Advanced treatment of effluent extended aeration process using biological aerated filter (BAF) with natural media: modification in media, design and backwashing process

AMB Express - Tập 11 Số 1 - 2021
Mohammad Malakootian1, Ali Toolabi2, Siavash Hosseini3
1Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
2Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
3Environmental Health Engineering Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran

Tóm tắt

AbstractBiological aerated filters (BAFs) have high filtration efficiency due to their tolerance of hydraulic and organic shocks are suitable for the treatment of complex and sanitary wastewater. In this study, for the first time, natural media of date kernel from Bam city was used as the BAF reactor media, with a meshing sand filter separated by a standard metal grid from the natural filter section used at the end of the reactor. This can be considered an innovation in the media and filtration. Aeration in the related reactor with 160 cm height was performed bilaterally as up-flow and continuously by nozzles throughout the reactor media. In this work, the actual effluent of the hospital wastewater treatment plant was employed as the inflow wastewater to the reactor, and its organic and inorganic parameters were measured before and after the treatment by the BAF reactor. The backwashing process was also studied in three ways: bottom backwashing (TB), top backwashing (BB), and top and bottom backwashing (TBBS), to determine the amount of water consumed and to achieve the desired result. According to the results obtained in this study, the removal efficiencies of inorganic and microbial contaminants, amoxicillin and azithromycin were obtained as follows: BOD5: 98.48%, COD: 92.42%, $${\text{NO}}_{3}^{ - }$$ NO 3 - : 99.4%, P: 93.3%, Coliforms: 97%, Color: 42.8%, Turbidity: 95%, Sulphate: 30%, TSS: 98.9%, Amoxicillin: 20% and azithromycin: 13%. In the backwashing process, the amount of water consumed in these three TB, BB, and TBBS methods were obtained 300, 164, and 118 L, respectively, So, TBBS method was selected as the optimal method. Based on the results obtained in this study, it is concluded that the BAF process with natural date kernel has a high efficiency in removing organic and inorganic contaminants from hospital wastewater, also the concentration of most of the effluent parameters was less or in accordance with EPA standard.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Aboltina B, Aboltins A, Adadi P, Akhmedov S, Al-tawaha A, Ataei R, Bartolini S, Bi J, Birgere L, Blumberga D (2017) Anaerobic co-digestion of oil refinery wastewater and chicken manure to produce biogas, and kinetic parameters determination in batch reactors. Agron Res 15(5):1983–1996

Abouelela EL, Hellal MS, Aly OH, Aboelenin SA (2019) Decentralized wastewater treatment using passively aerated biological filter. Environ Technol 40:250–260

Althubiani AS, Ahmadkhan MS (2017) The prebiotic properties of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L) seeds in stimulating probiotic lactobacillus. J Pure Appl Microbiol 11:1675–1686

Alkarkhi AF, Ahmad A, Ismail N, Easa A, Omar K (2008) Assessment of surface water through multivariate analysis. J Sustain Dev 1:27–33

Amin MM, Bina B, Ebrahimi A, Yavari Z, Mohammadi F, Rahimi S (2018) The occurrence, fate, and distribution of natural and synthetic hormones in different types of wastewater treatment plants in Iran. Chin J Chem Eng 26:1132–1139

Antoniou M, Hey G, Vega S, Spiliotopoulou A, Fick J, Tysklind M, Lacour J, Andersen H (2013) Required ozone doses for removing pharmaceuticals from wastewater effluents. Sci Tot Environ 456:42–49

Baliga MS, Baliga BRV, Kandathil SM, Bhat HP, Vayalil PK (2011) A review of the chemistry and pharmacology of the date fruits (Phoenix dactylifera L.). Food Res Int 44:1812–1822

Besbes S, Blecker C, Deroanne C, Bahloul N, Lognay G, Ne D, Attia H (2004a) Date seed oil: phenolic, tocopherol and sterol profiles. J Food Lipids 11:251–265

Besbes S, Blecker C, Deroanne C, Drira N, Attia H (2004b) Date seeds: chemical composition and characteristic profiles of the lipid fraction. Food Chem 84:577–584

Beszedes S, Jákói Z, Lemmer B, Hodúr C (2018) Enhanced biodegradability of dairy sludge by microwave assisted alkaline and acidic pre-treatments. Rev Agricult Rural Dev 7:92–97

Biao Y, Tao T, Peng Z (2007) Application of biofor baf to municipal sewage treatment. J China Water Wastewater 20:1–12

