Advances in the management of short bowel syndrome

Wilmore DW, Robinson MK: Short bowel syndrome. World J Surg 2000, 24:1486–1492.

Buchman AL, Scolapio J, Fryer S: AGA technical review on short bowel syndrome and intestinal transplantation. Gastroenterology 2003, 124:1111–1134. A thorough review of the physiology, management, and complications related to intestinal failure due to short bowel syndrome. It also addresses the current medical and surgical therapies available.

Shanbhogue LKR, Molenaar JC: Short-bowel syndrome: Metabolic and surgical management. Br J Surg 1994, 81:486–499.

Vandefhoof JA, Langnas AN: Short bowel syndrome in children and adults. Gastroenterology 1997, 113:1767–1778.

Scolapio JS: Short bowel syndrome. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2002, 26:S11-S16.

Norgaard I, Hansen BS, Mortensen PB: Importance of colonic support for energy absorption as small-bowel failure proceeds. Am J Clin Nutr 1996, 64:222–231.

Koffeman GI, Van Gemert WG, George EK, et al.: Classification, epidemiology and aetiology. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2003, 17:879–893.

Philips SF, Giller J: The contribution of the colon to electrolyte and water conservation in man. J Lab Clin Med 1973, 81:733–746.

Debongnie JC, Philips SF: Capacity of the colon to absorb fluid. Gastroenterology 1978, 74:698–703.

Ladefoged K, Olgaard K: Fluid and electrolyte absorption and renin-angiotensin-aldostrone axis in patients with severe short bowel syndrome. Scand J Gastroenterology 1979, 14:729–735.

Ladjd K, Olgaard K: Sodium homeostasis after small bowel resection. Scand J Gastroenterology 1985, 20:361–369.

Nightingale J, Lennard JJE, Gertner DJ, et al.: Colonic preservation reduces the need for parenteral therapy, increases the incidence of renal stones but does not change the high prevalence of gallstones in patients with short bowel. Gut 1992, 33:1493–1497.

Fawcett SL, Cousins RJ: Magnesium poisoning following enema of Epsom salt solution. JAMA 1943, 123:1028–1029.

Hylander E, Ladefoged K, Jarnum S: Calcium absorption after intestinal resection: the importance of preserved colon. Scand J Gastroenterol 1990, 25:705–710.

Ruppin H, Bar MS, Soergela KH, et al.: Absorption of short chain fatty acids by the colon. Gastroenterology 1980, 78:1500–1507.

Norgaard I, Hansen BS, Mortensen PB: Colon as a digestive organ in patients with short bowel. Lancet 1994, 343:373–376. A study showing that the large intestine plays an important role in the digestion of carbohydrates, has the ability to prevent the loss of calories, and can be an important factor in maintaining the nutritional status in SBS.

Buchman A, Kotler D, Abu-Elmagd K: Practical approach to the management of short bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology Endoscopy News July 2004. http://www.gastroendonews.com

Jeppesen PB, Mortensen PB: Experimental approaches: dietary and hormone therapy. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroeneterol 2003, 17:1041–1054.

Vanderhoof JA, Young RJ: Enteral and parenteral nutrition in the care of patients with short bowel syndrome. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2003, 17:997–1015.

Emmett M, Guirl MJ, Porter JL, et al.: Conjugated bile acid replacment therapy reduces urinary oxalate excretion in short bowel syndrome. Am J Kidney Dis 2003, 41:230–237.

Kapral C, Wewalka F, Praxmarer V, et al.: Conjugated bile acid replacement therapy in short bowel syndrome patients with a residual colon. Zeitschrift fur Gastroenterologie 2004, 42:583–589.

Furst T, Bott C, Stein J, Dressman JB: Enteric coated cholylsarcosine microgranules for the treatment of short bowel syndrome. J Pharm Pharmacol 2005, 57:53–60.

Drucker DJ: Glucagon-like peptides: regulators of cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Mol Endocrinol 2003, 17:161–171.

Jeppesen PB, Hartmann B, Thulesen J, et al.: Glucagon-like peptide-2 improves nutrient absorption and nutritional status in short bowel patients with no colon. Gastroenterology 2001, 120:806–815. Treatment with GLP-2 improves intestinal absorption and nutritional status in patients with SBS in whom the terminal ileum and the colon have been resected.

Tappenden KA, Bartholome AL, Demchyshyn L, et al.: ALX-0600, a glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) analog, enhances intestinal structure and function in patients with short bowel syndrome (SBS). Gastroenterology 2002, 122(S1250):A-192.

Jeppesen PB, Gottschlack I, Mortensen PB, et al.: Long-term treatment with glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) in patients with short bowel syndrome, compliance, safety and effects on dietary intake and absorption evaluated in a 53 week study. Gastroenterology 2005, 128(Suppl 2);A-57.

Ellegard L, Bosaeus I, Nordgren S, et al.: Low dose recombinant human growth hormone increases body weight and lean body mass in patients with short bowel syndrome. Ann Surg 1997, 225:88–96.

Scolapio JS, Camilleri M, Fleming CR, et al.: Effect of growth hormone, glutamine, and diet on adaptation in short bowel syndrome: a randomized controlled study. Gastroenterology 1997, 113:1074–1081.

Szkudlarek J, Jeppesen PB, Mortensen PB: Effect of high dose growth hormone with glutamine and no change in diet on intestinal absorption in short bowel patients: a randomized double blind, crossover, placebo controlled study. Gut 2000, 47:199–205.

Byrne TA, Lautz DB, Iyer KR, et al.: Recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) reduces parenteral nutrition in patients with short bowel syndrome: a prospective, randomized, double blind placebo-controlled trial. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2003, 27:S17.

