Age, microfacies and depositional environment of the Middle to Late Paleocene shallow-marine carbonates in the Sirt Basin of Libya (Upper Sabil Formation): “Are Intisar domal structures pinnacle reefs?”
Tóm tắt
In the central-eastern Sirt Basin, enigmatic Intisar domal structures host significant hydrocarbon accumulations. These structures have been commonly interpreted as pinnacle reefs/bioherms occurring in the open-marine basinal environment. Generally, pinnacle reefs/bioherms are mainly characterized by in situ carbonates. The current study challenges the Intisar pinnacle reef/bioherm model by examining one of the domal structures in terms of biostratigraphy, microfacies and depositional environment. These structures were dated using larger benthic foraminifera, which yielded a Middle to Late Paleocene age (Selandian–Early Thanetian). Thirteen microfacies types representing different carbonate ramp environments ranging from outer ramp to inner ramp, were defined. Outer ramp deposits have been observed adjacent to the domal structure, represented mainly by wackestone with small benthic and planktonic foraminifera. The outer ramp deposits are most likely isochronous to the domal structures. The lower part of the domal structures is composed mainly of foraminiferal–algal–echinodermal packstones. The upper part is characterized by foraminiferal–algal–echinodermal packstones with intercalated microbialite–coral boundstones. The euphotic inner ramp deposits are preserved on the crest of the domal structure, consisting of grainstone and packstone rich in Glomalveolina. As a result of this study, the Intisar domal structures are seen as erosional relics of a carbonate ramp and no evidence for pinnacle reef/bioherm model was found.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Abadi AM, Van Wees J-D, van Dijk PM, Cloetingh SAPL (2008) Tectonics and subsidence evolution of the Sirt basin. Libya AAPG Bull 92(8):993–1027
Abugares YI (1996) Sedimentology and hydrocarbon potential of the Gir Formation, Sirt Basin, Libya. In: Salem MJ, El-Hawat AS, Sbeta AM (eds) The geology of the sirt basin: first symposium on the sedimentary basins of Libya, vol 2. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 45–64
Afzal J (2010) Evolution of larger benthic foraminifera during the Paleocene-early Eocene interval in the East Tethys (Indus Basin, Pakistan). Dissertation, University of Leicester
Aguirre J, Baceta JI, Braga JC (2007) Recovery of marine primary producers after the Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction: Paleocene calcareous red algae from the Iberian Peninsula. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 249:393–411
Ahlbrandt TS (2001) The Sirte Basin province of Libya-Sirte-Zelten total petroleum system. US Geol Surv Bull 2202-F, pp 29
Ambrose G (2000) The geology and hydrocarbon habitat of the Sarir Sandstone, SE Sirt Basin. Libya J Pet Geol 23(2):165–192
Baceta JI, Pujalte V, Bernaola G (2005) Paleocene coralgal reefs of the western Pyrenean basin, northern Spain: new evidence supporting an earliest Paleogene recovery of reefal ecosystems. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 224:117–143
Bagherpour B, Vaziri MR (2012) Facies, paleoenvironment, carbonate platform and facies changes across Paleocene Eocene of the Taleh Zang Formation in the Zagros Basin, SW-Iran. Hist Biol 24:121–142
Banerjee S (1980) Stratigraphic Lexicon of Libya. Bulletin of the Department of Geological Research and Mining, Tripoli
