Adjuvants — a balance between toxicity and adjuvanticity
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Ramon, 1925, Sur l'augmentation anormale de l'antitoxine chez les chevaux producteurs de serum antidiphterique, Bull. Soc. Centr. Med. Vet., 101, 227
Ramon, 1926, Procedres pour acroitre la production des antitoxines, Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 40, 1
Chedid, 1985, Adjuvants of immunity, Ann. Immunol. (Inst. Pasteur), 136D, 283, 10.1016/S0769-2625(85)80113-6
Warren, 1986, Current status of immunological adjuvants, Annu. Rev. Immunol., 4, 369, 10.1146/annurev.iy.04.040186.002101
Warren, 1988, Future prospects for vaccine adjuvants, CRC Crit. Rev. Immunol., 8, 83
Lindblad, 1987, Basic concepts in the application of immunological adjuvants, Scand. J. Lab. Anim. Sci., 14, 1
Allison, 1990, Adjuvants for a new generation of vaccines, 129
Le Moignic and Pinoy, 1916, Application to man of vaccines consisting of emulsions in fatty substances (lipo-vaccines), Comp. Rend. Soc. Biol., 79, 352
Freund, 1937, Sensitization and antibody formation after injection of tubercle bacilli and paraffin oil, 37, 509
Hilleman, 1983, Adjuvants for human use, 157
Steiner, 1960, The local and systemic effects of Freund's adjuvant and its fractions, Arch. Pathol., 70, 424
Heymann, 1959, Production of nephrotic syndrome in rats by Freund's adjuvants and rat kidney suspensions, 100, 660
Behar, 1959, Experimental liver necrosis produced by the injection of homologous whole liver with adjuvant, J. Pathol. Bacteriol., 77, 591, 10.1002/path.1700770230
Stewart-Tull, 1980, The immunological activities of bacterial peptidoglycans, Annu. Rev. Microbiol., 34, 311, 10.1146/annurev.mi.34.100180.001523
Tal, 1960, Amyloidosis in mice following injections with Freunds Adjuvant, its components given separately or in homologous liver-adjuvant mixture, Br. J. Exp. Pathol., 41, 605
Pearson, 1963, Studies of arthritis and other lesions induced in rats by injection of mycobacterial adjuvant, 42, 73
Pearson, 1964, Passive transfer of adjuvant arthritis by lymph-nodes or spleen cells, J. Exp. Med., 120, 547, 10.1084/jem.120.4.547
Stewart-Tull, 1988, Immunostimulation with peptidoglycan and its synthetic derivatives, Prog. Drug. Res., 32, 305
McKercher, 1977, A review of the current status of oil adjuvants in foot-and-mouth disease vaccines, Dev. Biol. Stand., 35, 107
Freund, 1948, Immune response to rabies vaccine in water-in-oil emulsion, 68, 609
Ott, 1962, Adjuvant killed hog cholera vaccine, Vet. Med., 51, 1060
McClelland, 1961, Laboratory and field investigations of bovine myxovirus parainfluenza 3 virus and vaccine, 87, 134
Hilleman, 1966, Critical appraisal of emulsified oil adjuvants applied to viral vaccines, Prog. Med. Virol., 8, 131
Davenport, 1968, Seventeen years' experience with mineral oil adjuvant influenza virus vaccines, Ann. Allergy, 26, 288
Stuart-Harris, 1969, Adjuvant influenza vaccines, Bull. WHO, 41, 617
Meiklejohn, 1971, Adjuvants: Present status and future needs, 413
Hobson, 1973, The potential role of immunological adjuvants in influenza vaccines, Postgrad. Med. J., 49, 180, 10.1136/pgmj.49.569.180
Salk, 1977, Control of influenza and poliomyelitis with killed virus vaccines, Science, 195, 834, 10.1126/science.320661
Miller, 1965, Epidemiology and prevention of acute respiratory disease in naval recruits, 55, 47
Woolridge, 1967, Field trial of a monovalent and bivalent mineral oil adjuvant trachoma vaccine in Taiwan school children, Am. J. Ophthalmol., 63, 1645s, 10.1016/0002-9394(67)94158-X
Plowright, 1975, Immunization of cattle against the herpesvirus of malignant catarrhal fever: failure of inactivated culture vaccines with adjuvant, Res. Vet. Sci., 19, 159, 10.1016/S0034-5288(18)33526-4
Freund, 1956, The mode of action of immunological adjuvants, Adv. Tuberc. Res., 7, 130
Herbert, 1968, The mode of action of mineral-oil emulsion adjuvants on antibody production in mice, Immunology, 14, 301
White, 1972, Concepts of the mechanism of action of adjuvants, 112
Bomford, 1980, The comparative selectivity of adjuvants for humoral and cell-mediated immunity, 29, 435
Ogonuki, 1967, Histopathological tests of tissues in the sites of local reactions caused by the injection of oil adjuvant cholera vaccine, 6, 125
Fukumi, 1967, Effectiveness and untoward reactions of oil adjuvant influenza vaccines, 6, 237
Beebe, 1964, Follow-up study on army personnel who received adjuvant influenza virus vaccine, 1951–1953, Am. J. Med. Sci., 247, 385, 10.1097/00000441-196404000-00001
Murray, 1972, Mineral oil adjuvants: biological and chemical studies, Ann. Allergy, 30, 146
Potter, 1962, Induction of plasma cell neoplasmas in strain BALB/c mice with mineral oil and mineral oil adjuvants, Nature, 193, 1086, 10.1038/1931086a0
Potter, 1964, Histology of developing plasma cell neoplasia induced by mineral oil in BALB/c mice, J. Natl Cancer Inst., 33, 497
Dietz, 1952, Properties of high boiling petroleum products, 44, 1818
Wilner, 1963, Vaccine potentiation by emulsification with pure hydrocarbon compounds, J. Immunol., 91, 210, 10.4049/jimmunol.91.2.210
Bollinger, 1970, Metabolic fate of mineral oil adjuvants using 14C-labelled tracers I: Mineral oil, J. Pharm. Sci., 59, 1084, 10.1002/jps.2600590804
