Adaptation of farmland management strategies to maintain livelihood by the Chagga people in the Kilimanjaro highlands

Altieri, 2012, Agroecologically efficient agricultural systems for smallholder farmers: Contributions to food sovereignty, Agron. Sustain. Dev., 32, 1, 10.1007/s13593-011-0065-6 Andersen, 2012, Challenges for under-utilized crops illustrated by ricebean (Vigna umbellata) in India and Nepal, Int. J. Agric. Sustain., 10, 164, 10.1080/14735903.2012.674401 Assefa, 2016, Farmers’ perception of land degradation and traditional knowledge in southern Ethiopia-resilience and stability, Land Degrad. Dev., 27, 1552, 10.1002/ldr.2364 Belay, 2017, Smallholder farmers’ adaptation to climate change and determinants of their adaptation decisions in the central Rift Valley of Ethiopia, Agricult. Food Secur., 6 Bellon, 2009, Do we need crop landraces for the future? Realizing the global option value of in situ conservation, 51 Blench, 2009, Bananas and plantains in Africa: Re-interpreting the linguistic evidence, Ethnobot. Res. Appl., 7, 363, 10.17348/era.7.0.363-380 De Langhe, 2009, Why bananas matter: An introduction to the history of banana domestication, Ethnobot. Res. Appl., 7, 165, 10.17348/era.7.0.165-177 Department for International Development (DFID) Di Falco, 2003, Crop genetic diversity, productivity and stability of agroecosystems. A theoretical and empirical investigation, Scott. J. Polit. Econ., 50, 207, 10.1111/1467-9485.5002006 Doyle, 1987, A rapid DNA isolation procedure for small quantities of fresh leaf tissue, Phytochem. Bull., 19, 11 Félix, 2018, Use and management of biodiversity by smallholder farmers in semi-arid West Africa, Global Food Secur., 18, 76, 10.1016/j.gfs.2018.08.005 Fernandes, 1986, An evaluation of the structure and function of tropical homegardens, Agric. Syst., 21, 279, 10.1016/0308-521X(86)90104-6 Fernandes, 1984, The Chagga homegardens: a multistoried agroforestry cropping system on Mt. Kilimanjaro (Northern Tanzania), Agrofor. Syst., 2, 73, 10.1007/BF00131267 Food and Agricultural Organization of the United States (FAO) Food and Agricultural Organization of the United States (FAO) Food and Agricultural Organization of the United States (FAO) Food and Agricultural Organization of the United States (FAO) Food and Agricultural Organization of the United States (FAO) Hemp, 2006, The banana forests of Kilimanjaro: Biodiversity and conservation of the Chagga homegardens, Biodivers. Conserv., 15, 1193, 10.1007/s10531-004-8230-8 Higuchi, 2018, Similarity of homegarden component species and their genetic distance between Tanzania and Indonesia, Afric. Study Monogr., 55, 51 Ichinose, 2020, Central roles of livestock and land-use in soil fertility of traditional homegardens on Mount Kilimanjaro, Agrofor. Syst., 94, 1, 10.1007/s10457-019-00357-9 IFAD and UNEP International Coffee Organization Johns, 2013, Agricultural biodiversity as a link between traditional food systems and contemporary development, social integrity and ecological health, J. Sci. Food Agric., 93, 3433, 10.1002/jsfa.6351 Kamvar, 2014, Poppr: An R package for genetic analysis of populations with clonal, partially clonal, and/or sexual reproduction, PeerJ, 2, 10.7717/peerj.281 Kamvar, 2015, Novel R tools for analysis of genome-wide population genetic data with emphasis on clonality, Front. Genet., 6, 208, 10.3389/fgene.2015.00208 Karamura, 2012 Karangwa, 2016, The distribution and incidence of banana Fusarium wilt in subsistence farming systems in east and central Africa, Crop Prot., 84, 132, 10.1016/j.cropro.2016.03.003 Kashaija, 2004, Spatial distribution of roots, nematode populations and root necrosis in highland banana in Uganda, Nematology, 6, 7, 10.1163/156854104323072865 Kilema Kaskazini Village Office, 2012 Koponen, 1988 Lein, 2004, Managing the water of Kilimanjaro: