Additive manufacturing of tissues and organs

Progress in Polymer Science - Tập 37 Số 8 - Trang 1079-1104 - 2012
Ferry P.W. Melchels1,2, Marco Domingos3, Travis J. Klein2, Jos Malda1,2, Paulo Bártolo3, Dietmar W. Hutmacher4,2
1Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
2Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Qld 4059, Australia
3Centre for Rapid and Sustainable Product Development (CDRsp), Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Rua de Portugal – Zona Industrial, 2430-028 Marinha Grande, Portugal
4George W Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Langer, 1993, Tissue engineering, Science, 260, 920, 10.1126/science.8493529

Malda, 2005, The effect of PEGT/PBT scaffold architecture on the composition of tissue engineered cartilage, Biomaterials, 26, 63, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.02.046

Peltola, 2008, A review of rapid prototyping techniques for tissue engineering purposes, Ann Med, 40, 268, 10.1080/07853890701881788

Woodruff, 2010, The return of a forgotten polymer – polycaprolactone in the 21st century, Prog Polym Sci, 35, 1217, 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2010.04.002

ASTM standard F2792-10 standard terminology for additive manufacturing technologies. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International; 2010, doi:110.1520/F2792-10; www.astm.org.

Hollister, 2005, Porous scaffold design for tissue engineering, Nat Mater, 4, 518, 10.1038/nmat1421

Ballyns, 2009, Image-guided tissue engineering, J Cell Mol Med, 13, 1428, 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00836.x

Lysaght, 2008, Great expectations: private sector activity in tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and stem cell therapeutics, Tissue Eng Pt A, 14, 305, 10.1089/tea.2007.0267

Melton, 2010, TruFit CB (R) bone plug:chondral repair, scaffold design, surgical technique and early experiences, Expert Rev Med Devices, 7, 333, 10.1586/erd.10.15

Lokmic, 2007, An arteriovenous loop in a protected space generates a permanent, highly vascular, tissue-engineered construct, FASEB J, 21, 511, 10.1096/fj.06-6614com

Probst, 2010, Calvarial reconstruction by customized bioactive implant, Handchir Mikrochir Plast Chir, 42, 369, 10.1055/s-0030-1248310

McAllister, 2008, Cell-based therapeutics from an economic perspective: primed for a commercial success or a research sinkhole?, Regen Med, 3, 925, 10.2217/17460751.3.6.925

Lysaght, 2004, Tissue engineering: the end of the beginning, Tissue Eng, 10, 309, 10.1089/107632704322791943

Bouchie, 2002, Tissue engineering firms go under, Nat Biotechnol, 20, 1178, 10.1038/nbt1202-1178

Pangarkar, 2010, Advanced tissue sciences inc: learning from the past, a case study for regenerative medicine, Regen Med, 5, 823, 10.2217/rme.10.66

Archer, 2005, Why tissue engineering needs process engineering, Nat Biotechnol, 23, 1353, 10.1038/nbt1105-1353

Singh, 2008, Cell therapies: realizing the potential of this new dimension to medical therapeutics, J Tissue Eng Regen Med, 2, 307, 10.1002/term.108

Mironov, 2008, Organ printing: promises and challenges, Regen Med, 3, 93, 10.2217/17460751.3.1.93

Malone, 2007, Fab@Home: the personal desktop fabricator kit, Rapid Prototyping J, 13, 245, 10.1108/13552540710776197

Hahn, 2006, Photolithographic patterning of polyethylene glycol hydrogels, Biomaterials, 27, 2519, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.11.045

Khademhosseini, 2004, Layer-by-layer deposition of hyaluronic acid and poly-l-lysine for patterned cell co-cultures, Biomaterials, 25, 3583, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2003.10.033

Underhill, 2007, Assessment of hepatocellular function within PEG hydrogels, Biomaterials, 28, 256, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.08.043

