific light-up bioprobe with aggregation-induced emission and activatable photoactivity for the targeted and image-guided photodynamic ablation of cancer cells, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 54, 1780, 10.1002/anie.201408476 Zhang, 2014, Cell membrane tracker based on restriction of intramolecular rotation, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 6, 8971, 10.1021/am5025897 Wang, 2016, Fabrication of pH-responsive nanoparticles with an AIE feature for imaging intracellular drug delivery, Biomacromolecules, 17, 2920, 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b00744 Han, 2015, Ratiometric biosensor for aggregation-induced emission-guided precise photodynamic therapy, ACS Nano, 9, 10268, 10.1021/acsnano.5b04243 Lu, 2014, Pluronic F127-folic acid encapsulated nanoparticles with aggregation-induced emission characteristics for targeted cellular imaging, RSC Adv., 4, 18460, 10.1039/c4ra01355g Liu, 2017, Surface engineering of organic nanoparticles for highly improved bioimaging, Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces, 159, 596, 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.07.077 Qi, 2018, Real-time and high-resolution bioimaging with bright aggregation-induced emission dots in short-wave infrared region, Adv. Mater., 30, 1706856, 10.1002/adma.201706856 Jiang, 2017, Two-photon AIE bio-probe with large Stokes shift for specific imaging of lipid droplets, Chem. Sci., 8, 5440, 10.1039/C7SC01400G Ding, 2015, A fluorescent light-up nanoparticle probe with aggregation-induced emission characteristics and tumor-acidity responsiveness for targeted imaging and selective suppression of cancer cells, Mater. Horiz., 2, 100, 10.1039/C4MH00164H Shi, 2012, Specific detection of integrin αvβ3 by light-up bioprobe with aggregation-induced emission characteristics, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 134, 9569, 10.1021/ja302369e Min, 2017, Antigen-capturing nanoparticles improve the abscopal effect and cancer immunotherapy, Nat. Nanotechnol., 12, 877, 10.1038/nnano.2017.113 Spring, 2016, A photoactivable multi-inhibitor nanoliposome for tumour control and simultaneous inhibition of treatment escape pathways, Nat. Nanotechnol., 11, 378, 10.1038/nnano.2015.311 Kovarova, 2018, Ultra-long-acting removable drug delivery system for HIV treatment and prevention, Nat. Commun., 9, 4156, 10.1038/s41467-018-06490-w Yang, 2017, Hollow MnO2 as a tumor-microenvironment-responsive biodegradable nano-platform for combination therapy favoring antitumor immune responses, Nat. Commun., 8, 902, 10.1038/s41467-017-01050-0 Conde, 2016, Local triple-combination therapy results in tumour regression and prevents recurrence in a colon cancer model, Nat. Mater., 15, 1128, 10.1038/nmat4707 Guan, 2018, Enhanced immunocompatibility of ligand-targeted liposomes by attenuating natural IgM absorption, Nat. Commun., 9, 2982, 10.1038/s41467-018-05384-1 Braunová, 2017, Tumor-targeted micelle-forming block copolymers for overcoming of multidrug resistance, J. Control. Release, 245, 41, 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.11.020 Li, 2010, Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of nanoparticles, ACS Nano, 4, 6303, 10.1021/nn1018818 Onoue, 2014, Nanodrugs: pharmacokinetics and safety, Int. J. Nanomedicine, 9, 1025, 10.2147/IJN.S38378 Hagens, 2007, What do we (need to) know about the kinetic properties of nanoparticles in the body?, Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 49, 217, 10.1016/j.yrtph.2007.07.006 Griffin, 2016, Pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and biodistribution following oral administration of nanocarriers containing peptide and protein drugs, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 106, 367, 10.1016/j.addr.2016.06.006 Bourquin, 2018, Biodistribution, clearance, and long-term fate of clinically relevant nanomaterials, Adv. Mater., 30, 1704307, 10.1002/adma.201704307 