Irrigation, peasants, and hydropower development, Geo J., 61, 155 Lin, 2011, Resilience in agriculture through crop diversification: Adaptive management for environmental change, BioScience, 61, 183, 10.1525/bio.2011.61.3.4 Loison, 2015, Rural livelihood diversification in sub-Saharan Africa: A literature review, J. Dev. Stud., 51, 1125, 10.1080/00220388.2015.1046445 Ma, 2009, Number of 24-hour diet recalls needed to estimate energy intake, Ann. Epidemiol., 19, 553, 10.1016/j.annepidem.2009.04.010 Maerere, 2010, Analysis of the agriculture science, technology and innovation systems: A case study of banana in Tanzania, Acta Hortic., 879, 851, 10.17660/ActaHortic.2010.879.94 Mastretta-Yanes, 2018, An initiative for the study and use of genetic diversity of domesticated plants and their wild relatives, Front. Plant Sci., 9 Mazengo, 1997, Food consumption in rural and urban Tanzania, Acta Trop., 68, 313, 10.1016/S0001-706X(97)00113-7 Moore, 1986 Nakato, 2018, Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum: A major constraint to banana, plantain and enset production in central and east Africa over the past decade, Mol. Plant Pathol., 19, 525, 10.1111/mpp.12578 Nei, 1972, Genetic distance between population, Am. Nat., 106, 283, 10.1086/282771 OECD/FAO, 2016, OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2016–2025, 59 Ondersteijn, 2003, Identification of farmer characteristics and farm strategies explaining changes in environmental management and environmental and economic performance of dairy farms, Agric. Syst., 78, 31, 10.1016/S0308-521X(03)00031-3 Peakall, 2012, GenAlEx 6.5: Genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research-an update, Bioinformatics, 28, 2537, 10.1093/bioinformatics/bts460 R Development Core Team, 2005 Ricciardi, 2018, How much of the world's food do smallholders produce?, Global Food Secur., 17, 64, 10.1016/j.gfs.2018.05.002 Shikuku, 2017, Smallholder farmers’ attitudes and determinants of adaptation to climate risks in East Africa, Clim. Risk Manag., 16, 234, 10.1016/j.crm.2017.03.001 Shimwela, 2016, Banana xanthomonas wilt continues to spread in Tanzania despite an intensive symptomatic plant removal campaign: An impending socio-economic and ecological disaster, Food Secur., 8, 939, 10.1007/s12571-016-0609-3 Simmonds, 1966 Simmonds, 1952, An Asian banana (Musa acuminata) in Pemba, Zanzibar protectorate, Nature, 169, 507, 10.1038/169507a0 Soini, 2005, Land use change patterns and livelihood dynamics on the slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania, Agric. Syst., 85, 306, 10.1016/j.agsy.2005.06.013 Soini, 2005, Changing livelihoods on the slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania: Challenges and opportunities in the Chagga homegarden system, Agrofor. Syst., 64, 157, 10.1007/s10457-004-1023-y The United Republic of Tanzania The United Republic of Tanzania Tittonell, 2013, When yield gaps are poverty traps: The paradigm of ecological intensification in African smallholder agriculture, Field Crop Res., 143, 76, 10.1016/j.fcr.2012.10.007 Tittonell, 2010, The diversity of rural livelihoods and their influence on soil fertility in agricultural systems of East Africa – A typology of smallholder farms, Agric. Syst., 103, 83, 10.1016/j.agsy.2009.10.001 Winter-Nelson, 2002, Institutional adjustment and transaction costs: Product and inputs markets in the Tanzanian coffee system, World Dev., 30, 561, 10.1016/S0305-750X(01)00126-7 World reference base for soil resources (WRB), 2014 Yamane, 2018, Agricultural production and food consumption of mountain farmers in Tanzania: a case study of Kiboguwa village in Uluguru Mountains, Agric. Food Secur., 7, 10.1186/s40066-018-0207-z Zorom, 2013, Diversification and adaptation strategies to climate variability: A farm typology for the Sahel, Agric. Syst., 116, 7, 10.1016/j.agsy.2012.11.004