Adolescent attitudes toward the police in a western Canadian city
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Amorso, D.M. and Ware, E.E. (1983), “Youth's perception of police as a function of attitudes towards parents, teachers, and self”, Canadian Journal of Criminology, Vol. 25, pp. 191‐9.
Borrero, M. (2001), “The widening mistrust between youth and police”, Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Human Services, Vol. 82 No. 4, pp. 399‐408.
Brandl, S., Frank, J., Worden, R. and Bynum, T. (1994), “Global and specific attitudes toward the police: disentangling the relationship”, Justice Quarterly, Vol. 11, pp. 119‐34.
Brandt, D.E. and Markus, K.A. (2000), “Adolescent attitudes towards the police: a new generation”, Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, Vol. 15 No. 1, pp. 10‐16.
Brick, B.T., Taylor, T.J. and Esbensen, F.‐A. (2009), “Juvenile attitudes towards the police: the importance of subcultural involvement and community ties”, Journal of Criminal Justice, Vol. 37, pp. 488‐95.
Brillon, Y., Louis‐Guerin, C. and Lamarche, M‐C. (1984), Attitudes of the Canadian Public toward Crime Policies Pilot Study, International Centre for Comparative Criminology, University of Montreal, Montreal.
Brown, B. and Benedict, W.R. (2002), “Perceptions of the police: past findings, methodological issues, conceptual issues, and policy implications”, Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management, Vol. 25, pp. 543‐80.
Brunson, R.K. and Miller, J. (2006), “Gender, race, and urban policing: the experience of African American youths”, Gender and Society, Vol. 20, pp. 531‐52.
Cao, L. (2001), “A problem in no‐problem‐policing in Germany: confidence in the police, Germany and USA”, European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law, and Criminal Justice, Vol. 9 No. 3, pp. 167‐79.
Cao, L., Frank, J. and Cullen, F.T. (1996), “Race, community context and confidence in police”, American Journal of Police, Vol. 15 No. 1, pp. 3‐22.
Carter, D.L. (1985), “Hispanic perception of police performance: an empirical assessment”, Journal of Criminal Justice, Vol. 13, pp. 487‐500.
Chan, J. and Hagan, J. (1982), Law and the Chinese in Canada: A Case Study in Ethnic Perceptions of the Law, Centre of Criminology, University of Toronto, Toronto.
Cheurprakobkit, S. (2000), “Police‐citizen contact and police performance: attitudinal differences between Hispanics and non‐Hispanics”, Journal of Criminal Justice, Vol. 28, pp. 325‐36.
Chow, H.P.H. (1991), The Police and the Chinese Community: An Exploratory Study of the Chinese Attitudes toward the Police in Metropolitan Toronto, Chinese Canadian National Council, Toronto.
Chow, H.P.H. (1994), The Police and the Chinese Community: A Follow‐up Study of the Chinese Attitudes toward the Police in Metropolitan Toronto, Chinese Canadian National Council, Toronto.
Chow, H.P.H. (1996), “The Chinese community leaders' perceptions of the criminal justice system”, Canadian Journal of Criminology, Vol. 38, pp. 477‐84.
Chow, H.P.H. (2002), “Police‐community relations: Chinese attitudes toward the police in Toronto”, Canadian Ethnic Studies, Vol. XXXIV No. 2, pp. 90‐101.
Chow, H.P.H. (2008), Risk Behaviour, Criminal Victimization, and Perceptions of the Police: A Survey of High School Students in Regina, University of Regina, Regina.
Chu, D.C. and Song, J.H.L. (2008), “Chinese immigrants' perceptions of the police in Toronto, Canada”, Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management, Vol. 31 No. 4, pp. 610‐30.
Clairmont, D. (1991), “Community‐based policing: implementation and impact”, Canadian Journal of Criminology, Vol. 33, pp. 469‐84.
Correia, M.E., Reisig, M.D. and Lovrich, N.P. (1996), “Public perceptions of state police: an analysis of individual‐level and contextual variables”, Journal of Criminal Justice, Vol. 24, pp. 17‐28.
Courtis, M.C. (1970), Attitudes to Crime and the Police in Toronto: A Report on Some Survey Findings, Centre of Criminology, University of Toronto, Toronto.
Cox, T.C. and Falkenberg, S.D. (1987), “Adolescents' attitudes toward police: an emphasis on interactions between the delinquency measures of alcohol and marijuana, police contacts, and attitudes”, American Journal of Police, Vol. 6, pp. 45‐62.
Crawford, A. (2009), “Criminalizing sociability through anti‐social behaviour legislation: dispersal powers, young people and the police”, Youth Justice, Vol. 9 No. 1, pp. 5‐26.
Flexon, J.L., Lurigio, A.J. and Greenleaf, R.G. (2009), “Exploring the dimensions of trust in the police among Chicago juveniles”, Journal of Criminal Justice, Vol. 37, pp. 180‐9.
Friedmann, R.R. (1992), Community Policing: Comparative Perspectives and Prospects, Harvester Wheatsheaf, New York, NY.
