Điều chỉnh điểm GRACE bằng HemoglobinA1c cho phép dự đoán chính xác hơn về các sự kiện tim mạch bất lợi lớn lâu dài ở hội chứng vành cấp mà không có tiểu đường khi thực hiện can thiệp mạch vành qua da

Aragam KG, Tamhane UU, Kline-Rogers E, Li J, Fox KA, Goodman SG et al (2009) Does simplicity compromise accuracy in ACS risk prediction? A retrospective analysis of the TIMI and GRACE risk scores. PLoS One 4(11):e7947. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007947 Hamm CW, Bassand JP, Agewall S, Bax J, Boersma E, Bueno H et al (2012) ESC guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation. The Task Force for the management of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). G Ital Cardiol (Rome) 13(3):171–228. doi:10.1714/1038.11322 Anderson JL, Adams CD, Antman EM, Bridges CR, Califf RM, Casey DE Jr et al (2013) 2012 ACCF/AHA focused update incorporated into the ACCF/AHA 2007 guidelines for the management of patients with unstable angina/non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation 127(23):e663–e828. doi:10.1161/CIR.0b013e31828478ac Kang DO, Seo HS, Choi BG, Lee E, Kim JP, Lee SK et al (2015) Absolute change in fasting plasma glucose over 12 months is associated with 2-year and 5-year major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with drug-eluting stent implants. Int J Cardiol 179:146–152. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.10.164 Lin B, Koibuchi N, Hasegawa Y, Sueta D, Toyama K, Uekawa K et al (2014) Glycemic control with empagliflozin, a novel selective SGLT2 inhibitor, ameliorates cardiovascular injury and cognitive dysfunction in obese and type 2 diabetic mice. Cardiovasc Diabetol 13(1):148. doi:10.1186/s12933-014-0148-1 Stratton IM, Adler AI, Neil HA, Matthews DR, Manley SE, Cull CA et al (2000) Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35): prospective observational study. BMJ 321(7258):405–412 Gerstein HC, Pogue J, Mann JF, Lonn E, Dagenais GR, McQueen M et al (2005) The relationship between dysglycaemia and cardiovascular and renal risk in diabetic and non-diabetic participants in the HOPE study: a prospective epidemiological analysis. Diabetologia 48(9):1749–1755. doi:10.1007/s00125-005-1858-4 Corpus RA, O’Neill WW, Dixon SR, Timmis GC, Devlin WH (2003) Relation of hemoglobin A1c to rate of major adverse cardiac events in nondiabetic patients undergoing percutaneous coronary revascularization. Am J Cardiol 92(11):1282–1286 King SB 3rd, Smith SC Jr, Hirshfeld JW Jr, Jacobs AK, Morrison DA, Williams DO et al (2008) 2007 focused update of the ACC/AHA/SCAI 2005 guideline update for percutaneous coronary intervention: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 51(2):172–209. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2007.10.002 (2010) Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 33(Suppl 1):S62–S69. doi:10.2337/dc10-S062 Fox KA, Dabbous OH, Goldberg RJ, Pieper KS, Eagle KA, Van de Werf F et al (2006) Prediction of risk of death and myocardial infarction in the six months after presentation with acute coronary syndrome: prospective multinational observational study (GRACE). BMJ 333(7578):1091. doi:10.1136/bmj.38985.646481.55 Tang EW, Wong CK, Herbison P (2007) Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) hospital discharge risk score accurately predicts long-term mortality post acute coronary syndrome. Am Heart J 153(1):29–35. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2006.10.004 Ramsay G, Podogrodzka M, McClure C, Fox KA (2007) Risk prediction in patients presenting with suspected cardiac pain: the GRACE and TIMI risk scores versus clinical evaluation. QJM Mon J Assoc Phys 100(1):11–18. doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcl133 Eagle KA, Lim MJ, Dabbous OH, Pieper KS, Goldberg RJ, Van de Werf F et al (2004) A validated prediction model for all forms of acute coronary syndrome: estimating the risk of 6-month postdischarge death in an international registry. JAMA 291(22):2727–2733. doi:10.1001/jama.291.22.2727 DeLong ER, DeLong DM, Clarke-Pearson DL (1988) Comparing the areas under two or more correlated receiver operating characteristic curves: a nonparametric approach. Biometrics. 