Tan, 2017, Toxicity evaluation and anti-tumor study of docetaxel loaded mPEG-polyester micelles for breast cancer therapy, J. Biomed. Nanotechnol., 13, 393, 10.1166/jbn.2017.2356 Wang, 2017, Curcumin-loaded TPGS/F127/P123 mixed polymeric micelles for cervical cancer therapy: formulation, characterization, and in vitro and in vivo evaluation, J. Biomed. Nanotechnol., 13, 1631, 10.1166/jbn.2017.2442 Woods, 2015, In vivo biocompatibility, clearance, and biodistribution of albumin vehicles for pulmonary drug delivery, J. Control. Release, 210, 1, 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.05.269 Tang, 2014, Investigating the optimal size of anticancer nanomedicine, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 111, 15344, 10.1073/pnas.1411499111 Kunjachan, 2013, Noninvasive optical imaging of nanomedicine biodistribution, ACS Nano, 7, 252, 10.1021/nn303955n Miller, 2015, Predicting therapeutic nanomedicine efficacy using a companion magnetic resonance imaging nanoparticle, Sci. Transl. Med., 7, 314ra183, 10.1126/scitranslmed.aac6522 Gambhir, 2002, Molecular imaging of cancer with positron emission tomography, Nat. Rev. Cancer, 2, 683, 10.1038/nrc882 Hicks, 2012, Is there still a role for SPECT–CT in oncology in the PET–CT era?, Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol., 9, 712, 10.1038/nrclinonc.2012.188 Brenner, 2007, Computed tomography—an increasing source of radiation exposure, N. Engl. J. Med., 357, 2277, 10.1056/NEJMra072149 Huzjan, 2005, Magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging of prostate cancer, Nat. Clin. Pract. Urol., 2, 434, 10.1038/ncpuro0296 Lippincott-Schwartz, 2003, Development and use of fluorescent protein markers in living cells, Science, 300, 87, 10.1126/science.1082520 Liu, 2017, Choosing proper fluorescent dyes, proteins, and imaging techniques to study mitochondrial dynamics in mammalian cells, Biophys. Rep., 3, 64, 10.1007/s41048-017-0037-8 Boute, 2002, The use of resonance energy transfer in high-throughput screening: BRET versus FRET, Trends Pharmacol. Sci., 23, 351, 10.1016/S0165-6147(02)02062-X Miller, 2012, Optically monitoring voltage in neurons by photo-induced electron transfer through molecular wires, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 109, 2114, 10.1073/pnas.1120694109 Zhu, 2016, Stable and size-tunable aggregation-induced emission nanoparticles encapsulated with nanographene oxide and applications in three-photon fluorescence bioimaging, ACS Nano, 10, 588, 10.1021/acsnano.5b05606 Chen, 2016, Zwitterionic phosphorylcholine–TPE conjugate for pH-responsive drug delivery and AIE active imaging, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 8, 21185, 10.1021/acsami.6b06071 Song, 2017, To form AIE product with the target analyte: a new strategy for excellent fluorescent probes, and convenient detection of hydrazine in seconds with test strips, Sci. China Chem., 60, 1596, 10.1007/s11426-017-9116-2 Zhang, 2015, Polymeric AIE-based nanoprobes for biomedical applications: recent advances and perspectives, Nanoscale, 7, 11486, 10.1039/C5NR01444A Wang, 2017, A photostable cationic fluorophore for long-term bioimaging, J. Mater. Chem. B, 5, 9183, 10.1039/C7TB02668D Wu, 2017, A highly efficient and photostable photosensitizer with near-infrared aggregation-induced emission for image-guided photodynamic anticancer therapy, Adv. Mater., 29, 1700548, 10.1002/adma.201700548 Wang, 2015, Temperature-sensitive fluorescent organic nanoparticles with aggregation-induced emission for long-term cellular tracing, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 7, 3420, 10.1021/am509161y Xue, 2014, Spatiotemporal drug release visualized through a drug delivery system with tunable aggregation-induced emission, Adv. Mater., 26, 712, 10.1002/adma.201302365 Xue, 2015, Probe-inspired nano-prodrug with dual-color fluorogenic property reveals spatiotemporal drug release in living