Friedman, W., Lurigio, A.J., Greenleaf, R.G. and Albertson, S. (2004), “Encounters between police and youth: social costs of disrespect”, Journal of Crime and Justice, Vol. 27, pp. 1‐25.
Gannon, M. (2005), General Social Survey on Victimization, Cycle 18: An Overview of Findings, Ministry of Industry, Ottawa.
Griffiths, C.T. and Winfree, L.T. (1982), “Attitudes toward the police: a comparison of Canadian and American adolescents”, International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice, Vol. VI, pp. 127‐41.
Hartless, J., Ditton, J., Nair, G. and Philips, S. (1995), “More sinned against than sinning: a study of teenagers experience of crime”, British Journal of Criminology, Vol. 35 No. 1, pp. 114‐33.
Head, W. (1975), The Black Presence in the Canadian Mosaic: A Study of Perception and the Practice of Discrimination against Blacks in Metropolitan Toronto, The Ontario Human Rights Commission, Toronto.
Hinds, L. (2007), “Building police‐youth relationships: the importance of procedural justice”, Youth Justice, Vol. 7 No. 3, pp. 195‐209.
Hopkins, N. (1994), “School pupils' perceptions of the police that visit schools: not all police are ‘pigs’”, Journal of Community and Applied School Psychology, Vol. 4, pp. 189‐207.
Hurst, Y.G. (2007), “Juvenile attitudes toward the police: an examination of rural youth”, Criminal Justice Review, Vol. 32 No. 2, pp. 121‐41.
Hurst, Y.G. and Frank, J. (2000), “How kids view cops – the nature of juvenile attitudes toward the police”, Journal of Criminal Justice, Vol. 28 No. 3, pp. 189‐202.
Hurst, Y.G., Frank, J. and Browning, S.L. (2000), “The attitudes of juveniles toward the police: a comparison of black and white youth”, Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management, Vol. 23 No. 1, pp. 37‐53.
Hylton, J.H., Matonovich, R., Varro, J., Thakker, B. and Broad, D. (1979), Public Attitudes about Crime and the Police in Regina, Regina Police Department, Regina.
Janeksela, G.M. (1999), “Juvenile attitudes toward the police: theory and application”, International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice, Vol. 23, pp. 313‐29.
Jayewardene, C.H.S. and Talbot, C.K. (1990), Police Recruitment of Ethnic Minorities, Canadian Police College, Ottawa.
Jesilow, P., Meyer, J. and Namazzi, N. (1995), “Public attitudes toward police”, American Journal of Police, Vol. 14 No. 2, pp. 67‐88.
Jones‐Brown, D.D. (2000), “Debunking the myth of officer friendly: how African American males experience community policing”, Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, Vol. 16, pp. 209‐29.
Klein, J.F., Webb, J.R. and DiSanto, J.E. (1978), “Experience with the police and attitudes towards the police”, Canadian Journal of Sociology, Vol. 3, pp. 441‐56.
Koenig, D.J. (1980), “The effects of criminal victimization and judicial or police contacts on public attitudes toward local police”, Journal of Criminal Justice, Vol. 8, pp. 243‐9.
Kusow, A.M., Wilson, L.C. and Martin, D.E. (1997), “Determinants of citizen satisfaction with the police: the effects of residential location”, Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management, Vol. 20, pp. 655‐64.
Leiber, M., Nalla, M. and Farnsworth, M. (1998), “Explaining juveniles' attitudes toward the police”, Justice Quarterly, Vol. 15, pp. 151‐73.
Leighton, B.N. (1991), “Visions of community policing: rhetoric and reality in Canada”, Canadian Journal of Criminology, Vol. 33, pp. 485‐522.
Levy, K. (2001), “The relationship between adolescent attitudes towards authority, self‐concept, and delinquency”, Adolescence, Vol. 36, pp. 333‐46.
Moore, R.J. (1985), “Reflections of Canadians on the law and legal system: legal research institute survey of respondents in Montreal, Toronto, and Winnipeg”, in Gibson, D. and Baldwin, J.K. (Eds), Law in a Cynical Society? Opinion and Law in the 1980s, Carswell Legal Publications, Western Division, Calgary and Vancouver, pp. 41‐87.
Murdo, L. (1997), “Police practice: teaching youths about the law”, The FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, Vol. 66 No. 7, pp. 19‐21.
Murphy, D.W. and Worrall, J.L. (1999), “Residency requirements and public perceptions of the police in large municipalities”, Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management, Vol. 22, pp. 327‐42.
Murty, K., Roebuck, J. and Smith, J. (1990), “The image of the police in black Atlanta communities”, Journal of Police Science and Administration, Vol. 17, pp. 250‐7.
Nofziger, S. and Williams, L.S. (2005), “Perceptions of police and safety in a small town”, Police Quarterly, Vol. 8 No. 2, pp. 248‐70.
Normandeau, A. (1993), “Community policing in Canada: a review of some recent studies”, American Journal of Police, Vol. XII No. 1, pp. 57‐73.