Lee, 2008, Three-dimensional cell culture matrices: state of the art, Tissue Eng Pt B, 14, 61, 10.1089/teb.2007.0150

Hutmacher, 2010, Biomaterials offer cancer research the third dimension, Nat Mater, 9, 90, 10.1038/nmat2619

Dunn, 1989, Hepatocyte function and extracellular matrix geometry long-term culture in a sandwich configuration, FASEB J, 3, 174, 10.1096/fasebj.3.2.2914628

Benya, 1982, Dedifferentiated chondrocytes reexpress the differentiated collagen phenotype when cultured in agarose gels, Cell, 30, 215, 10.1016/0092-8674(82)90027-7

Reichert, 2009, The challenge of establishing preclinical models for segmental bone defect research, Biomaterials, 30, 2149, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.12.050

Wilson, 2003, Cell and organ printing 1: protein and cell printers, Anat Rec Part A, 272, 491, 10.1002/ar.a.10057

Derby, 2008, Bioprinting: inkjet printing proteins and hybrid cell-containing materials and structures, J Mater Chem, 18, 5717, 10.1039/b807560c

Barron, 2004, Biological laser printing: a novel technique for creating heterogeneous 3-dimensional cell patterns, Biomed Microdevices, 6, 139, 10.1023/B:BMMD.0000031751.67267.9f

Guillemot, 2010, High-throughput laser printing of cells and biomaterials for tissue engineering, Acta Biomater, 6, 2494, 10.1016/j.actbio.2009.09.029

Arcaute, 2010, Stereolithography of spatially controlled multi-material bioactive poly(ethylene glycol) scaffolds, Acta Biomater, 6, 1047, 10.1016/j.actbio.2009.08.017

Arcaute, 2006, Stereolithography of three-dimensional bioactive poly(ethylene glycol) constructs with encapsulated cells, Ann Biomed Eng, 34, 1429, 10.1007/s10439-006-9156-y

Dhariwala, 2004, Rapid prototyping of tissue-engineering constructs, using photopolymerizable hydrogels and stereolithography, Tissue Eng, 10, 1316, 10.1089/ten.2004.10.1316

Lu, 2006, A digital micro-mirror device-based system for the microfabrication of complex, spatially patterned tissue engineering scaffolds, J Biomed Mater Res A, 77, 396, 10.1002/jbm.a.30601

Censi, 2011, Printable photopolymerizable thermosensitive p(HPMA-lactate)-PEG hydrogel for tissue engineering, Adv Funct Mater, 21, 1833, 10.1002/adfm.201002428

Cohen, 2006, Direct freeform fabrication of seeded hydrogels in arbitrary geometries, Tissue Eng, 12, 1325, 10.1089/ten.2006.12.1325

Smith, 2004, Three-dimensional bioassembly tool for generating viable tissue-engineered constructs, Tissue Eng, 10, 1566, 10.1089/ten.2004.10.1566

Khalil, 2005, Multi-nozzle deposition for construction of 3D biopolymer tissue scaffolds, Rapid Prototyping J, 11, 9, 10.1108/13552540510573347

Yan, 2005, Direct construction of a three-dimensional structure with cells and hydrogel, J Bioact Compat Polym, 20, 259, 10.1177/0883911505053658

Wang, 2006, Generation of three-dimensional hepatocyte/gelatin structures with rapid prototyping system, Tissue Eng, 12, 83, 10.1089/ten.2006.12.83

Fedorovich, 2008, Three-dimensional fiber deposition of cell-laden, viable, patterned constructs for bone tissue printing, Tissue Eng Pt A, 14, 127, 10.1089/ten.a.2007.0158

Li, 2009, Gradient hydrogel construct based on an improved cell assembling system, J Bioact Compat Polym, 24, 84, 10.1177/0883911509103357

Pescosolido, 2011, Hyaluronic acid and dextran based semi-IPN hydrogels as biomaterials for bioprinting, Biomacromolecules, 12, 1831, 10.1021/bm200178w