cells, ACS Nano, 9, 2729, 10.1021/nn5065452 Zhuang, 2018, Redox and pH dual-responsive polymeric micelles with aggregation-induced emission feature for cellular imaging and chemotherapy, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 10, 18489, 10.1021/acsami.8b02890 He, 2018, Redox-active AIEgen derived plasmonic and fluorescent Core@shell nanoparticles for multimodality bioimaging, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 10.1021/jacs.8b02350 Zhao, 2016, A highly fluorescent AIE-active theranostic agent with anti-tumor activity to specific cancer cells, Nanoscale, 8, 12520, 10.1039/C5NR08782A Chen, 2014, Dual-modal MRI contrast agent with aggregation-induced emission characteristic for liver specific imaging with long circulation lifetime, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 6, 10783, 10.1021/am502282f Kim, 2018, Mitochondria-targeting self-assembled nanoparticles derived from triphenylphosphonium-conjugated cyanostilbene enable site-specific imaging and anticancer drug delivery, Nano Res., 11, 1082, 10.1007/s12274-017-1728-7 Feng, 2018, Dual modal ultra-bright nanodots with aggregation-induced emission and gadolinium-chelation for vascular integrity and leakage detection, Biomaterials, 152, 77, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.10.031 Xia, 2017, Size-dependent translocation of nanoemulsions via oral delivery, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 9, 21660, 10.1021/acsami.7b04916 Hu, 2015, Environment-responsive aza-BODIPY dyes quenching in water as potential probes to visualize the in vivo fate of lipid-based nanocarriers, Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med., 11, 1939, 10.1016/j.nano.2015.06.013 He, 2016, Bioimaging of intravenous polymeric micelles based on discrimination of integral particles using an environment-responsive probe, Mol. Pharm., 13, 4013, 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00705 Cao, 2016, Intelligent Janus nanoparticles for intracellular real-time monitoring of dual drug release, Nanoscale, 8, 6754, 10.1039/C6NR00987E Zhao, 2016, Augmenting drug–carrier compatibility improves tumour nanotherapy efficacy, Nat. Commun., 7, 11221, 10.1038/ncomms11221 Aibani, 2017, The integration of triggered drug delivery with real time quantification using FRET; creating a super ‘smart’ drug delivery system, J. Control. Release, 264, 136, 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.08.013 Lainé, 2014, Conventional versus stealth lipid nanoparticles: formulation and in vivo fate prediction through FRET monitoring, J. Control. Release, 188, 1, 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.05.042 Iversen, 2011, Endocytosis and intracellular transport of nanoparticles: present knowledge and need for future studies, Nano Today, 6, 176, 10.1016/j.nantod.2011.02.003 Zhu, 2013, Physicochemical properties determine nanomaterial cellular uptake, transport, and fate, Acc. Chem. Res., 46, 622, 10.1021/ar300031y Chou, 2011, Strategies for the intracellular delivery of nanoparticles, Chem. Soc. Rev., 40, 233, 10.1039/C0CS00003E Yu, 2016, Tetraphenylethene-based highly emissive metallacage as a component of theranostic supramolecular nanoparticles, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 113, 13720, 10.1073/pnas.1616836113 Gao, 2017, Exploring intracellular fate of drug nanocrystals with crystal-integrated and environment-sensitive fluorophores, J. Control. Release, 267, 214, 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.08.031 Zhang, 2017, Virus-inspired self-assembled nanofibers with aggregation-induced emission for highly efficient and visible gene delivery, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 9, 4425, 10.1021/acsami.6b11536 Cho, 2008, Therapeutic nanoparticles for drug delivery in cancer, Clin. Cancer Res., 14, 1310, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-1441 Yatvin, 1978, Design of liposomes for