Bollinger, 1970, Metabolic fate of mineral oil adjuvants using 14C-labelled tracers II: Mannide monooleate, J. Pharm. Sci., 59, 1088, 10.1002/jps.2600590805
Stewart-Tull, 1976, Immunosuppressive effect in mycobacterial adjuvant emulsions of mineral oils containing low molecular weight hydrocarbons, Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol., 52, 118, 10.1159/000231673
Beebe, 1972, Long-term mortality follow-up of army recruits who received adjuvant influenza virus vaccine in 1951–1953, Am. J. Epidemiol., 95, 337, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121402
MacLennan, 1965, Immunization against neonatal tetanus in New Guinea, 32, 683
World Health Organization, 1976, Immunological Adjuvants, 3
Hardegree, 1966, Influence of antigens on release of free fatty acids from Arlacel, A (mannide monooleate), 123, 179
Stewart-Tull, 1989, Selection and suitability of adjuvants, 17
Pittman, 1990, A life with biological products, Annu. Rev. Microbiol., 44, 1, 10.1146/annurev.mi.44.100190.000245
Woodhour, 1964, New metabolizable immunological adjuvant for human use, 116, 516
Porter, 1967, New metabolizable immunological adjuvant for human use, 124, 500
Hilleman, 1972, Studies for safety of Adjuvant 65, Ann. Allergy, 30, 477
Smith, 1975, Response to influenza vaccine in adjuvant 65-4, J. Hyg. (Camb.), 74, 251, 10.1017/S0022172400024323
Weibel, 1973, Ten-year follow-up study for safety of Adjuvant 65 influenza vaccine in man, 143, 1053
Brugh, 1983, Comparison of inactivated Newcastle disease viral vaccines containing different emulsion adjuvants, Am. J. Vet. Res., 44, 72
Kimura, 1978, Studies on the adjuvant effect of water-in-oil-in-water emulsion in sesame oil. I. Enhanced and persistent antibody formation by antigen incorporated into the water-in-oil-in-water emulsion, Jpn. J. Exp. Med., 48, 149
Woodard, 1985, Stable oil-in-water emulsions: preparation and use as vaccine vehicles for lipophilic adjuvants, Vaccine, 3, 137, 10.1016/0264-410X(85)90063-5
Herbert, 1967, Multiple emulsion adjuvants, 6, 89
Freestone, 1972, Antibody responses and resistance to challenge in volunteers vaccinated with live attenuated, detergent split and oil adjuvant A2/Hong Kong/68 (H3N2) influenza vaccines, J. Hyg. (Camb.), 70, 531, 10.1017/S0022172400063117
Taylor, 1969, Antibody response and reactions to aqueous influenza vaccine, simple emulsion vaccine and multiple emulsion vaccine, J. Hyg. (Camb.), 67, 485, 10.1017/S0022172400041905
Stewart-Tull, 1989, Recommendations for the assessment of adjuvants (immunopotentiators), 213
Kimura, 1978, Studies on the adjuvant effect of water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) emulsion in sesame oil. II. Mode of action of the w/o/w emulsion, Jpn. J. Exp. Med., 48, 203
Reynolds, 1980, Adjuvant activity of a novel metabolizable lipid emulsion with inactivated viral vaccines, Infect. Immun., 28, 937, 10.1128/iai.28.3.937-943.1980
Edelman, 1980, Summary of an international symposium on potentiation of the immune response to vaccines, J. Infect. Dis., 141, 103, 10.1093/infdis/141.1.103
Perkins, 1971, Triple vaccine, letter, Kerala Med. J., 12, 76
Relyveld, 1964, Etude de la vaccination antidiphtérique de sujets allergiques avec une anatoxine pure adsorbée sur phosphate de calcium, Bull. WHO, 30, 321
Relyveld, 1967, Etudes sur la phosphate de calcium comme adjuvant de l'immunité, 6, 77
Relyveld, 1980, Current developments in production and testing of tetanus and diphtheria vaccines, 51
Relyveld, 1986, Preparation and use of calcium phosphate adsorbed vaccines, Dev. Biol. Stand., 65, 131
Glenny, 1931, Rate of disappearance of diphtheria toxoid injected into rabbits and guinea pigs: toxoid precipitated with alum, J. Pathol. Bacteriol., 34, 267, 10.1002/path.1700340214
Glenny, 1926, The antigenic value of toxoid precipitated by potassium alum., J. Pathol. Bacteriol., 29, 38
White, 1934, Diphtheria toxoid, 102, 915
Volk, 1939, Diphtheria immunization with fluid toxoid and alum precipitated toxoid, 29, 197
Volk, 1942, Diphtheria immunization with fluid toxoid and alum precipitated toxoid, Am. J. Publ. Hlth., 32, 690, 10.2105/AJPH.32.7.690
Jones, 1936, Studies on Tetanus Toxoid. I. The antitoxic titer of human subjects following immunization with tetanus toxoid and tetanus alum precipitated toxoid, J. Immunol., 30, 115, 10.4049/jimmunol.30.2.115
Aprile, 1966, Aluminium compounds as adjuvants for vaccines and toxoids in man: A review, Can. J. Publ. Hlth., 57, 343
Holt, 1950, 1
Bomford, 1989, Aluminium salts: Perspectives in their use as adjuvants, 35
White, 1955, Studies on antibody production. III. The alum granuloma, J. Exp. Med., 102, 73, 10.1084/jem.102.1.73
Ramanathan, 1979, Complement activation by aluminum zirconium compounds, Immunology, 37, 881
Klaus, 1977, The generation of memory cells, Immunology, 33, 31
Hardegree, 1970, Immunization against neonatal tetanus in New Guinea 2, 43, 439
Menon, 1976, Field trial on frozen thawed tetanus toxoid, Indian J. Med. Res., 64, 25
Ahuja, 1986, Antibody response of guinea pigs to fluid and adsorbed tetanus toxoids, Indian J. Pathol. Microbiol., 29, 285
Smith, 1975, Tetanus and its prevention, 215
Pittman, 1954, Variability of the potency of pertussis vaccine in relation to the number of bacteria, J. Ped., 45, 57, 10.1016/S0022-3476(54)80063-1
Cameron, 1972, Interaction of components of triple antigen (diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, DTP), 55