Keriquel, 2010, In vivo bioprinting for computer- and robotic-assisted medical intervention: preliminary study in mice, Biofabrication, 2, 014101/1, 10.1088/1758-5082/2/1/014101

Norotte, 2009, Scaffold-free vascular tissue engineering using bioprinting, Biomaterials, 30, 5910, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.06.034

Li, 2009, Direct fabrication of a hybrid cell/hydrogel construct by a double-nozzle assembling technology, J Bioact Compat Polym, 24, 249, 10.1177/0883911509104094

Xia, 1998, Soft lithography, Annu Rev Mater Sci, 28, 153, 10.1146/annurev.matsci.28.1.153

Odde, 1999, Laser-guided direct writing for applications in biotechnology, Trends Biotechnol, 17, 385, 10.1016/S0167-7799(99)01355-4

Miller, 2008, Rapid prototyping of hydrogels to guide tissue formation, 49

Karp, 2006, A photolithographic method to create cellular micropatterns, Biomaterials, 27, 4755, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.04.028

Bartolo, 2004, Bio-prototyping, 535

Edinger, 2002, Advancing animal models of neoplasia through in vivo bioluminescence imaging, Eur J Cancer, 38, 2128, 10.1016/S0959-8049(02)00410-0

McElroy, 2002, Performance evaluation of A-SPECT: a high resolution desktop pinhole SPECT system for imaging small animals, IEEE Trans Nucl Sci, 49, 2139, 10.1109/TNS.2002.803801

Potter, 2004, Magnetic resonance imaging after total hip arthroplasty: evaluation of periprosthetic soft tissue, J Bone Joint Surg Am, 86A, 1947, 10.2106/00004623-200409000-00013

Ritman, 2004, Micro-computed tomography-current status and developments, Annu Rev Biomed Eng, 6, 185, 10.1146/annurev.bioeng.6.040803.140130

Boland, 2003, Cell and organ printing 2: fusion of cell aggregates in three-dimensional gels, Anat Rec Part A, 272, 497, 10.1002/ar.a.10059

Boland, 2007, Drop-on-demand printing of cells and materials for designer tissue constructs, Mat Sci Eng C, 27, 372, 10.1016/j.msec.2006.05.047

Nishiyama Y, Nakamura M, Henmi C, Yamaguchi K, Mochizuki S, Nakagawa H, Tsui BMW, Hoffman EJ. The ASME international conference on manufacturing science and engineering 2007. New York: American Society for Mechanical Engineers; 2007. p. 97–102.

Roth, 2004, Inkjet printing for high-throughput cell patterning, Biomaterials, 25, 3707, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2003.10.052

Saunders, 2008, Delivery of human fibroblast cells by piezoelectric drop-on-demand inkjet printing, Biomaterials, 29, 193, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.09.032

Xu, 2005, Inkjet printing of viable mammalian cells, Biomaterials, 26, 93, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.04.011

Xu, 2008, High-throughput production of single-cell microparticles using an inkjet printing technology, J Manuf Sci Eng, 130, 021017/1, 10.1115/1.2903064

Xu, 2007, Rapid prototyping three-dimensional cell/gelatin/fibrinogen constructs for medical regeneration, J Bioact Compat Polym, 22, 363, 10.1177/0883911507079451

Giordano, 1996, Mechanical properties of dense polylactic acid structures fabricated by three dimensional printing, J Biomat Sci Polym Ed, 8, 63, 10.1163/156856297X00588

Lam, 2002, Scaffold development using 3D printing with a starch-based polymer, Mat Sci Eng C, 20, 49, 10.1016/S0928-4931(02)00012-7

Seitz, 2005, Three-dimensional printing of porous ceramic scaffolds for bone tissue engineering, J Biomed Mater Res B, 74, 782, 10.1002/jbm.b.30291