Barr FT, Weegar AA (1972) Stratigraphic nomenclature of the Sirte Basin. Petroleum Exploration Society of Libya, Tripoli, Libya, p 179
Beavington-Penney SJ, Racey A (2004) Ecology of extant nummulitids and other larger benthic foraminifera: applications in palaeoenvironmental analysis. Earth-Sci Rev 67:219–265
Bebout DG, Pendexter C (1975) Secondary carbonate porosity as related to Early Tertiary depositional facies, Zelten field, Libya. AAPG Bull 59:665–693
Benedetti A (2018) Eocene carbonate clasts in Oligocene siliciclastic sediments of the Trapani Basin (NW Sicily): depositional and stratigraphic significance. Facies 64:14
Benedetti A, Marino M, Pichezzi RM (2018) Paleocene to Lower Eocene larger foraminiferal assemblages from Central Italy: new remarks on biostratigraphy. Riv Ital Paleont Strat 124:73–90
Benedetti A, Consorti L, Schlagintweit F, Rashidi K (2020) Ornatorotalia pila n. sp. from the late Palaeocene of Iran: ecological, evolutionary and paleobiogeographic inferences. Hist Biol. https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2020.1741572
Berggren WA, Aubert J (1975) Paleocene benthonic foraminiferal biostratigraphy, paleobiogeography and paleoecology of Atlantic-Tethyan regions: Midway-type fauna. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 18:73–192
Bezan AM (1996) The Palaeocene sequence in Sirt Basin. In: Salem MJ, Mouzughi AJ, Hammuda OS (eds) The geology of the sirt basin: first symposium on the sedimentary basins of Libya, vol 2. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 97–118
Bosellini FR, Russo A (1992) Stratigraphy and Facies of an Oligocene Fringing Reef (Castro Limestone, Salento Peninsula, Southern Italy). Facies 26:145–166
Bosellini FR, Vescogni A, Kiessling W, Zoboli A, Di Giuseppe A, Papazzoni CA (2020) Revisiting reef models in the Oligocene of northern Italy (Venetian Southern Alps). Boll Soc Paleontol Ital 59(3):337–348
Brady TJ, Campbell NDJ, Maher CE (1980) Intisar ‘D’ oil field, Libya. In: Halbouty MT (ed) Giant oil and gas fields of the decade 1968–1978, AAPG Memoir 30, pp 843–861
Burchette TP, Wright VP (1992) Carbonate ramp depositional systems. Sediment Geol 79:3–57
Butterlin J, Monod O (1969) Biostratigraphie (Paléocene a Eocéne moyen) d’une coupe dans le Taurus de Beyşehir (Turquie). Etude des “Nummulites cordelées” et révision de ce group. Eclogae Geol Helv 62(2):583–604
Consorti L (2019) Köroğlu F (2019) Maastrichtian-Paleocene larger Foraminifera biostratigraphy and facies of the Şahinkaya Member (NE Sakarya Zone, Turkey): insights into the Eastern Pontides arc sedimentary cover. J Asian Earth Sci 183:103965
Corriero G, Pierri C, Mercurio M, Nonnis Marzano C, Tarantini SO, Gravina MF, Lisco S, Moretti M, De Giosa F, Valenzano E, Giangrande A, Mastrodonato M, Longo C, Cardone F (2019) A Mediterranean mesophotic coral reef built by non-symbiotic scleractinians. Sci Rep 9(1):3601. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-40284-4
Ćosović V, Drobne K, Moro A (2004) Paleoenvironmental model for Eocene foraminiferal limestones of the Adriatic carbonate platform (Istrian Peninsula). Facies 50:61–75
Cumings ER, Shrock RR (1928) Niagaran coral reefs of Indiana and adjacent states and their stratigraphic relations. Bull Geol Soc Am 39:579–620
Di Carlo M, Accordi G, Carbone F, Pignatti J (2010) Biostratigraphic analysis of Paleogene lowstand wedge conglomerates of a tectonically active platform margin (Zakynthos Island, Greece). J Mediterr Earth Sci 2:31–92
Drobne K (1977) Alvéolines paléogènes de la Slovénie et de l’Istrie. Mém Suisses Pal 99:132