44(3):837–845 Pencina MJ, D’Agostino RB Sr, Steyerberg EW (2011) Extensions of net reclassification improvement calculations to measure usefulness of new biomarkers. Stat Med 30(1):11–21. doi:10.1002/sim.4085 Khaw KT, Wareham N, Luben R, Bingham S, Oakes S, Welch A et al (2001) Glycated haemoglobin, diabetes, and mortality in men in Norfolk cohort of european prospective investigation of cancer and nutrition (EPIC-Norfolk). BMJ 322(7277):15–18 Timmer JR, Ottervanger JP, de Boer MJ, Boersma E, Grines CL, Westerhout CM et al (2007) Primary percutaneous coronary intervention compared with fibrinolysis for myocardial infarction in diabetes mellitus: results from the Primary Coronary Angioplasty vs Thrombolysis-2 trial. Arch Intern Med 167(13):1353–1359. doi:10.1001/archinte.167.13.1353 Leborgne L, Cheneau E, Wolfram R, Pinnow EE, Canos DA, Pichard AD et al (2004) Comparison of baseline characteristics and one-year outcomes between African-Americans and Caucasians undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Am J Cardiol 93(4):389–393. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2003.10.029 Pradhan J, Schreiber TL, Niraj A, Veeranna V, Ramesh K, Saigh L et al (2008) Comparison of five-year outcome in African Americans versus Caucasians following percutaneous coronary intervention. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 72(1):36–44. doi:10.1002/ccd.21556 Mak KH, Chia KS, Kark JD, Chua T, Tan C, Foong BH et al (2003) Ethnic differences in acute myocardial infarction in Singapore. Eur Heart J 24(2):151–160 Koh AS, Khin LW, Choi LM, Sim LL, Chua TS, Koh TH et al (2011) Percutaneous coronary intervention in Asians–are there differences in clinical outcome? BMC Cardiovasc disord 11:22. doi:10.1186/1471-2261-11-22 Han YL, Zhang L, Yang LX, Liu HL, Qu P, Li WM et al (2012) A new generation of biodegradable polymer-coated sirolimus-eluting stents for the treatment of coronary artery disease: final 5-year clinical outcomes from the CREATE study. EuroIntervention 8(7):815–822. doi:10.4244/EIJV8I7A124 Gao R, Patel A, Gao W, Hu D, Huang D, Kong L et al (2008) Prospective observational study of acute coronary syndromes in China: practice patterns and outcomes. Heart 94(5):554–560. doi:10.1136/hrt.2007.119750 Bi Y, Gao R, Patel A, Su S, Gao W, Hu D et al (2009) Evidence-based medication use among Chinese patients with acute coronary syndromes at the time of hospital discharge and 1 year after hospitalization: results from the Clinical Pathways for Acute Coronary Syndromes in China (CPACS) study. Am Heart J. 157(3):509–516.e1. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2008.09.026 Ayhan H, Durmaz T, Keles T, Bayram NA, Bilen E, Akcay M et al (2014) The relationship between acute coronary syndrome and stress hyperglycemia. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 122(4):222–226. doi:10.1055/s-0034-1367002 Yang JH, Song PS, Song YB, Hahn JY, Choi SH, Choi JH et al (2013) Prognostic value of admission blood glucose level in patients with and without diabetes mellitus who sustain ST segment elevation myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock. Crit Care 17(5):R218. doi:10.1186/cc13035 David RB, Almeida ED, Cruz LV, Sebben JC, Feijo IP, Schmidt KE et al (2014) Diabetes mellitus and glucose as predictors of mortality in primary coronary percutaneous intervention. Arquivos brasileiros de cardiologia de Mulder M, van der Ploeg T, de Waard GA, Boersma E, Umans VA (2011) Admission glucose does not improve GRACE score at 6 months and 5 years after myocardial infarction. Cardiology. 