Melchels, 2010, A review on stereolithography and its applications in biomedical engineering, Biomaterials, 31, 6121, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.04.050

Melchels, 2010, Mathematically defined tissue engineering scaffold architectures prepared by stereolithography, Biomaterials, 31, 6909, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.05.068

Chan, 2010, Three-dimensional photopatterning of hydrogels using stereolithography for long-term cell encapsulation, Lab Chip, 10, 2062, 10.1039/c004285d

Gratson, 2004, Microperiodic structures – direct writing of three-dimensional webs, Nature, 428, 386, 10.1038/428386a

Ghosh, 2008, Direct-write assembly of microperiodic silk fibroin scaffolds for tissue engineering applications, Adv Funct Mater, 18, 1883, 10.1002/adfm.200800040

Hutmacher, 2001, Mechanical properties and cell cultural response of polycaprolactone scaffolds designed and fabricated via fused deposition modeling, J Biomed Mater Res, 55, 203, 10.1002/1097-4636(200105)55:2<203::AID-JBM1007>3.0.CO;2-7

Zein, 2002, Fused deposition modeling of novel scaffold architectures for tissue engineering applications, Biomaterials, 23, 1169, 10.1016/S0142-9612(01)00232-0

Antonov, 2005, Three-dimensional bioactive and biodegradable scaffolds fabricated by surface-selective laser sintering, Adv Mater, 17, 327, 10.1002/adma.200400838

Williams, 2005, Bone tissue engineering using polycaprolactone scaffolds fabricated via selective laser sintering, Biomaterials, 26, 4817, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.11.057

Zhang, 2005, Microrobotics and MEMS-based fabrication techniques for scaffold-based tissue engineering, Macromol Biosci, 5, 477, 10.1002/mabi.200400202

Zhang, 2008, Microassembly fabrication of tissue engineering scaffolds with customized design, IEEE Trans Autom Sci Eng, 5, 446, 10.1109/TASE.2008.917011

Puppi, 2010, Polymeric materials for bone and cartilage repair, Prog Polym Sci, 35, 403, 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2010.01.006

Nair, 2007, Biodegradable polymers as biomaterials, Prog Polym Sci, 32, 762, 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2007.05.017

Best, 2008, Bioceramics: past, present and for the future, J Eur Ceram Soc, 28, 1319, 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2007.12.001

Boccaccini, 2005, Bioactive composite materials for tissue engineering scaffolds, Expert Rev Med Devices, 2, 303, 10.1586/17434440.2.3.303

Fedorovich, 2007, Hydrogels as extracellular matrices for skeletal tissue engineering: state-of-the-art and novel application in organ printing, Tissue Eng, 13, 1905, 10.1089/ten.2006.0175

Cooke, 2003, Use of stereolithography to manufacture critical-sized 3D biodegradable scaffolds for bone ingrowth, J Biomed Mater Res B, 64, 65, 10.1002/jbm.b.10485

Matsuda, 2002, Liquid acrylate-endcapped biodegradable poly(e-caprolactone-co-trimethylene carbonate). II. Computer-aided stereolithographic microarchitectural surface photoconstructs, J Biomed Mater Res, 62, 395, 10.1002/jbm.10295

Melchels, 2009, A poly(dl-lactide) resin for the preparation of tissue engineering scaffolds by stereolithography, Biomaterials, 30, 3801, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.03.055

Elomaa, 2011, Preparation of poly(ɛ-caprolactone)-based tissue engineering scaffolds by stereolithography, Acta Biomater, 7, 3850, 10.1016/j.actbio.2011.06.039

Melchels, 2009, Poly(d,l-lactide)/hydroxyapatite composite tissue engineering scaffolds prepared by stereolithography

Chu, 2002, Mechanical and in vivo performance of hydroxyapatite implants with controlled architectures, Biomaterials, 23, 1283, 10.1016/S0142-9612(01)00243-5