Novotny, 1975, The use of Bordetella pertussis preserved in liquid nitrogen as a challenge suspension in the Kendrick mouse protection test, J. Biol. Stand., 3, 11, 10.1016/0092-1157(75)90003-7
Cameron, 1976, Problems associated with the control testing of pertussis vaccine, Adv. Appl. Microbiol., 20, 57, 10.1016/S0065-2164(08)70109-6
Cameron, 1979, Pertussis Vaccine: Control testing problems, 200
Gupta, 1987, The effect of aluminium phosphate adjuvant on the potency of pertussis vaccine, J. Biol. Stand., 15, 99, 10.1016/0092-1157(87)90021-7
Gupta, 1987, Development of an improved pertussis vaccine
Preston, 1974, Pertussis agglutinins in vaccinated children: Better response with adjuvant, J. Hyg. (Camb.), 73, 1169, 10.1017/S0022172400023913
Preston, 1976, Protection by pertussis vaccine: little cause for concern, Lancet, i, 1065, 10.1016/S0140-6736(76)92234-0
Preston, 1979, Some unsolved problems with vaccines, Prog. Drugs Res., 23, 9
Cameron, 1985, Dev. Biol. Stand., 61, 315
Gupta, 1990, Immunogenicity of glutaraldehyde inactivated pertussis vaccine, Vaccine, 8, 563, 10.1016/0264-410X(90)90009-B
Butler, 1962, Response of infants to pertussis vaccine at one week and to poliomyelitis, diphtheria and tetanus vaccine at six months, Lancet, ii, 112, 10.1016/S0140-6736(62)90002-8
Cvjetanovic, 1965, The present status of field and laboratory studies of typhoid and paratyphoid vaccines with special reference to studies sponsored by the World Health Organization, Bull WHO, 32, 29
Saroso, 1978, A controlled field trial of plain and aluminium hydroxide-adsorbed cholera vaccines in Surabaya, Indonesia, during 1973–75, Bull. WHO, 56, 619
Butler, 1962, Effect of aluminium phosphate on antibody response to killed poliomyelitis vaccine, Lancet, ii, 114, 10.1016/S0140-6736(62)90003-X
Kuwert, 1978, Antigenicity of low concentrated HDCS vaccine with and without adjuvant as compared to the standard fluid formulation, Dev. Biol. Stand., 40, 29
Davenport, 1968, Lack of adjuvant effect of AIPO4 on purified influenza virus haemagglutinins in man, J. Immunol., 100, 1139, 10.4049/jimmunol.100.5.1139
Claesson, 1988, Clinical and immunologic responses to the capsular polysaccharide of Haemophilus influenzae type b alone or conjugated to tetanus toxoid in 18- to 23-month-old children, J. Ped., 112, 695, 10.1016/S0022-3476(88)80684-X
Collier, 1979, Reactions and antibody responses to reinforcing doses of adsorbed and plain tetanus vaccines, Lancet, i, 1364, 10.1016/S0140-6736(79)92006-3
Clemmenson, 1980, Contact sensitivity to a patient hyposensitized with aluminium precipitated grass pollen, Contact Dermatitis, 6, 305, 10.1111/j.1600-0536.1980.tb04953.x
Frost, 1985, Persistent subcutaneous nodules in children hyposensitized with aluminium-containing allergen extracts, Allergy, 40, 368, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1985.tb00249.x
Straw, 1985, Comparison of tissue reactions produced by Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae vaccines made with 6 different adjuvants in swine, Can. J. Comp. Med., 49, 149
Gupta, 1991, Adverse reactions after injection of adsorbed diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT) vaccine are not due only to pertussis organisms or pertussis components in the vaccine, Vaccine, 9, 699, 10.1016/0264-410X(91)90283-C
Relyveld, 1978, Detoxification of microbial toxins with glutaraldehyde and their use in the preparation of vaccines, 1049
Relyveld, 1983, Preparation of vaccines by the action of glutaraldehyde on toxins, bacteria, viruses, allergens and cells, Methods Enzymol., 93, 24, 10.1016/S0076-6879(83)93033-1
Gupta, 1990, Use of glutaraldehyde for the preparation of pertussis vaccine, Vaccine, 8, 409, 10.1016/0264-410X(90)90121-2
Gupta, 1987, The effects of different inactivating agents on the potency, toxicity and stability of pertussis vaccine, J. Biol. Stand., 15, 87, 10.1016/0092-1157(87)90020-5
Gupta, 1988, Studies on the optimal conditions for inactivation of Bordetella pertussis organisms with glutaraldehyde for preparation of safe and potent pertussis vaccine, Vaccine, 6, 491, 10.1016/0264-410X(88)90099-0
Gupta, 1989, The potency, toxicity and immunogenicity of glutaraldehyde inactivated pertussis vaccine, Natl Med. J. India, 2, 163
Gupta, 1990, Immunogenicity of glutaraldehyde inactivated pertussis vaccine, Vaccine, 8, 563, 10.1016/0264-410X(90)90009-B
Coursaget, 1985, Simultaneous administration of hepatitis B vaccine and diphtheria/tetanus/pertussis/polio vaccine, 401
Fillastre, 1976, Immunisation multiple chez le nourisson africain, Afr. Med., 15, 171
Gateff, 1973, Etude d'une nouvelle association vaccinale quintuple, Ann. Microbiol. (Inst. Pasteur), 124B, 387
Relyveld, 1973, Etudes sur les vaccinations en Afrique, 22, 215
Coursaget, 1986, Simultaneous administration of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis-polio and hepatitis B vaccines in a simplified immunization program: Immune response to diphtheria toxoid, tetanus toxoid, pertussis and hepatitis B surface antigen, Infect. Immun., 51, 784, 10.1128/IAI.51.3.784-787.1986
Ickovic, 1983, Calcium phosphate adjuvanted allergens: Total and specific IgE levels before and after immunotherapy with house dust and Dermatophagoldes pteronyssinus extracts, Ann. Immunol. (Inst. Pasteur), 134D, 385, 10.1016/S0769-2625(83)80029-4