Dunham RJ (1962) Classification of carbonate rocks according to depositional texture. In: Ham WE (ed) Classification of Carbonate Rocks, AAPG Memoir 1, pp 108–121
Eder W, Hohenegger J, Briguglio A (2018) Test flattening in the larger foraminifer Heterostegina depressa: predicting bathymetry from axial sections. Paleobiology 44(1):76–88
El-Hawat AS, Pawellek T (2004) A field guidebook to the geology of Sirt Basin, Libya. RWE, DEA N/ME
Flügel E (1982) Microfacies Analysis of Limestone. Springer, New York, p 633
Flügel E (2004) Microfacies of carbonate rocks: analysis, interpretation and application. Springer, Berlin, p 976
Ghose BK (1977) Paleoecology of the Cenozoic reefal foraminifers and algae - a brief review. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 22:231–256
Gras R, Thusu B (1998) Trap architecture of the Early Cretaceous Sarir Sandstone in the eastern Sirt Basin, Libya. In: MacGregor DS, Moody RTJ, Clark-Lowes DD (eds) Petroleum geology of North Africa, vol 132. Geological Society, Special Publications, London, pp 317–334
Gumati YD (1992) Lithostratigraphy of oil-bearing Tertiary bioherms in the Sirte Basin. Libya J Pet Geol 15(3):305–318
Halbouty MT, King RE, Klemme HD, Dott RH, Meyerhoff AA (1970) Factors affecting formation of giant oil and gas fields, and basin classification. In: Halbouty MT (ed) Geology of giant petroleum fields-a symposium. AAPG Memoir 14, pp 528–555
Hallett D (2002) Petroleum geology of Libya. Elsevier Science B.V, Amsterdam, p 503
Hallett D, Clark-Lowes D (2016) Petroleum geology of Libya, 2nd edn. Elsevier Inc., Amsterdam, p 404
Harding TP (1984) Graben hydrocarbon occurrences and structural styles. AAPG Bull 68(3):333–362
Hohenegger J (2009) Functional shell geometry of symbiont bearing benthic Foraminifera. Galaxea (japan) 11:81–89
Hottinger L (1960) Recherches sur les Alvéolines du Paléocène et de l’Eocène. Mém Suisses Pal 75(76):243
Hottinger L (1983) Processes determining the distribution of larger foraminifera in space and time. Utrecht Micropaleontol Bull 30:239–253
Hottinger L (1997) Shallow benthic foraminiferal assemblages as signals for depth of their deposition and their limitations. Bull Soc Géol Fr 168:491–505
Hottinger L (2006) The depth-depending ornamentation of some lamellar-perforate foraminifera. Symbiosis 42:141–151
Hottinger L (2009) The Paleocene and earliest Eocene foraminiferal family Miscellaneidae: neither nummulites nor rotaliids. Carnets De Geol. https://doi.org/10.4267/2042/28794
Hottinger L (2014) Paleogene larger rotaliid foraminifera from the western and central Neotethys. Springer International, Berlin
Langenkamp RD (1994) Handbook of oil industry terms and phrases, 5th edn. PennWell, Tulsa
Less G (1998) The zonation of the Mediterranean Upper Paleocene and Eocene by Orthophragminae. Slovenska Akademija Znanosti in Umetnosti, Razred Za Naravoslovne Vede Dela 34(2):21–43
Less G, Özcan E, Báldi-Beke M, Kollányi K (2007) Thanetian and early Ypresian orthophragmines (Foraminifera: Discocyclinidae and Orbitoclypeidae) from the central Western Tethys (Turkey, Italy and Bulgaria) and their revised taxonomy and biostratigraphy. Riv Ital Paleontol S 113(3):419–448
Liebau A (1984) Grundlagen der Ökobathymetrie. Paläontologische Kursbücher 2:149–184
Machaniec E, Jach R, Gradziński M (2011) Morphotype variation of orthophragminids as a paleoecological indicator: A case study of Late Bartonian limestone, Pod Capkami Quarry, Tatra Mts, Poland. Ann Soc Geol Pol 81(2):199–205
Mresah MH (1993) Facies patterns and stratal geometries: Clues to the nature of the platform margin during the Paleocene, northeast Sirte Basin, Libya. Sediment Geol 84:149–167
Mresah MH (1998) The massive dolomitization of platformal and basinal sequences; proposed models from the Paleocene, northeast Sirte Basin, Libya. Sediment Geol 116:199–226
Özcan E, Less G, Okay AI, Yılmaz IÖ (2010) Stratigraphy and larger foraminifera of the Eocene shallow-marine and olistostromal units of the southern part of the Thrace Basin, NW Turkey. Turk J Earth Sci 19:27–77
Papazzoni CA, Cosovic V, Briguglio A, Drobne K (2017) Towards a calibrated larger foraminifera biostratigraphic zonation:celebrating 18 years of the application of shallow benthic zones. Palaios 32:1–5
Pawellek T (2009) From thin sections to discovery: the Upper Satal in the central Sirte Basin (north-central Libya) - a success story. Geotectonic Res 96:87–100
Perry CT (1999) Biofilm-related calcification, sediment trapping and constructive micrite envelopes: a criterion for the recognition of ancient grass-bed environments? Sedimentology 46:33–45
Pignatti J, Papazzoni CA (2017) Oppelzones and their heritage in current larger foraminiferal biostratigraphy. Lethaia 50:369–380
Pomar L (2001) Types of carbonate platforms, a genetic approach. Basin Res 13:313–334
Pomar L, Baceta JI, Hallock P, Mateu-Vicens G, Basso D (2017) Reef building and carbonate production modes in the west-central Tethys during the Cenozoic. Mar Pet Geol 83:261–304
Renema W, Troelstra SR (2001) Larger foraminifera distribution in a mesotrophic carbonate shelf in SW Sulawesi. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 175:125–146
Riding R (2002) Structure and composition of organic reef and carbonate mud mounds: concepts and categories. Earth-Sci Rev 58:163–231
Rusk DC (2001) Libya: Petroleum potential of the underexplored basin centers—a twenty-first-century challenge. In: Downey MW, Threet JC, Morgan WA (eds) Petroleum provinces of the twenty-first century, AAPG Memoir 74, pp 429–452
Sanders D, Baron-Szabo R-C (2005) Scleractinian assemblages under sediment input: their characteristics and relation to the nutrient input concept. Paleogeogr Paleoclimatol Paleoecol 216:139–181
Scheibner C, Reijmer JJG, Marzouk AM, Speijer RP, Kuss J (2003) From platform to basin: the evolution of a Paleocene carbonate margin (Eastern Desert, Egypt). Int J Earth Sci 92:624–640
Scheibner C, Rasser MW, Mutti M (2007) The Campo section (Pyrenees, Spain) revisited: Implications for changing benthic carbonate assemblages across the Paleocene-Eocene boundary. Paleogeogr Paleoclimatol Paleoecol 248:145–168
Schlager W (1981) The paradox of drowned reefs and carbonate platforms. Geol Soc Am Bull 92:197–211
Schlager W (2010) Ordered hierarchy versus scale invariance in sequence stratigraphy. Int J Earth Sci 99:139–151
Serra-Kiel J, Hottinger L, Caus E, Drobne K, Ferrandez C, Jauhri AK, Less G, Pavlovec R, Pignatti J, Samso JM, Schaub H, Sirel E, Strougo A, Tambareau Y, Tosquella J, Zakrevskaya E (1998) Larger Foraminiferal biostratigraphy of the Tethyan Palaeocene and Eocene. Bull Soc Géol Fr 169(2):281–299
Serra-Kiel J, Vicedo V, Baceta JI, Bernaola G, Robador A (2020) Paleocene Larger Foraminifera from the Pyrenean Basin with a recalibration of the Paleocene Shallow Benthic Zone. Geol Acta 18(8):1–69
Sirel E (2009) Reference sections and key localities of the Paleocene Stages and their very shallow/shallow water three new benthic foraminifera in Turkey. Rev Paléobiol 28(2):413–435
Sirel E (2012) Seven new larger benthic foraminiferal genera from the Paleocene of Turkey. Rev De Paleobiologie 31(2):267–301