Patterson, 2010, Biomimetic materials in tissue engineering, Mater Today, 13, 14, 10.1016/S1369-7021(10)70013-4

Skardal, 2010, Photocrosslinkable hyaluronan-gelatin hydrogels for two-step bioprinting, Tissue Eng Pt A, 16, 2675, 10.1089/ten.tea.2009.0798

Möller, 2011, Preparation and evaluation of hydrogel-composites from methacrylated hyaluronic acid, alginate, and gelatin for tissue engineering, Int J Artif Organs, 34, 93, 10.5301/IJAO.2011.6397

Nuttelman, 2008, Macromolecular monomers for the synthesis of hydrogel niches and their application in cell encapsulation and tissue engineering, Prog Polym Sci, 33, 167, 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2007.09.006

Lutolf, 2009, Designing materials to direct stem-cell fate, Nature, 462, 433, 10.1038/nature08602

Nicodemus, 2008, Cell encapsulation in biodegradable hydrogels for tissue engineering applications, Tissue Eng Pt B, 14, 149, 10.1089/ten.teb.2007.0332

Lutolf, 2003, Synthetic matrix metalloproteinase-sensitive hydrogels for the conduction of tissue regeneration: engineering cell-invasion characteristics, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 100, 5413, 10.1073/pnas.0737381100

Rizzi, 2006, Recombinant protein-co-PEG networks as cell-adhesive and proteolytically degradable hydrogel matrixes. Part II: biofunctional characteristics, Biomacromolecules, 7, 3019, 10.1021/bm060504a

Kong, 2004, Controlling rigidity and degradation of alginate hydrogels via molecular weight distribution, Biomacromolecules, 5, 1720, 10.1021/bm049879r

Kloxin, 2009, Photodegradable hydrogels for dynamic tuning of physical and chemical properties, Science, 324, 59, 10.1126/science.1169494

Bryant, 2002, Hydrogel properties influence ECM production by chondrocytes photoencapsulated in poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels, J Biomed Mater Res, 59, 63, 10.1002/jbm.1217

Tirella, 2011, PAM2 (piston assisted microsyringe): a new rapid prototyping technique for biofabrication of cell incorporated scaffolds, Tissue Eng Pt C, 17, 229, 10.1089/ten.tec.2010.0195

Khalil, 2009, Bioprinting endothelial cells with alginate for 3D tissue constructs, J Biomech Eng, 131, 111002/1, 10.1115/1.3128729

Tirella, 2009, A phase diagram for microfabrication of geometrically controlled hydrogel scaffolds, Biofabrication, 1, 045002/1, 10.1088/1758-5082/1/4/045002

Fedorovich, 2009, Evaluation of photocrosslinked lutrol hydrogel for tissue printing applications, Biomacromolecules, 10, 1689, 10.1021/bm801463q

Skardal, 2010, Bioprinting vessel-like constructs using hyaluronan hydrogels crosslinked with tetrahedral polyethylene glycol tetracrylates, Biomaterials, 31, 6173, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.04.045

Mironov, 2009, Organ printing: tissue spheroids as building blocks, Biomaterials, 30, 2164, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.12.084

Klein, 2003, Tissue engineering of stratified articular cartilage from chondrocyte subpopulations, Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 11, 595, 10.1016/S1063-4584(03)00090-6

Kwon, 2000, Rapid cell sheet detachment from poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-grafted porous cell culture membranes, J Biomed Mater Res, 50, 82, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(200004)50:1<82::AID-JBM12>3.0.CO;2-7

Elloumi-Hannachi, 2010, Cell sheet engineering: a unique nanotechnology for scaffold-free tissue reconstruction with clinical applications in regenerative medicine, J Intern Med, 267, 54, 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2009.02185.x

Tsuda, 2007, Cellular control of tissue architectures using a three-dimensional tissue fabrication technique, Biomaterials, 28, 4939, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.08.002

