Activating KIR molecules and their cognate ligands prevail in children with a diagnosis of ASD and in their mothers

Altevogt, 2008, Autism and the environment: challenges and opportunities for research, Pediatrics, 121, 1225, 10.1542/peds.2007-3000 Amaral, 2008, Neuroanatomy of autism, Trends Neurosci., 31, 137, 10.1016/j.tins.2007.12.005 American Psychiatric Association, 1994 American Psychiatric Association, 2013 Ashwood, 2010, Altered T cell responses in children with autism, Brain Behav. Immun., 25, 840, 10.1016/j.bbi.2010.09.002 Ashwood, 2011, Elevated plasma cytokines in autism spectrum disorders provide evidence of immune dysfunction and are associated with impaired behavioral outcome, Brain Behav. Immun., 25, 40, 10.1016/j.bbi.2010.08.003 Atladóttir, 2009, Association of family history of autoimmune diseases and autism spectrum disorders, Pediatrics, 124, 687, 10.1542/peds.2008-2445 Braunschweig, 2012, Maternal autoantibodies in autism, Arch. Neurol., 69, 693, 10.1001/archneurol.2011.2506 Bressler, 2012, Maternal antibody reactivity to lymphocytes of offspring with autism, Pediatr. Neurol., 47, 337, 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2012.06.017 Carr, 2005, KIR3DL1 polymorphisms that affect NK cell inhibition by HLA-Bw4 ligand, J. Immunol., 175, 5222, 10.4049/jimmunol.175.8.5222 Cella, 1994, NK3-specific natural killer cells are selectively inhibited by Bw4-positive HLA alleles with isoleucine 80, J. Exp. Med., 180, 1235, 10.1084/jem.180.4.1235 Comi, 1999, Familial clustering of autoimmune disorders and evaluation of medical risk factors in autism, J. Child Neurol., 14, 388, 10.1177/088307389901400608 Croen, 2005, Maternal autoimmune diseases, asthma and allergies, and childhood autism spectrum disorders: a case–control study, Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med., 159, 151, 10.1001/archpedi.159.2.151 Croen, 2008, Maternal mid-pregnancy autoantibodies to fetal brain protein: the early markers for autism study, Biol. Psychiatry, 64, 583, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.05.006 Enstrom, 2009, Altered gene expression and function of peripheral blood natural killer cells in children with autism, Brain Behav. Immun., 23, 24, 10.1016/j.bbi.2008.08.001 Fusco, 2010, KIRs and their HL Aligands in remitting–relapsing multiple sclerosis, J. