Adverse Effects from Clenbuterol and Ractopamine on Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and the Underlying Mechanism

TY Chan, 1999, Health hazards due to clenbuterol residues in food, J Toxicol Clin Toxicol, 37, 517, 10.1081/CLT-100102525

M Yen, 2012, Toxicity of weight loss agents, J Med Toxicol, 8, 145, 10.1007/s13181-012-0213-7

P Badino, 2008, Steroid and beta-adrenergic receptor modifications in target organs of broiler chickens fed with a diet containing beta2-adrenergic agents, Food Chem Toxicol, 46, 2239, 10.1016/j.fct.2008.02.025

J Chai, 2013, Investigation on potential enzyme toxicity of clenbuterol to trypsin, Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc

MJ Yaeger, 2012, Myocardial toxicity in a group of greyhounds administered ractopamine, Vet Pathol, 49, 569, 10.1177/0300985811424752

EB Lust, 2011, Human health hazards of veterinary medications: information for emergency departments, J Emerg Med, 40, 198, 10.1016/j.jemermed.2009.09.026

G Mazzanti, 2007, A pharmacodynamic study on clenbuterol-induced toxicity: beta1- and beta2-adrenoceptors involvement in guinea-pig tacchycardia in an <italic>in vitro</italic> model, Food Chem Toxicol, 45, 1694, 10.1016/j.fct.2007.03.002

RJ Hoffman, 2001, Clenbuterol ingestion causing prolonged tachycardia, hypokalemia, and hypophosphatemia with confirmation by quantitative levels, J Toxicol Clin Toxicol, 39, 339, 10.1081/CLT-100105152

P Bilkoo, 2007, Clenbuterol toxicity: an emerging epidemic. A case report and review, Conn Med, 71, 89

T Gojmerac, 2002, Effects of repeated growth-promoting doses of clenbuterol on the hepatic function of female pigs, Vet Hum Toxicol, 44, 269

SN Patiyal, 2005, Beta-adrenoceptor agonist clenbuterol down-regulates matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-9) and results in an impairment of collagen turnover in mice left ventricle, Jpn J Physiol, 55, 165, 10.2170/jjphysiol.R2118

D Downie, 2008, Clenbuterol increases muscle fiber size and GATA-2 protein in rat skeletal muscle in utero, Mol Reprod Dev, 75, 785, 10.1002/mrd.20795

A Douillard, 2011, Time course in calpain activity and autolysis in slow and fast skeletal muscle during clenbuterol treatment, Can J Physiol Pharmacol, 89, 117, 10.1139/Y10-114

A Douillard, 2012, Calpastatin overexpression in the skeletal muscle of mice prevents clenbuterol-indcued muscle hypertrophy and phenotypic shift, Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol, 39, 364, 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2012.05677.x

S Brenner, 1974, The genetics of <italic>Caenorhabditis elegans</italic>, Genetics, 77, 71, 10.1093/genetics/77.1.71

MCK Leung, 2008, <italic>Caenorhabditis elegans</italic>: an emerging model in biomedical and environmental toxicology, Toxicol Sci, 106, 5, 10.1093/toxsci/kfn121

Y-L Zhao, 2012, Formation and regulation of adaptive response in nematode <italic>Caenorhabditis elegans</italic>, Oxid Med Cell Longev, 2012, 564093

Y-L Zhao, 2013, Translocation, transfer, and in vivo safety evaluation of engineered nanomaterials in the non-mammalian alternative toxicity assay model of nematode <italic>Caenorhabditis elegans</italic>, RSC Adv, 3, 5741, 10.1039/c2ra22798c

RL Sprando, 2009, A method to rank order water soluble compounds according to their toxicity using <italic>Caenorhabditis elegans</italic>, a Complex Object Parametric Analyzer and Sorteer, and axenic liquid media, Food Chem Toxicol, 7, 722, 10.1016/j.fct.2009.01.007

D Avila, 2012, The <italic>Caenorhabditis elegans</italic> model as a reliable tool in neurotoxicology, Human Exp Toxicol, 31, 236, 10.1177/0960327110392084

SG Donkin, 1993, A soil toxicity test using the nematode <italic>Caenorhabditis elegans</italic> and an effective method of recovery, Arch Environ Contam Toxicol, 25, 145, 10.1007/BF00212125

D-Y Wang, 2007, Silver exposure causes transferable defects of phenotypes and behaviors in nematode <italic>Caenorhabditis elegans</italic>, Environ BioIndic, 2, 89, 10.1080/15555270701457695

Y-O Hu, 2008, Phenotypic and behavioral defects induced by iron exposure can be transferred to progeny in <italic>Caenorhabditis elegans</italic>, Biomed Environ Sci, 21, 467, 10.1016/S0895-3988(09)60004-0

X-J Xing, 2009, Exposure to metals induces morphological and functional alteration of AFD neurons in nematode <italic>Caenorhabditis elegans</italic>, Environ Toxicol Pharmacol, 28, 104, 10.1016/j.etap.2009.03.006

X-J Xing, 2009, The lethality toxicities induced by metal exposure during development in nematode <italic>Caenorhabditis elegans</italic>, Bull Environ Contam Toxicol, 83, 530, 10.1007/s00128-009-9816-3

A Benedetto, 2010, Extracellular dopamine potentiates Mn-induced oxidative stress, lifespan reduction, and dopaminergic neurodegeneration in a BLI-3-dependent manner in <italic>Caenorhabditis elegans</italic>, PLoS Genet, 6, e1001084, 10.1371/journal.pgen.1001084

Y-F Zhang, 2010, Effects of metal exposure on associative learning behavior in nematode <italic>Caenorhabditis elegans</italic>, Arch Environ Contam Toxicol, 59, 129, 10.1007/s00244-009-9456-y

B Jiang, 2011, Sodium sulfite is a potential hypoxia inducer that mimics hypoxic stress in <italic>Caenorhabditis elegans</italic>, J Biol Inorg Chem, 16, 267, 10.1007/s00775-010-0723-1

P-D Liu, 2012, Exposure to mercury causes formation of male-specific structural deficits by inducing oxidative damage in nematodes, Ecotoxicol Environ Safety, 79, 90, 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.12.007

Q-L Wu, 2012, Chromium exhibits adverse effects at environmental relevant concentrations in chronic toxicity assay system of nematode <italic>Caenorhabditis elegans</italic>, Chemosphere, 87, 1281, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.01.035

Z Yu, 2012, Toxic and recovery effects of copper on <italic>Caenorhabditis elegans</italic> by various food-borne and water-borne pathways, Chemosphere, 87, 1361, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.02.029

Y-H Li, 2009, Induction of chemotaxis to sodium chloride and diacetyl and thermotaxis defects by microcystin-LR exposure in nematode <italic>Caenorhabditis elegans</italic>, J Environ Sci, 21, 971, 10.1016/S1001-0742(08)62370-0

Q-L Ruan, 2009, Evaluation of pesticide toxicities with differing mechanisms using <italic>Caenorhabditis elegans</italic>, J Toxicol Environ Health A, 72, 746, 10.1080/15287390902841532

WA Boyd, 2009, Application of a mathematical model to describe the effects of chlorpyrifos on <italic>Caenorhabditis elegans</italic> development, PLoS ONE, 4, e7204

MCK Leung, 2010, <italic>Caenorhabditis elegans</italic> generates biologically relevant levels of genotoxic metabolites from aflatoxin B1 but not benzo[α]pyrene <italic>in vivo</italic>, Toxicol Sci, 118, 444, 10.1093/toxsci/kfq295

J-J Ju, 2013, Neurotoxicological evaluation of microcystin-LR exposure at environmental relevant concentrations on nematode <italic>Caenorhabditis elegans</italic>, Environ Sci Pollut Res, 20, 1823, 10.1007/s11356-012-1151-2

Q Rui, 2009, Administration of <italic>Bushenkangshuai Tang</italic> alleviates the UV irradiation- and oxidative stress-induced lifespan defects in nematode <italic>Caenorhabditis elegans</italic>, Front Med China, 3, 76, 10.1007/s11684-009-0002-0

S Shashikumar, 2011, α-Tocopherol ameliorates cypermethrin-induced toxicity and oxidative stress in the nematode <italic>Caenorhabditis elegans</italic>, Ind J Biochem Biophy, 48, 191

JS Sangha, 2012, Liuwei Dihuang (LWDH), a traditional Chinese medicinal formula, protects against β-amyloid toxicity in transgenic <italic>Caenorhabditis elegans</italic>, PLoS ONE, 7, e43990, 10.1371/journal.pone.0043990

Y-P Li, 2013, High concentration of vitamin E decreases thermosensation and thermotaxis learning and the underlying mechanisms in nematode <italic>Caenorhabditis elegans</italic>, PLoS ONE, 8, e71180, 10.1371/journal.pone.0071180

A Pluskota, 2009, In <italic>Caenorhabditis elegans</italic> nanoparticle-bio-interactions become transparent: silica-nanoparticles induce reproductive senescence, PLoS ONE, 4, e6622, 10.1371/journal.pone.0006622

J Roh, 2009, Ecotoxicity of silver nanoparticles on the soil nematode <italic>Caenorhabditis elegans</italic> using functional ecotoxicogenomics, Environ Sci Technol, 43, 3933, 10.1021/es803477u

S-H Yu, 2011, Close association of intestinal autofluorescence with the formation of severe oxidative damage in intestine of nematodes chronically exposed to Al₂O₃-nanoparticle, Environ Toxicol Pharmacol, 32, 233, 10.1016/j.etap.2011.05.008

Y-X Li, 2012, Chronic Al₂O₃-nanoparticle exposure causes neurotoxic effects on locomotion behaviors by inducing severe ROS production and disruption of ROS defense mechanisms in nematode <italic>Caenorhabditis elegans</italic>, J Hazard Mater, 219–220, 221

Y-X Li, 2012, Molecular control of TiO₂-NPs toxicity formation at predicted environmental relevant concentrations by Mn-SODs proteins, PLoS ONE, 7, e44688, 10.1371/journal.pone.0044688