Sodian, 2005, Tissue engineering of vascular conduits: fabrication of custom-made scaffolds using rapid prototyping techniques, Thorac Cardiov Surg, 53, 144, 10.1055/s-2005-837536

Sodian, 2002, Application of stereolithography for scaffold fabrication for tissue engineered heart valves, ASAIO J, 48, 12, 10.1097/00002480-200201000-00004

Woodfield, 2009, Rapid prototyping of anatomically shaped, tissue-engineered implants for restoring congruent articulating surfaces in small joints, Cell Prolif, 42, 485, 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2009.00608.x

Kovacs, 2006, Optimization of 3-dimensional imaging of the breast region with 3-dimensional laser scanners, Ann Plast Surg, 56, 229, 10.1097/01.sap.0000197774.80832.24

Jackson, 1999, Modeling and designing functionally graded material components for fabrication with local composition control, Mater Design, 20, 63, 10.1016/S0261-3069(99)00011-4

Siu, 2002, Representation and CAD modeling of heterogeneous objects, Rapid Prototyping J, 8, 70, 10.1108/13552540210420934

Zhou, 2004, Modeling and processing of functionally graded materials for rapid prototyping, J Mater Process Technol, 146, 396, 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2003.11.034

Stoddart, 2009, Cells and biomaterials in cartilage tissue engineering, Regen Med, 4, 81, 10.2217/17460751.4.1.81

Klein, 2009, Tissue engineering of articular cartilage with biomimetic zones, Tissue Eng Pt B, 15, 143, 10.1089/ten.teb.2008.0563

Klein, 2009, Strategies for zonal cartilage repair using hydrogels, Macromol Biosci, 9, 1049, 10.1002/mabi.200900176

Khoda, 2011, Engineered tissue scaffolds with variational porous architecture, J Biomech Eng, 133, 011001/1, 10.1115/1.4002933

Melchels, 2011, CAD/CAM-assisted breast reconstruction, Biofabrication, 3, 034114/1, 10.1088/1758-5082/3/3/034114

Keyak, 1990, Automated 3-dimensional finite-element modeling of bone – a new method, J Biomed Eng, 12, 389, 10.1016/0141-5425(90)90022-F

Wohlers, 2010

Nichol, 2010, Cell-laden microengineered gelatin methacrylate hydrogels, Biomaterials, 31, 5536, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.03.064

Yeh, 2006, Micromolding of shape-controlled, harvestable cell-laden hydrogels, Biomaterials, 27, 5391, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.06.005

Ovsianikov, 2007, Two-photon polymerization technique for microfabrication of CAD-designed 3D scaffolds from commercially available photosensitive materials, J Tissue Eng Regen Med, 1, 443, 10.1002/term.57

Ovsianikov, 2011, Photonic and biomedical applications of the two-photon polymerization technique, 257

Mapili, 2005, Laser-layered microfabrication of spatially patterned functionalized tissue-engineering scaffolds, J Biomed Mater Res B, 75, 414, 10.1002/jbm.b.30325

Tsang, 2007, Fabrication of 3D hepatic tissues by additive photopatterning of cellular hydrogels, FASEB J, 21, 790, 10.1096/fj.06-7117com

Bártolo, 2011, Stereolithographic processes, 1

Sawhney, 1993, Bioerodible hydrogels based on photopolymerized poly(ethylene glycol)-co-poly(alpha-hydroxy acid) diacrylate macromers, Macromolecules, 26, 581, 10.1021/ma00056a005

Burdick, 2002, Photoencapsulation of osteoblasts in injectable RGD-modified PEG hydrogels for bone tissue engineering, Biomaterials, 23, 4315, 10.1016/S0142-9612(02)00176-X

Zisch, 2003, Cell-demanded release of VEGF from synthetic, biointeractive cell-ingrowth matrices for vascularized tissue growth, FASEB J, 17, 2260, 10.1096/fj.02-1041fje