Munoz, 1964, Effect of bacteria and bacterial products on antibody response, Adv. Immunol., 4, 397, 10.1016/S0065-2776(08)60712-9
Stewart, 1985, Whooping cough and pertussis vaccine: A comparison or risks and benefits in Britain during the period 1968–83, Dev. Biol. Stand., 61, 395
Griffith, 1989, Permanent brain damage and pertussis vaccination: is the end of the saga in sight?, Vaccine, 7, 199, 10.1016/0264-410X(89)90229-6
Menkes, 1990, 21, 171
Wentz, 1991, Diphtheria—Tetanus—Pertussis vaccine and serious neurologic illness: An updated review of the epidemiologic evidence, Pediatrics, 87, 287
Miller, 1982, Whooping cough and the whooping cough vaccine, 4, 1
Cherry, 1988, Report of the task force on pertussis and pertussis immunization, Pediatrics, 81, 939, 10.1542/peds.81.6.933
Howson, 1991, Adverse Effects of Pertussis and Rubella Vaccines, 1
Pittman, 1970, Bordetella pertussis — Bacterial and host factors in the pathogenesis and prevention of whooping cough, 239
Pittman, 1979, Pertussis toxin: The cause of harmful effects and prolonged immunity of whooping cough, 1, 401
Pittman, 1984, The concept of pertussis as a toxin-mediated disease, Ped. Inf. Dis., 3, 467, 10.1097/00006454-198409000-00019
Manclark, 1984, Pertussis, 69
Munoz, 1985, Biological activities of pertussigen (pertussis toxin), 1
Munoz, 1963, 27, 325
Sultzer, 1985, The adjuvant effect of pertussis endotoxin protein in modulating the immune response to cholera toxoid in mice, Dev. Biol. Stand., 61, 225
Winters, 1985, Immunomodulation by Bordetella pertussis, antiviral effects, Dev. Biol. Stand., 61, 233
Wardlaw, 1979, Loss of adjuvanticity in rats for the hyperacute form of allergic encephalomyelitis and for reaginic antibody production in mice of a phenotypic variant of Bordetella pertussis, Immunology, 37, 539
Sadowski, 1979, Stimulation of IgE by pertussigen, IRCS Med. Sci., 7, 612
Iwata, 1983, Modulation of the biological activities of IgE binding factor, 130, 1802
Mitchell, 1983, Vaccination of genetically susceptible mice against chronic infection with Nematospiroides dubius using pertussigen as adjuvant, Aust. J. Expt. Biol. Med. Sci., 61, 425, 10.1038/icb.1983.39
Sekiya, 1983, Effect of Bordetella pertussis components on IgE and IgG1 responses, Microbiol. Immunol., 27, 905, 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1983.tb00656.x
Waksman, 1979, Adjuvants and immune regulation by lymphoid cells, Springer Semin. Immunopathol., 2, 5, 10.1007/BF00201971
Tamura, 1985, Break of unresponsiveness of delayed type hypersensitivity to sheep red blood cells by pertussis toxin, Cell. Immunol., 92, 376, 10.1016/0008-8749(85)90019-X
Sewell, 1983, Enhancement of the intensity, persistence and passive transfer of delayed-type hypersensitivity lesions by pertussigen in mice, J. Exp. Med., 157, 2087, 10.1084/jem.157.6.2087
Sewell, 1984, Studies on the mechanism of the enhancement of delayed-type hypersensitivity by pertussigen, J. Immunol., 133, 1716, 10.4049/jimmunol.133.4.1716
Nencioni, 1990, Characterization of genetically inactivated pertussis toxin mutants: candidates for a new vaccine against whooping cough, Infect. Immun., 58, 1308, 10.1128/IAI.58.5.1308-1315.1990
Fleisher, 1988, T cell stimulation by staphylococcal enterotoxins, 167, 1697
White, 1989, The V-beta-specific superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin B: stimulation of mature T cells and clonal deletion in neonatal mice, Cell, 56, 27, 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90980-X
Podda, 1990, Metabolic, humoral and cellular responses in adult volunteers immunized with the genetically inactivated pertussis toxin mutant PT-9K/129G, J. Exp. Med., 172, 861, 10.1084/jem.172.3.861
Bizzini, 1978, Isolement et caractérisation d'une fraction, dite fraction P40, a partir de Corynebacterium granulosum, Med. Mal. Infect., 8, 408, 10.1016/S0399-077X(78)80066-3
Bizzini, 1984, Experimental and clinical results with the Corynebacterium granulosum derived immunomodulator P40, Asian Pacific J. Allergy Immun., 2, 144
Bizzini, 1989, Potentiation by nonspecific immunostimulation of the efficacy of antibiotics in the treatment of experimental bacterial infections, Biomed. Pharmacother., 43, 753, 10.1016/0753-3322(89)90164-9
Mastroeni, 1985, The restoration of impaired macrophage functions using as immunomodulator the Corynebacterium granulosum-derived P40 fraction, Immunopharmacology, 10, 27, 10.1016/0162-3109(85)90056-6
Lallouette, 1976, Effect antagoniste d'une fraction isolée de Corynebacterium granulosum envers le pouvoir immunosuppresseur de la cyclophosphamide chez la souris, C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 238, 713
Mathieu, 1988, E. coli infections of the lower urinary tract and their treatment by immunomodulation or combined immunomodulation and antigen therapy, Biomed. Pharmacother., 42, 271
Fattal-German, 1988, The Corynebacterium granulosum-derived P40 immunomodulator exerts a synergistic effect on the activity of antiviral drugs in the treatment of experimental viral infections, Biomed. Pharmacother., 42, 217
Drouhet, 1976, Immunisation par Candida albicans et immunostimulation non specifique par Corynebacterium granulosum et BCG dans la candidose expérimentale, C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 283, 1385