Seguy D, Vahedi K, Kapel N, et al.: Low dose growth hormone in adult home parenteral nutrition-dependent short bowel syndrome patients: a positive study. Gastroenterology 2003, 124:293–302.

Crenn P, Morin MC, Joly F, et al.: Net digestive absorption and adaptive hyperphagia in adult short bowel patients. Gut 2004, 53:1279–1286. This study shows that hyperphagia plays a positive role in the process of intestinal adaptation by increasing energy and nitrogen absorption.

Valdovinos MA, Camilleri M, Zimmerman BR: Chronic diarrhea in diabetes mellitus: mechanisms and an approach to diagnosis and treatment. Mayo Clin Proc 1993, 68:691–702.

Rabbani GH, Butler T, Patte D, et al.: Clinical trial of clonidine hydrochloride as an antisecretory agent in cholera. Gastroenterology 1989, 97:321–325.

McDoniel K, Taylor B, Huey W, et al.: Use of clonidine to decrease intestinal fluid losses in patients with high-output short bowel syndrome. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2004, 28:265–268.

Buchman AL, Wallin A, Fryer J, et al.: Clonidine reduces fecal weight and sodium losses modestly in some patients with proximal jejunostomy. Gastroenterology 2005, 128(Suppl 2): A-57(399).

Windmueller HG, Spaeth AE: Source and fate of circulating citrulline. Am J Physiol 1981, 241:E472.

Salway J: The ornithine cycle for the production of urea, "the urea cycle". In Metabolism at a Glance, edn 2. Edited by Smith RJ and Weir GC. Oxford: Blackwell Science; 1999: 40–42.

Windmueller HG, Spaeth AE: Respiratory fuels and nitrogen metabolism in vivo in small intestine of fed rats: quantitative importance of glutamine, glutamate, and aspartate. J Biol Chem 1980, 255:107–112.

Crenn P, Coudray-Lucas C, Thuillier F, et al.: Postabsorptive plasma citrulline concentration is a marker of absorptive enterocyte mass and intestinal failure in humans. Gastroenterology 2000, 119:1496–1505. A single-center experience of the potential predictive role of citrulline.

Buchman AL, Moukarzel A, Goodson B, et al.: Catheter-related infection associated with home parenteral nutrition and predictive factors for the need for catheter removal in their treatment JPEN. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1994, 18:297–302.

Cavicchi M, Beau P, Crenn P, et al.: Prevalence of liver disease and contributing factors in patients receiving home parenteral nutrition for permanent intestinal failure. Ann Intern Med 2000, 132:525–532.

Iyer KR, Thompson J, Horslen S, et al.: Surgical management of intestinal failure in an intestinal rehabilitation program initial experience [abstract]. Gastroenterology 2002, 123:43.

Todo S, Reyes J, Furukawa H, et al.: Outcome analysis of 71 clinical intestinal transplantations. Ann Surg 1995, 222:270–280.

Carreno MR, Kato T, Weppler D, et al.: Induction therapy with daclizumab as part of immunosuppressive regimen in human small bowel and multiorgan transplants. Transplant Proc 2001, 33:1015–1017.

Sudan DL, Chinnakotla S, Horslen S, et al.: Basilixmab decreases the incidence of acute rejection after intestinal transplantation. Transplant Proc 2002, 34:940–941.

Reyes J, Mazariegos GV, Bond GJ: Rabbit anti-thymocyte (RATG) preconditioning and induction for pediatric transplantation [abstract]. Pediatr Transplant 2003, 7:368–369.

Tzakis AG, Kato T, Nishida S, et al.: Preliminary experience with campath 1H (C1H) in intestinal and liver transplantation. Transplantation 2003, 75:1227–1231.

Fishbein TM, Florman SS, Gondolesi G, et al.: Intestinal transplantation before and after the introduction of sirolimus. Transplantation 2002, 27:73:1538.

Paramesh AS, Grosskreutz C, Florman SS, et al.: Thrombotic microangiopathy associated with combined sirolimus and tacrolimus immunosuppression after intestinal transplantation. Transplantation 2004, 77:129–131.

Saikali JA, Truong LD, Suki W: Sirolimus may promote thrombotic microangiopathy. Am J Transplant 2003, 3:229–230.

Franco A, Hernandez D, Capdevilla L, and the HUS-Sirolimus Spanish Study Group. De novo hemolytic-uremic syndrome thrombotic microangiopathy in renal transplant patients receiving calcineurin inhibitors: role of sirolimus. Transplant Proc 2003, 35:1764–1766.

Pappas PA, Tzakis AG, Saudubray JM, et al.: Trends in serum citrulline and acute rejection among recipients of small bowel transplants. Transplant Proc 2004, 36:345–347.

Gondolesi G, Fishbein T, Chehade M, et al.: Serum citrulline is a potential marker for rejection in intestinal allografts. Transplant Proc 2002, 34:918–920.

Annual Report of the U.S. Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients and the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network. Richmond, VA: Transplant Data Sources and Services Administration, Office of Special Programs, Division of Transplantation, United Network of Organ Sharing; 2003. A complete summary of transplantation based on registry data as of 2003.

Todo S, Tzakis AG, Abu-Elmagd K, et al.: Intestinal transplantation in composite visceral grafts or alone. Ann Surg 1992, 216:223–233.

Fishbein TM, Kaufman SS, Florman SS, et al.: Isolated intestinal transplantation: proof of clinical efficacy. Transplantation 2003, 76:636–640. The results of a single-center experience on the effectiveness of isolated intestinal transplantation in the early failing liver.