He, 2007, Material properties and cytocompatibility of injectable MMP degradable poly(lactide ethylene oxide fumarate) hydrogel as a carrier for marrow stromal cells, Biomacromolecules, 8, 780, 10.1021/bm060671a

Johnson, 2010, Some hydrogels having novel molecular structures, Prog Polym Sci, 35, 332, 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2009.12.002

Gong, 2003, Double-network hydrogels with extremely high mechanical strength, Adv Mater, 15, 1155, 10.1002/adma.200304907

Arakaki, 2009, Artificial cartilage made from a novel double-network hydrogel: in vivo effects on the normal cartilage and ex vivo evaluation of the friction property, J Biomed Mater Res A, 93, 1160

Schweikl, 2006, Genetic and cellular toxicology of dental resin monomers, J Dent Res, 85, 870, 10.1177/154405910608501001

Galler, 2010, Self-assembling multidomain peptide hydrogels: designed susceptibility to enzymatic cleavage allows enhanced cell migration and spreading, J Am Chem Soc, 132, 3217, 10.1021/ja910481t

Haraguchi, 2006, Mechanical properties and structure of polymer-clay nanocomposite gels with high clay content, Macromolecules, 39, 1898, 10.1021/ma052468y

Haraguchi, 2006, Control of cell cultivation and cell sheet detachment on the surface of polymer/clay nanocomposite hydrogels, Biomacromolecules, 7, 3267, 10.1021/bm060549b

Fukasawa, 2010, Synthesis and mechanical properties of a nanocomposite gel consisting of a Tetra-PEG/Clay network, Macromolecules, 43, 4370, 10.1021/ma100419c

Calvert, 2009, Hydrogels for soft machines, Adv Mater, 21, 743, 10.1002/adma.200800534

Schuurman, 2011, Bioprinting of hybrid tissue constructs with tailorable mechanical properties, Biofabrication, 3, 021001/1, 10.1088/1758-5082/3/2/021001

Capito, 2008, Self-assembly of large and small molecules into hierarchically ordered sacs and membranes, Science, 319, 1812, 10.1126/science.1154586

Richardson, 2001, Polymeric system for dual growth factor delivery, Nat Biotechnol, 19, 1029, 10.1038/nbt1101-1029

Choong, 2006, Co-culture of bone marrow fibroblasts and endothelial cells on modified polycaprolactone substrates for enhanced potentials in bone tissue engineering, Tissue Eng, 12, 2521, 10.1089/ten.2006.12.2521

Sekine, 2008, Endothelial cell coculture within tissue-engineered cardiomyocyte sheets enhances neovascularization and improves cardiac function of ischemic hearts, Circulation, 118, S145, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.757286

Steffens, 2009, In vivo engineering of a human vasculature for bone tissue engineering applications, J Cell Mol Med, 13, 3380, 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00418.x

Ekaputra, 2011, The three-dimensional vascularization of growth factor-releasing hybrid scaffold of poly (É›-caprolactone)/collagen fibers and hyaluronic acid hydrogel, Biomaterials, 32, 8108, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.07.022

Rouwkema, 2008, Vascularization in tissue engineering, Trends Biotechnol, 26, 434, 10.1016/j.tibtech.2008.04.009

Melchels, 2010, Effects of the architecture of tissue engineering scaffolds on cell seeding and culturing, Acta Biomater, 6, 4208, 10.1016/j.actbio.2010.06.012

Cao, 2006, The influence of architecture on degradation and tissue ingrowth into three-dimensional poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) scaffolds in vitro and in vivo, Biomaterials, 27, 2854, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.12.015

Ehrbar, 2004, Cell-demanded liberation of VEGF(121) from fibrin implants induces local and controlled blood vessel growth, Circ Res, 94, 1124, 10.1161/01.RES.0000126411.29641.08

Levenberg, 2005, Engineering vascularized skeletal muscle tissue, Nat Biotechnol, 23, 879, 10.1038/nbt1109