Q-L Wu, 2012, Evaluation of environmental safety concentrations of DMSA coated Fe₂O₃-NPs using different assay systems in nematode <italic>Caenorhabditis elegans</italic>, PLoS ONE, 7, e43729, 10.1371/journal.pone.0043729

Q-L Wu, 2013, Comparison of toxicities from three metal oxide nanoparticles at environmental relevant concentrations in nematode <italic>Caenorhabditis elegans</italic>, Chemosphere, 90, 1123, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.09.019

A Nouara, 2013, Carboxylic acid functionalization prevents the translocation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes at predicted environmental relevant concentrations into targeted organs of nematode <italic>Caenorhabditis elegans</italic>, Nanoscale, 5, 6088, 10.1039/c3nr00847a

Y-X Li, 2013, Transmissions of serotonin, dopamine and glutamate are required for the formation of neurotoxicity from Al₂O₃-NPs in nematode <italic>Caenorhabditis elegans</italic>, Nanotoxicology, 7, 1004, 10.3109/17435390.2012.689884

Y-L Zhao, 2013, The <italic>in vivo</italic> underlying mechanism for recovery response formation in nano-titanium dioxide exposed <italic>Caenorhabditis elegans</italic> after transfer to the normal condition, Nanomedicine: Nanotechnol Biol Med

Y Qu, 2011, Full assessment of fate and physiological behavior of quantum dots utilizing <italic>Caenorhabditis elegans</italic> as a model organism, Nano Lett, 11, 3174, 10.1021/nl201391e

Q-L Wu, 2013, Contributions of altered permeability of intestinal barrier and defecation behavior to toxicity formation from graphene oxide in nematode <italic>Caenorhabditis elegans</italic>, Nanoscale, 5, 9934, 10.1039/c3nr02084c

Q-L Wu, 2011, Association of oxidative stress with the formation of reproductive toxicity from mercury exposure on hermaphrodite nematode <italic>Caenorhabditis elegans</italic>, Environ Toxicol Pharmacol, 32, 175, 10.1016/j.etap.2011.04.009

D-Y Wang, 2010, Formation of combined Ca/Cd toxicity on lifespan of nematode <italic>Caenorhabditis elegans</italic>, Ecotoxicol Environ Safety, 73, 1221, 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2010.05.002

B-P Ye, 2010, Metallothioneins are required for formation of cross-adaptation response to neurobehavioral toxicity from lead and mercury exposure in nematodes, PLoS ONE, 5, e14052, 10.1371/journal.pone.0014052

LR Lapierre, 2012, Lessons from <italic>C. elegans</italic>: signaling pathways for longevity, Trends Endocrinol Metab, 23, 637, 10.1016/j.tem.2012.07.007

CJ Kenyon, 2010, The genetics of ageing, Nature, 464, 504, 10.1038/nature08980

J Apfeld, 2004, The AMP-activated protein kinase AAK-2 links energy levels and insulin-like signals to lifespan in <italic>C. elegans</italic>, Genes Dev, 18, 3004, 10.1101/gad.1255404

R Zoucu, 2011, mTOR: from growth signal integration to cancer, diabetes and ageing, Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol, 12, 21, 10.1038/nrm3025

JM Tullet, 2008, Direct inhibition of the longevity-promoting factor SKN-1 by insulin-like signaling in <italic>C. elegans</italic>, Cell, 132, 1025, 10.1016/j.cell.2008.01.030

PL Williams, 1990, Aquatic toxicity testing using the nematode <italic>Caenorhabditis elegans</italic>, Environ Toxicol Chem, 9, 1285, 10.1002/etc.5620091007

D-Y Wang, 2010, Pretreatment with mild UV irradiation increases the resistance of nematode <italic>Caenorhabditis elegans</italic> to toxicity on locomotion behavior from metal exposure, Environ Toxicol Pharmacol, 29, 213, 10.1016/j.etap.2010.01.002

L-L Shen, 2010, Genes required for the functions of olfactory AWA neuron regulate the longevity of <italic>Caenorhabditis elegans</italic> in an insulin/IGF signaling-dependent fashion, Neurosci Bull, 26, 91, 10.1007/s12264-010-0162-6

L-L Shen, 2010, Regulation of longevity by genes required for the functions of AIY interneuron in nematode <italic>Caenorhabditis elegans.</italic>, Mech Ageing Dev, 131, 732, 10.1016/j.mad.2010.10.005

K-W He, 2009, Regulation of aging by <italic>unc-13</italic> and <italic>sbt-1</italic> is temperature dependent in <italic>Caenorhabditis elegans</italic>, Neurosci Bull, 25, 335, 10.1007/s12264-009-6123-2

D-Y Wang, 2013, Methods for creating mutations in <italic>C. elegans</italic> that extend lifespan, Methods Mol Biol, 1048, 65, 10.1007/978-1-62703-556-9_6

C Mello, 1995, DNA transformation, Methods Cell Biol, 48, 451, 10.1016/S0091-679X(08)61399-0