enhanced local release of drugs by hyperthermia, Science, 202, 1290, 10.1126/science.364652 Hoare, 2011, Magnetically triggered nanocomposite membranes: a versatile platform for triggered drug release, Nano Lett., 11, 1395, 10.1021/nl200494t Moitra, 2014, Efficacious anticancer drug delivery mediated by a pH-sensitive self-assembly of a conserved tripeptide derived from tyrosine kinase NGF receptor, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 53, 1113, 10.1002/anie.201307247 Ganta, 2008, A review of stimuli-responsive nanocarriers for drug and gene delivery, J. Control. Release, 126, 187, 10.1016/j.jconrel.2007.12.017 Mura, 2013, Stimuli-responsive nanocarriers for drug delivery, Nat. Mater., 12, 991, 10.1038/nmat3776 Jones, 2003, Understanding endocytic pathways and intracellular trafficking: a prerequisite for effective design of advanced drug delivery systems, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 55, 1353, 10.1016/j.addr.2003.07.002 Liu, 2015, pH-Responsive poly(d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles with rapid antigen release behavior promote immune response, ACS Nano, 9, 4925, 10.1021/nn5066793 Xu, 2016, Ultra-pH-responsive and tumor-penetrating nanoplatform for targeted siRNA delivery with robust anti-cancer efficacy, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 55, 7091, 10.1002/anie.201601273 Ping, 2015, pH-responsive capsules engineered from metal–phenolic networks for anticancer drug delivery, Small, 11, 2032, 10.1002/smll.201403343 Zhao, 2014, A preloaded amorphous calcium carbonate/doxorubicin@Silica nanoreactor for pH-responsive delivery of an anticancer drug, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 54, 919, 10.1002/anie.201408510 Wang, 2017, Light-responsive nanoparticles for highly efficient cytoplasmic delivery of anticancer agents, ACS Nano, 11, 12134, 10.1021/acsnano.7b05214 Chiang, 2015, A rapid drug release system with a NIR light-activated molecular switch for dual-modality photothermal/antibiotic treatments of subcutaneous abscesses, J. Control. Release, 199, 53, 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.12.011 Yao, 2016, Near-infrared-triggered azobenzene-liposome/upconversion nanoparticle hybrid vesicles for remotely controlled drug delivery to overcome cancer multidrug resistance, Adv. Mater., 28, 9341, 10.1002/adma.201503799 Goodman, 2017, Near-infrared remotely triggered drug-release strategies for cancer treatment, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 114, 12419, 10.1073/pnas.1713137114 Yan, 2012, Functional mesoporous silica nanoparticles for photothermal-controlled drug delivery in vivo, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 124, 8498, 10.1002/ange.201203993 Tong, 2012, Photoswitchable nanoparticles for triggered tissue penetration and drug delivery, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 134, 8848, 10.1021/ja211888a Chang, 2012, Near-infrared light-responsive intracellular drug and siRNA release using au nanoensembles with oligonucleotide-capped silica shell, Adv. Mater., 24, 3309, 10.1002/adma.201200785 Han, 2015, A tumor targeted chimeric peptide for synergistic endosomal escape and therapy by dual-stage light manipulation, Adv. Funct. Mater., 25, 1248, 10.1002/adfm.201403190 Dai, 2016, Photosensitizer enhanced disassembly of amphiphilic micelle for ROS-response targeted tumor therapy in vivo, Biomaterials, 104, 1, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.07.002 Yuan, 2016, Light-responsive AIE nanoparticles with cytosolic drug release to overcome drug resistance in cancer cells, Polym. Chem., 7, 3530, 10.1039/C6PY00449K Nomoto, 2014, Three-layered polyplex micelle as a multifunctional nanocarrier platform for light-induced systemic gene transfer, Nat. Commun., 5, 3545, 10.1038/ncomms4545 Yuan, 2015, A photoactivatable AIE polymer for light-controlled gene delivery: concurrent endo/lysosomal escape and