Malda, 2006, Microcarriers in the engineering of cartilage and bone, Trends Biotechnol, 24, 299, 10.1016/j.tibtech.2006.04.009

Weber, 2010, Expansion of human mesenchymal stem cells in a fixed-bed bioreactor system based on non-porous glass carrier – part A: inoculation, cultivation, and cell harvest procedures, Int J Artif Organs, 33, 512, 10.1177/039139881003300802

Martin, 2009, Bioreactor-based roadmap for the translation of tissue engineering strategies into clinical products, Trends Biotechnol, 27, 495, 10.1016/j.tibtech.2009.06.002

Pangarkar, 2003, Invention and business performance in the tissue-engineering industry, Tissue Eng, 9, 1313, 10.1089/10763270360728224

Schenke-Layland, 2011, In vitro human tissue models – moving towards personalized regenerative medicine, Adv Drug Deliv Rev, 63, 195, 10.1016/j.addr.2011.05.001

Mason, 2010, Regenerative medicine cell therapies: numbers of units manufactured and patients treated between 1988 and 2010, Regen Med, 5, 307, 10.2217/rme.10.37

Wagner, 2010, Reconstructing the lung, Science, 329, 520, 10.1126/science.1194087

Service, 2008, Tissue engineering. Coming soon to a knee near you: cartilage like your very own, Science, 322, 1460, 10.1126/science.322.5907.1460

Griffith, 2002, Tissue engineering – current challenges and expanding opportunities, Science, 295, 1009, 10.1126/science.1069210

Hollister, 2009, Scaffold engineering: a bridge to where?, Biofabrication, 1, 012001/1, 10.1088/1758-5082/1/1/012001

Sharp, 2011

Hiller, 2009, Design and analysis of digital materials for physical 3D voxel printing, Rapid Prototyping J, 15, 137, 10.1108/13552540910943441

Rivron, 2009, Tissue assembly and organization: developmental mechanisms in microfabricated tissues, Biomaterials, 30, 4851, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.06.037

Fernandez, 2010, Micro-masonry: construction of 3D structures by microscale self-assembly, Adv Mater, 22, 2538, 10.1002/adma.200903893

McGuigan, 2006, Vascularized organoid engineered by modular assembly enables blood perfusion, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 103, 11461, 10.1073/pnas.0602740103

Hahn, 2006, Three-dimensional biochemical and biomechanical patterning of hydrogels for guiding cell behavior, Adv Mater, 18, 2679, 10.1002/adma.200600647

Cruise, 1998, A sensitivity study of the key parameters in the interfacial photopolymerization of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate upon porcine islets, Biotechnol Bioeng, 57, 655, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0290(19980320)57:6<655::AID-BIT3>3.0.CO;2-K

Mironov, 2011, Organ printing: from bioprinter to organ biofabrication line, Curr Opin Biotechnol, 22, 667, 10.1016/j.copbio.2011.02.006

Hook, 2010, High throughput methods applied in biomaterial development and discovery, Biomaterials, 31, 187, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.09.037

Chang, 2008, Direct cell writing of 3D microorgan for in vitro pharmacokinetic model, Tissue Eng Pt C, 14, 157, 10.1089/ten.tec.2007.0392

Rouwkema, 2011, In vitro platforms for tissue engineering: implications to basic research and clinical translation, J Tissue Eng Regen Med, 5, e164, 10.1002/term.414

Cohen, 2010, Additive manufacturing for in situ repair of osteochondral defects, Biofabrication, 2, 035004/1, 10.1088/1758-5082/2/3/035004

Campbell, 2007, Tissue engineering with the aid of inkjet printers, Expert Opin Biol Ther, 7, 1123, 10.1517/14712598.7.8.1123

Brown, 2011, Direct writing by way of melt electrospinning, Adv Mater, 23, 5651, 10.1002/adma.201103482