O'Connor, C.D. (2008), “Citizen attitudes toward the police in Canada”, Policing: an International Journal of Police Strategies and Management, Vol. 31 No. 4, pp. 578‐95.
Priest, T.B. and Carter, D.B. (1999), “Evaluations of police performance in an African‐American sample”, Journal of Criminal Justice, Vol. 27, pp. 457‐65.
Radford, K., Hamilton, J. and Jarman, N. (2005), “‘It's their word against mine’: young people's attitudes to the police complaints procedure in Northern Ireland”, Children and Society, Vol. 19, pp. 360‐70.
Reicher, S. and Emler, N. (1985), “Delinquent behaviour and attitudes to formal authority”, British Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 24, pp. 161‐8.
Reisig, M.D. and Correia, M.E. (1997), “Public evaluations of police performance: an analysis across three levels of policing”, Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management, Vol. 20 No. 2, pp. 311‐25.
Reisig, M.D. and Parks, R.B. (2000), “Experience, quality of life and neighbourhood context: a hierarchical analysis of satisfaction with police”, Justice Quarterly, Vol. 17, pp. 607‐30.
Rigby, K. and Rump, E.E. (1981), “Attitudes towards parents and institutional authorities during adolescence”, Journal of Psychology, Vol. 109, pp. 109‐18.
Rigby, K., Mak, A.S. and Slee, P.T. (1989), “Impulsiveness, orientation to institutional authority, and gender as factors in self‐reported delinquency among Australian adolescents”, Personality and Individual Differences, Vol. 10, pp. 689‐92.
Savoie, J. (2007), “Youth self‐reported delinquency, Toronto, 2006”, Juristat, Vol. 27, pp. 1‐19.
Schafer, J.A., Huebner, B.M. and Bynum, T.S. (2003), “Citizen perceptions of police services: race, neighbourhood context, and community policing”, Police Quarterly, Vol. 6, pp. 440‐68.
Sims, B., Hooper, M. and Peterson, S.A. (2002), “Determinants of citizens' attitudes toward police: results of the Harrisburg citizen survey – 1999”, Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management, Vol. 25, pp. 457‐71.
Skogan, W.G. (2005), “Citizen satisfaction with police encounters”, Police Quarterly, Vol. 8 No. 3, pp. 298‐321.
Skogan, W.G. (2006), “Asymmetry in the impact of encounters with police”, Policing and Society, Vol. 16 No. 2, pp. 99‐126.
Smith, K.D. (1995), “Predictors in late adolescent college students' attitudes towards police and their attitudes towards parents, teachers, and police as a function of self‐esteem”, unpublished PhD dissertation, Sociology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA.
Solis, C., Portillos, E.L. and Brunson, R.K. (2009), “Latino youths' experiences with and perceptions of involuntary police encounters”, The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 623, pp. 39‐51.
Spraggett, M.C. and Chow, H.P.H. (1992), Access to Justice: Concerns, Needs and Awareness of Equality Rights for Racial and Ethnic Minorities in Ontario, Minority Advocacy and Rights Council, Ottawa.
Statistics Canada (2005a), “General social survey: victimization, 2004”, The Daily, July 7.
Statistics Canada (2005b), “Children and youth as victims of violent crime 2003”, The Daily, April 20.
Statistics Canada (2008), “Youth crime 2006”, The Daily, May 16.
Statistics Canada (2009), “Police‐reported crime statistics, 2008”, The Daily, July 21.
Sullivan, P.S., Dunham, R.G. and Alpert, G.P. (1987), “Attitudes structures of different ethnic and age groups concerning police”, The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, Vol. 78 No. 1, pp. 177‐96.
Taylor, T.J., Turner, K.B., Esbensen, F.A. and Winfree, L.T. (2001), “‘Coppin’ an attitude: attitudinal differences among juvenile toward police”, Journal of Criminal Justice, Vol. 29, pp. 295‐305.
Taylor‐Butts, A. and Bressan, A. (2008), “Youth crime in Canada, 2006”, Juristat, Vol. 28 No. 3, pp. 1‐16.
Tufts, J. (2000), “Public attitudes toward the criminal justice system”, Juristat, Vol. 20 No. 12.
Weitzer, R. and Tuch, S. (2002), “Perceptions of racial profiling: race, class, and personal experience”, Criminology, Vol. 40, pp. 435‐57.
Williams, B.N. (1999), “Perceptions of children teenagers on community policing: implications for law enforcement leadership, training, and citizen evaluations”, Police Quarterly, Vol. 2, pp. 150‐73.
Wortley, S. (1996), “Justice for all? Race and perceptions of bias in the Ontario criminal justice system – a Toronto survey”, Canadian Journal of Criminology, Vol. 38 No. 4, pp. 439‐67.
Wright, I. and Peglar, M. (1981), “Secondary school student attitudes toward the police: an exploratory study”, Canadian Journal of Education, Vol. 6 No. 4, pp. 105‐13.
Yarmey, A.D. and Rashid, S. (1983), “Perceptions of the public and legal professionals toward police officers”, Canadian Police College Journal, Vol. 7, pp. 89‐95.