Công nghệ sản xuất biodiesel tiên tiến: Những phát triển mới

Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 14 - Trang 287-316 - 2014
Gonçalo Lourinho1, Paulo Brito1
1C3i (Interdisciplinary Coordination for Research and Innovation), Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, Portalegre, Portugal

Tóm tắt

Biodiesel, hay một hỗn hợp các este monoalkyl của axit béo chuỗi dài có nguồn gốc từ các nguồn sinh học tái tạo như dầu thực vật, đã nổi lên trong những năm gần đây như một loại nhiên liệu thay thế cho ngành giao thông vận tải. Phương pháp sản xuất biodiesel truyền thống là thông qua phản ứng chuyển ester hóa xúc tác đồng nhất; tuy nhiên, chi phí sản xuất tăng cao liên quan đến các bước tinh chế sau đó đã dẫn đến sự phát triển của các công nghệ hiệu quả về chi phí và thân thiện với môi trường hơn. Các công nghệ sản xuất tiên tiến này bao gồm các chất xúc tác dị thể hoặc enzym để sản xuất biodiesel, cũng như không sử dụng chất xúc tác trong điều kiện siêu chảy. Các hệ thống xúc tác dị thể có thể dễ dàng tách biodiesel khỏi hỗn hợp phản ứng cùng với khả năng phục hồi chất xúc tác, điều này có thể dẫn đến giảm chi phí sản xuất; các chất xúc tác enzym mang lại những lợi ích tương tự, nhưng phản ứng chuyển ester hóa có thể được thực hiện trong điều kiện nhẹ nhàng hơn và với nhiều loại nguyên liệu hơn. Tổng hợp biodiesel trong điều kiện siêu chảy là một phương án thay thế khác cho các phương pháp truyền thống do tốc độ phản ứng cao hơn, thời gian phản ứng ngắn hơn và các bước tách biodiesel đơn giản hơn. Tuy nhiên, các giới hạn chuyển khối do các vấn đề khuếch tán giữa các pha là rào cản cho việc thiết lập tương lai của các công nghệ này, yêu cầu cần phát triển các phương pháp mới để tăng cường quá trình. Các công nghệ tăng cường quy trình này bao gồm bức xạ siêu âm, gia nhiệt vi sóng, sử dụng đồng dung môi và phản ứng trong màng. Trọng tâm chính của bài đánh giá này là thảo luận những tiến bộ gần đây liên quan đến công nghệ sản xuất biodiesel, dành sự chú ý đặc biệt cho việc sử dụng các chất xúc tác mới, nguyên liệu đa dạng, ngoài ra còn phân tích các thông số vận hành chính của các quá trình chuyển ester hóa.

Từ khóa

#biodiesel #công nghệ sản xuất biodiesel #chất xúc tác #chuyển ester hóa #nguyên liệu đa dạng

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