Gonçalves Da Costa, 1990, Immune modulation which increases resistance to T. cruzi infection, 383
Kita, 1988, Characteristics of interferons induced by immunomodulator P40 and interferon producing cells in human peripheral blood, 153
Bizzini, 1992, Induction of various cytokines in mice and activation of the complement system in rats as a part of the mechanism of action of the Corynebacterium granulosum-derived P40 immunomodulator, FEMS Microbiol. Immunol., 105, 171, 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1992.tb05899.x
Villet, 1986, Effect of an immunostimulation with P40 fraction on the development and histology of DMBA-induced mammary carcinoma in rats, Ann. Immunol. Hung., 26, 313
Wakselman, 1990, Anti-tumor preparation induced in mice by fatty acid conjugates: alkyl butyrates and poly (ethylene glycol) dibutyrates, Int. J. Cancer, 46, 462, 10.1002/ijc.2910460323
Relyveld, 1985, An unexpected application of tetanus toxoid: the xenogenization of tumor cells for the treatment of L1210 mouse leukemia in combination with chemotherapy and non-specific immunotherapy using various immunomodulators: P40, Azimexon, Bestatin and Tuftsin, 407
Relyveld, 1985, Effectiveness of anti-tumor low-dose chemotherapy is increased by combination with immunotherapy, Int. J. Immunopharm., 7, 409, 10.1016/0192-0561(85)90473-4
Relyveld, 1987, Synergy between low-dose chemotherapy and immunotherapy in mouse L1210 leukemia, Cancer Treat. Rep., 71, 241
Henocq, 1984, Treatment of relapsing chronic infections of the respiratory tract, 105, 26
Ickovic, 1984, Effect of immunostimulation with the Corynebacterium granulosum-derived immunomodulator P40 on patients with recurring respiratory infections, J. Asthma, 21, 29, 10.3109/02770908409077396
Henocq, 1985, Traitement des infections urogénitales recidivantes par immunomodulation, Annal. Urol., 19, 371
Henocq, 1987, Preliminary experimental and clinical results with inactivated allergens conjugated to the Corynebacterium granulosum-derived immunomodulator P40, Boll. Ist. Sieroter. Milan, 66, 70
Reynier, 1982, Immunological investigation and immunotherapy in patients operated on for breast carcinoma, Int. Surg., 67, 17
Bazin, 1984, Etude de l'action de l'immunoadjuvant P40 chez les patientes atteintes d'un cancer du sein opérable, Chirurgie, 110, 441
Johnson, 1956, Studies on the O antigen of Salmonella typhosa, 103, 225
Khanolkar, 1924, Non-specific training of antibody production, J. Pathol. Bacteriol., 27, 181, 10.1002/path.1700270206
Ramon, 1927, L'anatoxine tétanique et l'immunisation active de l'homme vis-a-vis du tétanos, Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 41, 803
Ramon, 1950, Sur les substances adjuvantes et stimulantes de l'immunité nouvelles recherches, Rev. Immunol., 14, 205
Raetz, 1990, Biochemistry of endotoxins, Annu. Rev. Biochem., 59, 129, 10.1146/annurev.bi.59.070190.001021
Barclay, 1990, Antibodies to endotoxin in health and disease, Rev. Med. Microbiol., 1, 133
Luderitz, 1982, Endotoxins of Gram-negative bacteria, Pharm. Ther., 15, 383, 10.1016/0163-7258(81)90051-6
Brade, 1988, Structure—activity relationships of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (endotoxins), 268, 151
Qureshi, 1990, Structure and function of lipid A, Vol. XI, 319
Tanamoto, 1984, Biological activities of synthetic lipid A analogs: pyrogenicity, lethal toxicity, anti complement activity, and induction of gelation of Limulus amoebocyte lysate, Infect. Immun., 44, 421, 10.1128/IAI.44.2.421-426.1984
Tanamoto, 1987, Mitogenic activities of synthetic lipid A analogs and suppression of mitogenicity of lipid A, Infect. Immun., 44, 427, 10.1128/IAI.44.2.427-433.1984
Kotani, 1984, Immunologically active lipid A analogues synthesized according to a revised structural model of natural lipid A, Infect. Immun., 45, 293, 10.1128/IAI.45.1.293-296.1984
Ohta, 1982, Adjuvant action of bacterial lipopolysaccharide in induction of delayed-type hypersensitivity to protein antigens, 163, 460
Seppala, 1984, Adjuvant effect of bacterial LPS and/or alum precipitation in response to polysaccharide and protein antigens, Immunology, 53, 827
Baker, 1990, Regulation of magnitude of antibody response to bacterial polysaccharide antigens by Thymus-derived lymphocytes, Infect. Immun., 58, 3465, 10.1128/IAI.58.11.3465-3468.1990
Gery, 1972, Stimulation of B lymphocytes by endotoxin, 108, 1088
Ziegler, 1984, Modulation of macrophage Ia-expression by lipopolysaccharide, 133, 1825
Behbehani, 1985, The effect of beryllium and other adjuvants on Ia expression by macrophages, J. Immunol., 134, 2047, 10.4049/jimmunol.134.4.2047
Yem, 1981, Modulation of Ia-like antigen expression and antigen-presenting activity of human monocytes by endotoxin and zymosan A, J. Immunol., 127, 2245, 10.4049/jimmunol.127.6.2245
Chedid, 1975, Biological activities of endotoxins detoxified by alkylation, Infect. Immun., 12, 714, 10.1128/IAI.12.4.714-721.1975
McIntire, 1976, Biological properties of non-toxic derivatives of a lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli K235, J. Immunol., 117, 674, 10.4049/jimmunol.117.2.674
Ribi, 1984, Beneficial modification of the endotoxin molecule, J. Biol. Res. Mod., 3, 1
Ribi, 1986, Biological activities of monophosphoryl lipid A, 9
Rudbach, 1990, Immunotherapy with bacterial endotoxin, 665