Bilotta G, Brazier R (2008) Understanding the influence of suspended solids on water quality and aquatic biota. Water Res 42:2849–2861

Blumenthal UJ, Mara D, Peasey A, Ruiz-palacios G, Stott R (2000) Guidelines for the microbiological quality of treated wastewater used in agriculture: recommendations for revising who guidelines. Bull World Health Organ 78:1104–1116

Böhm R (2007) Pathogenic agents. In: Waste management series 8, chap 9. Elsevier, pp 177–198

Cazorla R, Romero G, Frenich A, Maresca M, Vidal J (2014) Simultaneous analysis of antibiotics in biological samples by ultra high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 89:203–212

Chandrasekaran M, Bahkali AH (2013) Valorization of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) fruit processing by-products and wastes using bioprocess technology—review. Saudi J Biol Sci 20:105–120

Dehdivan N, Panahi B (2017) Physicochemical properties of seeds and seeds oil extracted from iranian date palm cultivars. Biol Forum Int J 9:139–144

Ding P, Chu L, Wang J (2018) Advanced treatment of petrochemical wastewater by combined ozonation and biological aerated filter. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25:9673–9682

Evans T, Lechevallier M, Waarvick C, Seidler R (1981) Coliform species recovered from untreated surface water and drinking water by the membrane filter, standard, and modified most-probable-number techniques. Appl Environ Microbiol 41:657–663

Gehr R, Wagner M, Veerasubramanian P, Payment P (2003) Disinfection efficiency of peracetic acid, UV and ozone after enhanced primary treatment of municipal wastewater. Water Res 37:4573–4586

Gros M, Petrović M, Barceló D (2007) Wastewater treatment plants as a pathway for aquatic contamination by pharmaceuticals in the Ebro river basin (northeast Spain). Environ Toxicol Chem Int J 26:1553–1562

Gurjar D, Singh R, Kaur R, Singh K (2019) Short-term impact of wastewater irrigation on chemical soil health in tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa). Indian J Agric Sci 89:439–444

Huang G, Meng F, Zheng X, Wang Y, Wang Z, Liu H, Jekel M (2011) Biodegradation behavior of natural organic matter (nom) in a biological aerated filter (baf) as a pretreatment for ultrafiltration (uf) of river water. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 90:1795–1803

Jianguang L (2003) Experiment on aerated biofilter treating hospital wastewater. Water Wastewater Eng 4:1–13

Kamika I, Mn M (2013) Assessing the resistance and bioremediation ability of selected bacterial and protozoan species to heavy metals in metal-rich industrial wastewater. BMC Microbiol 13:28

Kovalova L, Siegrist H, Von G, Eugster J, Hagenbuch M, Wittmer A, Moser R, Mcardell C (2013) Elimination of micropollutants during post-treatment of hospital wastewater with powdered activated carbon, ozone, and UV. Environ Sci Technol 47:7899–7908

Lee S, Bai H, Liu Z, Sun D (2013) Novel-structured electrospun Tio2/Cuo composite nanofibers for high efficient photocatalytic cogeneration of clean water and energy from dye wastewater. Water Res 47:4059–4073

Liu YX, Yang TO, Yuan D, Wu Y (2010) Study of municipal wastewater treatment with oyster shell as biological aerated filter medium. Desalination 254:149–153

Liu T, Liu Z, Zhang R, Wang Y, Van B, Wang X (2015) Fabrication of a thin film nanocomposite hollow fiber nanofiltration membrane for wastewater treatment. J Membr Sci 488:92–102

Madoni P (2011) Protozoa in wastewater treatment processes: a minireview. Italian J Zool 78:3–11

Manaia C, Rocha J, Scaccia N, Marano R, Radu E, Biancullo F, Cerqueira F, Fortunato G, Iakovides I, Zammit I (2018) Antibiotic resistance in wastewater treatment plants: tackling the black box. Environ Int 115:312–324

Metcalf L, Eddy H, Tchobanoglous G (1979) Wastewater engineering: treatment, disposal, and reuse. McGraw-Hill, New York

Moore R, Quarmby J, Stephenson T (2001) The effects of media size on the performance of biological aerated filters. Water Res 35:2514–2522

Navasero R, Oatman E (1989) Life history, immature morphology and adult behavior Oftelenomus solitus [hymenoptera: scelionidae]. Entomophaga 34:165–177

Nikoonahad A, Ghaneian MT, Mahvi AH, Ehrampoush MH, Ebrahimi A, Lotfi MH, Salamehnejad S (2017) Application of novel modified biological aerated filter (mbaf) as a promising post-treatment for water reuse: modification in configuration and backwashing process. J Environ Manage 203:191–199