DNA unpacking, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 54, 11419, 10.1002/anie.201503640 Lee, 2013, Current progress in reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive materials for biomedical applications, Adv. Healthc. Mater., 2, 908, 10.1002/adhm.201200423 Fischer, 1999, A novel non-viral vector for DNA delivery based on low molecular weight, branched polyethylenimine: effect of molecular weight on transfection efficiency and cytotoxicity, Pharm. Res., 16, 1273, 10.1023/A:1014861900478 Zhang, 2017, Redox-responsive and drug-embedded silica nanoparticles with unique self-destruction features for efficient gene/drug codelivery, Adv. Funct. Mater., 27, 1606229, 10.1002/adfm.201606229 Tu, 2017, Redox-sensitive stomatocyte nanomotors: destruction and drug release in the presence of glutathione, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 129, 7728, 10.1002/ange.201703276 Deng, 2018, Reduction-triggered transformation of disulfide-containing micelles at chemically tunable rates, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Hu, 2018, Redox-responsive biomimetic polymeric micelle for simultaneous anticancer drug delivery and aggregation-induced emission active imaging, Bioconjug. Chem., 29, 1897, 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00119 Wang, 2017, Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems: What can they really do in vivo?, F1000Research, 6, 681, 10.12688/f1000research.9690.1 Han, 2017, Gold and hairpin DNA functionalization of upconversion nanocrystals for imaging and in vivo drug delivery, Adv. Mater., 29, 1700244, 10.1002/adma.201700244 Lyu, 2016, Intraparticle molecular orbital engineering of semiconducting polymer nanoparticles as amplified theranostics for in vivo photoacoustic imaging and photothermal therapy, ACS Nano, 10, 4472, 10.1021/acsnano.6b00168 Liu, 2014, Real-time in vivo quantitative monitoring of drug release by dual-mode magnetic resonance and upconverted luminescence imaging, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 53, 4551, 10.1002/anie.201400900 Zhang, 2015, Engineering melanin nanoparticles as an efficient drug–delivery system for imaging-guided chemotherapy, Adv. Mater., 27, 5063, 10.1002/adma.201502201 Andre, 2006, Molecular classification of breast cancer: implications for selection of adjuvant chemotherapy, Nat. Clin. Pract. Oncol., 3, 621, 10.1038/ncponc0636 Zardavas, 2015, Clinical management of breast cancer heterogeneity, Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol., 12, 381, 10.1038/nrclinonc.2015.73 Liow, 2017, Long-term real-time in vivo drug release monitoring with AIE thermogelling polymer, Small, 13, 1603404, 10.1002/smll.201603404 Dougherty, 1998, Photodynamic therapy, J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 90, 889, 10.1093/jnci/90.12.889 Kalka, 2000, Photodynamic therapy in dermatology, J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 42, 389, 10.1016/S0190-9622(00)90209-3 A, 2009, Application of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in periodontal and peri-implant diseases, Periodontology, 51, 109, 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2009.00302.x Li, 2017, One-step formulation of targeted aggregation-induced emission dots for image-guided photodynamic therapy of cholangiocarcinoma, ACS Nano, 11, 3922, 10.1021/acsnano.7b00312 Ding, 2013, Bioprobes based on AIE fluorogens, Acc. Chem. Res., 46, 2441, 10.1021/ar3003464 Zhang, 2015, In vivo tumor-targeted dual-modal fluorescence/CT imaging using a nanoprobe co-loaded with an aggregation-induced emission dye and gold nanoparticles, Biomaterials, 42, 103, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.11.053 Yu, 2017, Mitochondrion-anchoring photosensitizer with aggregation-induced emission characteristics synergistically boosts the radiosensitivity of cancer cells to ionizing radiation, Adv. Mater., 29, 1606167, 10.1002/adma.201606167