Schneerson, 1991, Evaluation of monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) as an adjuvant, 147, 2136
Devi, 1991, Cryptococcus neoformans serotype A glucoronoxylomannan—protein conjugate vaccines: Synthesis, characterization and immunogenicity, Infect. Immun., 59, 3700, 10.1128/IAI.59.10.3700-3707.1991
Rickman, 1991, Use of adjuvant containing mycobacterial cell-wall skeleton, monophosphoryl lipid A, and squalane in malaria circumsporozoite protein vaccine, Lancet, 337, 998, 10.1016/0140-6736(91)92659-P
Munford, 1986, Detoxification of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (endotoxins) by a human neutrophil enzyme, Science, 234, 203, 10.1126/science.3529396
Alving, 1984, Mitogenic activities of lipid A and liposome-associated lipid A: effects of epitope density, Rev. Inf. Dis., 6, 493, 10.1093/clinids/6.4.493
van Rooijen, 1980, Endoxotin-enhanced adjuvant effect of liposomes, particularly when antigen and endotoxin are incorporated within the same liposome, Immunol. Commun., 9, 747, 10.3109/08820138009109684
Yasuda, 1982, Biological activity of chemically synthesized analogues of lipid A, 124, 405
Yasuda, 1984, Further study of biological activities of chemically synthesized analogues of lipid A in artificial membrane vesicles, Eur. J. Biochem., 140, 245, 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1984.tb08094.x
Asselineau, 1949, Isolement de deux acides mycoliques isomeres de M. tuberculosis var. hominis, C.R. Acad. Sci. (Paris), 228, 1892
Asselineau, 1951, Sur la constitution chimique des acides mycoliques de deux souches humains virulentes de Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 7, 126, 10.1016/0006-3002(51)90011-X
Asselineau, 1953, Chimie des lipides bacteriens, Fortschr. Chem. Org. Naturst., 10, 170
Asselineau, 1960, Chemistry and metabolism of bacterial lipids, 337
Azuma, 1974, Biologically active components from mycobacterial cell walls, J. Natl Cancer Inst., 52, 95, 10.1093/jnci/52.1.95
Kotani, 1975, Immunoadjuvant activities of synthetic N-acetylmuramyl peptides or amino acids, Biken J., 18, 105
Merser, 1975, Total synthesis and adjuvant activity of bacterial peptidoglycan derivatives, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 66, 1316, 10.1016/0006-291X(75)90503-3
Ellouz, 1974, Minimal structural requirements for adjuvant activity of bacterial peptidoglycan derivatives, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 59, 1317, 10.1016/0006-291X(74)90458-6
Kotani, 1975, Immunoadjuvant activities of cell walls, their water soluble fractions and peptidoglycan subunits, prepared from various gram-positive bacteria, and of synthetic N-acetylmuramyl peptides, Z. Immunitatsforsch., 149S, 302
Chedid, 1976, Modulation of the immune response by a synthetic adjuvant and analogues, 73, 2472
Azuma, 1976, Adjuvant activity of mycobacterial fractions: Immunological properties of synthetic N-acetylmuramyl dipeptide and related compounds, Infect. Immun., 14, 18, 10.1128/IAI.14.1.18-27.1976
Chedid, 1977, Enhancement of nonspecific immunity to Klebsiella pneumoniae infection by a synthetic immunoadjuvant (N-acetylmuramyl-l-alanyl-d-isoglutamine) and several analogues, 74, 2089
Parant, 1980, Immunostimulant activities of a lipophilic muramyl dipeptide derivative and of a desmuramyl peptidolipid analogue, Infect. Immun., 27, 826, 10.1128/IAI.27.3.826-831.1980
Fraser-Smith, 1981, Protective effect of muramyl dipeptide analogues against infections of Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Candida albicans in mice, Infect. Immun., 34, 676, 10.1128/IAI.34.3.676-683.1981
Kierszenbaum, 1979, Enhancement of host resistance against Trypanosoma cruzi infection by the immuno-regulatory agent muramyl dipeptide, Infect. Immun., 25, 273, 10.1128/IAI.25.1.273-278.1979
Morin, 1985, Protective effects of muramyl peptides against experimental viral infections, Int. J. Immunopharmacol., 7, 345
McLaughlin, 1980, Regression of tumours in guinea pigs after treatment with synthetic muramyl dipeptides and trehalose dimycolate, Science, 208, 415, 10.1126/science.7189295
Audibert, 1985, Muramyl peptides as immunopharmacological response modifiers, 307
Audibert, 1976, Distinctive adjuvanticity of synthetic analogs of mycobacterial water-soluble components, Cell. Immunol., 21, 243, 10.1016/0008-8749(76)90053-8
Masek, 1978, Immunoadjuvant activity of synthetic N-acetylmuramyl dipeptide, Experientia, 34, 1363, 10.1007/BF01981474
Morisaki, 1983, Effective immunity in dental caries: enhancement of salivary anti-Streptococcus mutans antibody responses with oral adjuvants, Infect. Immun., 40, 577, 10.1128/IAI.40.2.577-591.1983
Butler, 1983, The influence of muramyl peptide on the secretory immune response, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 409, 669, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1983.tb26907.x
Leclerc, 1978, Influence of a synthetic adjuvant (MDP) on qualitative and quantitative changes of serum globulins, Immunology, 35, 963
Ohkuni, 1979, Adjuvant activities in production of reaginic antibody by bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan or synthetic N-acetylmuramyl dipeptides in mice, Infect. Immun., 24, 313, 10.1128/IAI.24.2.313-318.1979
Leclerc, 1979, In vivo regulation of humoral and cellular immune responses of mice by a synthetic adjuvant, N-acetylmuramyl-l-alanyl-d-isoglutamine, muramyl dipeptide or MDP, Cell. Immunol., 45, 199, 10.1016/0008-8749(79)90377-0