Nikoonahad A, Mahvi AH, Ghaneian MT, Ehrampoush MH, Ebrahimi A, Lotfi MH (2018) Synthesis of polystyrene coated by sand (pcs) as a novel media in modified biological aerated filters (baf) for advanced municipal wastewater treatment: a comparative assessment. Desalination Water Treat 106:72–79

Parvin S, Easmin D, Sheikh A, Biswas M, Sharma S, Jahan M, Islam M, Roy N, Shovon M (2015) Nutritional analysis of date fruits (Phoenix dactylifera L.) in perspective of Bangladesh. Am J Life Sci 3:74–278

Platat C, Habib H, Al Maqbali F, Jaber N, Ibrahim W (2014) Identification of date seeds varieties patterns to optimize nutritional benefits of date seeds. J Nutr Food Sci 8:2

Pramanik BK, Fatihah S, Shahrom Z, Ahmed E (2012) Biological aerated filters (bafs) for carbon and nitrogen removal: a review. J Eng Sci Technol 7:428–446

Ravi L, Sundar R, Segaran G, Shankar S, Settu S (2017) bioactivity of phoenix dactylifera seed and its phytochemical analysis. Int J Green Pharm 11:292–297

Romero A, Santos A, Tojo J, Rodriguez A (2008) Toxicity and biodegradability of imidazolium ionic liquids. J Hazard Mater 151:268–273

Sharif Hossain A (2015) Dried dates fruit and its biochemical and nutrient content: uses as diabetic food. Asian J Clin Nutr 7:90–95

Sheng G, Yu H, Li X (2010) Extracellular polymeric substances (eps) of microbial aggregates in biological wastewater treatment systems: a review. Biotechnol Adv 28:882–894

Shi L, Zhang X, Chen Z (2011) Removal of chromium (vi) from wastewater using bentonite-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron. Water Res 45:886–892

Song X, Xue X, Chen D, He P, Dai X (2014) Application of biochar from sewage sludge to plant cultivation: influence of pyrolysis temperature and biochar-to-soil ratio on yield and heavy metal accumulation. Chemosphere 109:213–220

Toolabi A, Malakootian M, Ghaneian MT, Esrafili A, Ehrampoush MH, Askarshahi M, Tabatabaei M (2018) Modeling photocatalytic degradation of diazinon from aqueous solutions and effluent toxicity risk assessment using Escherichia coli LMG 15862. Amb Exp 8:59

Toolabi A, Malakootian M, Ghaneian MT, Esrafili A, Ehrampoush MH, Askarshahi M, Tabatabaei M, Khatami M (2019) Optimizing the photocatalytic process of removing diazinon pesticide from aqueous solutions and effluent toxicity assessment via a response surface methodology approach. Rend Lincei Sci Fis Nat 30:155–165

Toolabi A, Malakootian M, Ghaneian MT, Esrafili A, Ehrampoush MH, Tabatabaei M, Askarshahi M (2017) Optimization of photochemical d ecomposition acetamiprid pesticide from aqueous solutions and effluent toxicity assessment by Pseudomonas aeruginosa BCRC using response surface methodology. Amb Exp 7:159

Tudor R, Lavric V (2011) Dual-objective optimization of integrated water/wastewater networks. Comput Chem Eng 35:2853–2866

Verlicchi P, AlAukidy M, Galletti A, Petrovic A, Barceló D (2012) Hospital effluent: investigation of the concentrations and distribution of pharmaceuticals and environmental risk assessment. Sci Tot Environ 430:109–118

Vyrides I, Stuckey D (2009) A modified method for the determination of chemical oxygen demand (cod) for samples with high salinity and low organics. Biores Technol 100:979–982

Xu P, Zeng G, Huang DL, Feng C, Hu S, Zhao MH, Lai C, Wei Z, Huang C, Xie G (2012) Use of iron oxide nanomaterials in wastewater treatment: a review. Sci Tot Environ 424:1–10

Zayed MF, Eisa W (2014) Phoenix dactylifera L. leaf extract phytosynthesized gold nanoparticles; controlled synthesis and catalytic activity. Spectrochim Acta Part A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 121:238–244

Zou X (2015) Combination of ozonation, activated carbon, and biological aerated filter for advanced treatment of dyeing wastewater for reuse. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22:8174–8181

Thông tin
Thông tin xuất bản

AMB Express

Tập 11 Số 1

Thông tin tác giả