120(4):227–234. doi:10.1159/000335715 Penno G, Solini A, Zoppini G, Orsi E, Fondelli C, Zerbini G et al (2013) Hemoglobin A1c variability as an independent correlate of cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional analysis of the renal insufficiency and cardiovascular events (RIACE) Italian multicenter study. Cardiovasc Diabetol 12:98. doi:10.1186/1475-2840-12-98 Malmberg K, Norhammar A, Wedel H, Ryden L (1999) Glycometabolic state at admission: important risk marker of mortality in conventionally treated patients with diabetes mellitus and acute myocardial infarction: long-term results from the Diabetes and Insulin-Glucose Infusion in Acute Myocardial Infarction (DIGAMI) study. Circulation 99(20):2626–2632 Gustafsson I, Kistorp CN, James MK, Faber JO, Dickstein K, Hildebrandt PR (2007) Unrecognized glycometabolic disturbance as measured by hemoglobin A1c is associated with a poor outcome after acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 154(3):470–476. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2007.04.057 Tenerz A, Nilsson G, Forberg R, Ohrvik J, Malmberg K, Berne C et al (2003) Basal glucometabolic status has an impact on long-term prognosis following an acute myocardial infarction in non-diabetic patients. J Intern Med 254(5):494–503 Schiele F, Meneveau N, Seronde MF, Chopard R, Descotes-Genon V, Dutheil J et al (2010) C-reactive protein improves risk prediction in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Eur Heart J 31(3):290–297. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehp273 Ang DS, Wei L, Kao MP, Lang CC, Struthers AD (2009) A comparison between B-type natriuretic peptide, global registry of acute coronary events (GRACE) score and their combination in ACS risk stratification. Heart 95(22):1836–1842. doi:10.1136/hrt.2008.160234 Harris WS, Kennedy KF, O’Keefe JH Jr, Spertus JA (2013) Red blood cell fatty acid levels improve GRACE score prediction of 2-yr mortality in patients with myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiol 168(1):53–59. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.09.076 Widera C, Pencina MJ, Meisner A, Kempf T, Bethmann K, Marquardt I et al (2012) Adjustment of the GRACE score by growth differentiation factor 15 enables a more accurate appreciation of risk in non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome. Eur Heart J 33(9):1095–1104. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehr444 Wang L, Hu XB, Zhang W, Wu LD, Liu YS, Hu B et al (2013) Dickkopf-1 as a novel predictor is associated with risk stratification by GRACE risk scores for predictive value in patients with acute coronary syndrome: a retrospective research. PLoS One 8(1):e54731. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054731 Eggers KM, Kempf T, Venge P, Wallentin L, Wollert KC, Lindahl B (2010) Improving long-term risk prediction in patients with acute chest pain: the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) risk score is enhanced by selected nonnecrosis biomarkers. Am Heart J 160(1):88–94. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2010.05.002 Timoteo AT, Papoila AL, Lousinha A, Alves M, Miranda F, Ferreira ML et al (2015) Predictive impact on medium term mortality of hematological parameters in Acute Coronary Syndromes: added value on top of GRACE risk score. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care. 4(2):172–179. doi:10.1177/2048872614547690 Stahli BE, Yonekawa K, Altwegg LA, Wyss C, Hof D, Fischbacher P et al (2014) Clinical criteria replenish high-sensitive troponin and inflammatory markers in the stratification of patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome. PLoS One 9(6):e98626. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0098626 Wan ZF, Zhou D, Xue JH, Wu Y, Wang H, Zhao Y et al (2014) Combination of mean platelet volume and the GRACE risk score better predicts future cardiovascular events in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Platelets 25(6):447–451. doi:10.3109/09537104.2013.830708