Fergusson, 1983, Enhancement of antigen specific suppression by muramyl dipeptide, Infect. Immun., 39, 800, 10.1128/IAI.39.2.800-806.1983
Leclerc, 1982, Demonstration of muramyl dipeptide (MDP)-induced T-suppressor cells responsible for MDP immunosuppressive activity, Eur. J. Immunol., 12, 249, 10.1002/eji.1830120316
Chedid, 1983, Muramyl peptides as possible endogenous immuno-pharmacological mediators, Microbiol. Immunol., 27, 723, 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1983.tb00636.x
Leclerc, 1986, Synthetic immunomodulators and synthetic vaccines, CRC Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug Carrier Systems, 2, 353
Nagao, 1979, Inhibition of macrophage migration by muramyl peptides, Infect. Immun., 24, 308, 10.1128/IAI.24.2.308-312.1979
Ogawa, 1983, Possible chemotaxis of human monocytes by N-acetylmuramyl-l-alanyl-d-isoglutamine, Infect. Immun., 39, 449, 10.1128/IAI.39.1.449-451.1983
Tanaka, 1979, Stimulation of the reticuloendothelial system of mice by muramyl dipeptide, Infect. Immun., 24, 302, 10.1128/IAI.24.2.302-307.1979
Staruch, 1983, The adjuvanticity of interleukin-1 in vivo, J. Immunol., 130, 2191, 10.4049/jimmunol.130.5.2191
Iribe, 1984, Augmentation of the proliferative responses of thymocytes to phytohemagglutinin by muramyl dipeptide, Cell. Immunol., 88, 9, 10.1016/0008-8749(84)90047-9
Sugimoto, 1978, Enhancement of carrier-specific helper T-cell function by the synthetic adjuvant, N-acetylmuramyl-l-alanyl-d-isoglutamine (MDP), J. Immunol., 120, 980, 10.4049/jimmunol.120.3.980
Riveau, 1980, Central pyrogenic activity of muramyl dipeptide, J. Exp. Med., 152, 869, 10.1084/jem.152.4.869
Kohashi, 1980, Arthritis-inducing ability of a synthetic adjuvant, N-acetylmuramyl peptides, and bacterial disaccharide peptides related to different oil vehicles and their composition, Infect. Immun., 29, 70, 10.1128/IAI.29.1.70-75.1980
Parant, 1979, Fate of the synthetic immunoadjuvant, muramyl dipeptide (14C-labelled) in the mouse, Int. J. Immunopharmacol., 1, 35, 10.1016/0192-0561(79)90028-6
Parant, 1984, Inhibition of endogenous pyrogen-induced fever by a muramyl dipeptide derivative, Am. J. Physiol., 247, 169, 10.1152/ajpcell.1984.247.3.C169
Damais, 1982, Production of lymphocyte activating factor in the absence of endogenous pyrogen by rabbit or human leukocytes stimulated by muramyl dipeptide derivative, Int. J. Immunopharmacol., 4, 451, 10.1016/0192-0561(82)90020-0
Byars, 1987, Adjuvant formulation for use in vaccines to elicit both cell-mediated and humoral immunity, Vaccine, 5, 223, 10.1016/0264-410X(87)90105-8
Telzak, 1986, Clinical evaluation of the immunoadjuvant Murabutide, a derivative of MDP, administered with a tetanus toxoid vaccine, J. Infect. Dis., 153, 628, 10.1093/infdis/153.3.628
Allison, 1986, Immunologic adjuvants: Efficacy and safety considerations, 91
Allison, 1986, An adjuvant formulation that selectively elicits the formation of antibodies of protective isotypes and of cell-mediated immunity, J. Immunol. Methods, 95, 157, 10.1016/0022-1759(86)90402-3
Allison, 1990, Adjuvant formulations and their mode of action, Semin. Immunol., 2, 369
Melnick, 1988, Live attenuated polio vaccines, 115
Mestecky, 1987, The common mucosal immune system and current strategies for induction of immune responses in external secretions, J. Clin. Immunol., 7, 265, 10.1007/BF00915547
Pierce, 1982, Oral immunization of dogs with purified cholera toxin, crude cholera toxin or B subunit: Evidence for synergistic protection by antitoxic and antibacterial mechanisms, Infect. Immun., 37, 687, 10.1128/IAI.37.2.687-694.1982
Elson, 1984, Cholera toxin feeding did not induce oral tolerance in mice and abrogated oral tolerance to an unrelated protein antigen, J. Immunol., 133, 2892, 10.4049/jimmunol.133.6.2892
Elson, 1984, Generalized systemic and mucosal immunity in mice after mucosal stimulation with cholera toxin, J. Immunol., 132, 2736, 10.4049/jimmunol.132.6.2736
Cebra, 1986, Effective gut mucosal stimulation of IgA-committed B cells by antigen, 86, 129
Nedrud, 1987, Combined oral/nasal immunization protects mice from Sendai virus infection, J. Immunol., 139, 3484, 10.4049/jimmunol.139.10.3484
Elson, 1989, Cholera toxin and its subunits as potential oral adjuvants, Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol., 146, 29
Finkelstein, 1984, Cholera, 107
Liang, 1989, Cholera toxin as a mucosal adjuvant, 143, 484
Liang, 1988, Oral administration of cholera toxin-Sendai virus conjugate potentiates gut and respiratory immunity against Sendai virus, J. Immunol., 141, 1495, 10.4049/jimmunol.141.5.1495
Finkelstein, 1981, Immunology of Vibrio cholerae, Compr. Immunol., 8, 291
Papahadjopoulos, 1973, Phospholipid membranes as experimental models for biological membranes, 159
Gregoriadis, 1976, The carrier potential of liposomes in biology and medicine (first of two parts), New Engl. J. Med., 295, 704, 10.1056/NEJM197609232951305
Gregoriadis, 1976, The carrier potential of liposomes in biology and medicine (second of two parts), New Engl. J. Med., 295, 765, 10.1056/NEJM197609302951406
Kramp, 1979, Liposomal enhancement of immunogenicity of adenovirus type 5 hexon and fiber vaccines, Infect. Immun., 25, 771, 10.1128/IAI.25.2.771-773.1979