Sirel E, Acar S (2008) Description and Biostratigraphy of the Thanetian-Bartonian Glomalveolinids and Alveolinids of Turkey. Scientific Synthesis of the Lifelong Achievement, TMMOB, UCTEA, Special 2:108
Sirel E, Deveciler A (2018) Diagnostic structural elements of Ranikothalia Caudri and redescription of its six species from Thanetian-Ilerdian of Turkey. J Palaeontol Soc India 63(1):19–36
Sirel E (1998) Foraminiferal description and biostratigraphy of the Paleocene-Eocene shallow water limestones and discussion of the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in Turkey. Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA), General Directorate, Ankara, Monography Series 2, pp 117
Sluijs A et al (2008) Eustatic variations during the Paleocene-Eocene greenhouse world. Paleoceanography 23:PA4216. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008PA001615
Španiček J, Ćosović V, Mrinjek E, Vlahović I (2017) Early Eocene evolution of carbonate depositional environments recorded in the Čikola Canyon (North Dalmatian Foreland Basin, Croatia). Geol Croat 70:11–25
Spring D, Hansen OP (1998) The influence of platform morphology and sea level on the development of a carbonate sequence: the Harash Formation, eastern Sirte Basin, Libya. In: MacGregor DS, Moody RTJ, Clark-Lowes DD (eds) Petroleum geology of North Africa, vol 132. Geological Society, Special Publications, London, pp 335–354
Swei GH (2010) Sedimentology and Petroleum Geology of the Gialo Formation (Middle Eocene) Sirt Basin, Libya. Dissertation, Durham University
Terry CE, Williams JJ (1969) The Idris ‘A’ bioherm and oilfield, Sirte Basin, Libya; its commercial development, regional Palaeocene geologic setting and stratigraphy. In: Hepple P (ed) The exploration for petroleum in Europe and North Africa. Institute of Petroleum, London, pp 31–48
Vescogni A, Bosellini FR, Papazzoni CA, Giusberti L, Roghi G, Fornaciari E, Dominici S, Zorzin R (2016) Coralgal buildups associated with the Bolca Fossil-Lagerstätten: new evidence from the Ypresian of Monte Postale (NE Italy). Facies 62:21
Vicedo V, Robles-Salcedo R, Serra-Kiel J, Hidalgo C, Razin Ph, Grélaud C (2021) Biostratigraphy and Evolution of the Larger Rotaliid Foraminifera in the Cretaceous Paleogene transition of the Southern Oman mountains. Pap Palaeontol 7(1):1–26
Vršič A, Machaniec E, Gawlick H-J (2021) Middle to Late Paleocene larger benthic foraminifera from the Sirt Basin (Libya). Rev De Micropaleontol 71:100481
Wenger LM, Pottorf RJ, Macleod G, Otten G, Dreyfus S, Justwan H, Wood ES (2009) Drill-bit metamorphism: recognition and impact on show evaluation. SPE ATCE. https://doi.org/10.2118/125218-MS
Wilson JL (1974) Characteristics of carbonate-platform margins. AAPG Bull 58(5):810–824
Wilson JL (1975) Carbonate facies in geologic history. Springer, New York, p 471
Zamagni J, Mutti M, Kosir A (2008) Evolution of shallow benthic communities during the Late Paleocene-earliest Eocene transition in the Northern Tethys (SW Slovenia). Facies 54:25–43
Zamagni J, Košir A, Mutti M (2009) The first microbialite-coral mounds in the Cenozoic (Uppermost Paleocene) from the Northern Tethys (Slovenia): environmentally triggered phase shifts preceding the PETM? Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 274:1–17
Zamagni J, Mutti M, Košir A (2012) The evolution of mid Paleocene-early Eocene coral communities: How to survive during rapid global warming. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 317–318:48–65