Schuster, 1979, Production of antibodies against phosphocholine, phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin, and lipid A by injection of liposomes containing lipid A., J. Immunol., 122, 900, 10.4049/jimmunol.122.3.900
Alving, 1980, Liposomes as vehicles for vaccines, Prog. Clin. Biol. Res., 47, 339
Shek, 1983, Comparison between multilamellar and unilamellar liposomes in enhancing antibody formation, Immunology, 49, 37
Tyrrel, 1976, New aspects of liposomes, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 457, 259, 10.1016/0304-4157(76)90002-2
van Rooijen, 1983, Use of liposomes as biodegradable and harmless adjuvants, Methods Enzymol., 93, 83, 10.1016/S0076-6879(83)93036-7
Lawman, 1981, Cell-mediated immunity to herpes simplex virus: induction of cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses by viral antigens incorporated into liposomes, J. Immunol., 126, 304, 10.4049/jimmunol.126.1.304
Sanchez, 1980, Humoral and cellular immunity to hepatitis B virus-derived antigens: comparative activity of Freund complete adjuvant, alum and liposomes, Infect. Immun., 30, 728, 10.1128/iai.30.3.728-733.1980
Sarkar, 1982, The adjuvant effect of liposomes in eliciting anti-galactosyl antibodies, Immunol. Commun., 11, 175, 10.3109/08820138209094129
Kramp, 1982, Post-immunization clearance of liposome-entrapped adenovirus type 5 Hexon, 169, 135
Shek, 1982, Immune response mediated by liposome-associated protein antigens, 47, 627
Coon, 1975, Properties of conjugated protein immunogens which selectively stimulate delayed-type hypersensitivity, J. Immunol., 114, 1518, 10.4049/jimmunol.114.5.1518
Alving, 1990, 67
Mayoral, 1990, Liposomal Interleukin-2 (IL-2). a potential clinical vaccine adjuvant, 67
Michalek, 1989, Liposomes as oral adjuvants, Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol., 146, 51
Hoglund, 1989, ISCOMs and immunostimulation with viral antigens, Vol. 15, 39
Morein, 1990, The iscom — a modern approach to vaccines, Semin. Virol., 1, 49
Lovgren, 1991, The ISCOM: An antigen delivery system with built-in adjuvant, Mol. Immunol., 28, 285, 10.1016/0161-5890(91)90075-U
Lovgren, 1988, The serum antibody response distributed in subclasses and isotypes after intranasal and subcutaneous immunization with influenza virus immunostimulating complexes, Scand. J. Immunol., 27, 241, 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1988.tb02343.x
DeVries, 1988, Measles virus fusion protein presented in an immune-stimulating complex (Iscom) induces hemolysis-inhibiting and fusion-inhibiting antibodies, virus-specific T-cells and protection in mice, J. Gen. Virol., 69, 549, 10.1099/0022-1317-69-3-549
Osterhaus, 1986, Comparison of an experimental rabies iscom subunit vaccine with inactivated dog kidney cell vaccine
Morgan, 1988, Prevention of Epstein-Barr (EB) virus induced lymphoma in cottontop tamarins by vaccination with the EB virus envelope glycoprotein gp340 incorporated into iscom, J. Gen. Virol., 69, 2069, 10.1099/0022-1317-69-8-2093
Pyle, 1989, Immune response to immunostimulatory complexes (ISCOMs) prepared from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) or the HIV-1 external envelope glycoprotein (gp120), Vaccine, 7, 465, 10.1016/0264-410X(89)90164-3
Jakobsen, 1990, Stimulation of antibody production by Plasmodium falciparum antigens incorporated into ISCOMs.
Sjolander, 1991, High antibody responses in rabbits immunized with influenza virus ISCOMs containing a repeated sequence of the Plasmodium falciparum antigen Pf155/RESA, Vaccine, 9, 443, 10.1016/0264-410X(91)90133-Q
Araujo, 1991, Immunization with Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigote antigens incorporated into Iscoms protects against lethal challenge in mice, Infect. Immun., 59, 2909, 10.1128/IAI.59.9.2909-2914.1991
Akahashi, 1990, Induction of CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells by immunization with purified HIV-1 envelope protein in ISCOMs, Nature, 344, 873, 10.1038/344873a0
Mowat, 1991, Induction of class I MHC-restricted T cells and stimulation of mucosal immunity by incorporation of soluble protein in ISCOMs, 33
Hunter, 1991, Adjuvant activity of non-ionic block copolymers, 9, 250
Takayama, 1991, Adjuvant activity of non-ionic block copolymers, 9, 257
Penney, 1986, Analysis of the immunoadjuvant octadecyl tyrosine hydrochloride, J. Biol. Stand., 14, 345, 10.1016/0092-1157(86)90022-3
Penney, 1985, The interaction of slow-release immunoadjuvants with selected antigens measured in vitro, J. Biol. Stand., 13, 43, 10.1016/S0092-1157(85)80032-9
Nixon-George, 1990, The adjuvant effect of stearyl tyrosine on a recombinant subunit hepatitis B surface antigen, J. Immunol., 144, 4798, 10.4049/jimmunol.144.12.4798
Landi, 1986, Adjuvanticity of stearyl tyrosine on inactivated poliovirus vaccine, Vaccine, 4, 99, 10.1016/0264-410X(86)90046-0
Eldridge, 1991, Biodegradable microspheres as a vaccine delivery system, Mol. Immunol., 28, 287, 10.1016/0161-5890(91)90076-V
Eldridge, 1991, Biodegradable and biocompatible poly(dl-Lactide-Co-Glycolide) microspheres as an adjuvant for Staphylococcal enterotoxin B toxoid which enhances the level of toxin-neutralizing antibodies, Infect. Immun., 59, 2978, 10.1128/IAI.59.9.2978-2986.1991
O'Hagan, 1991, Controlled release microparticles for vaccine development, Vaccine, 9, 768, 10.1016/0264-410X(91)90295-H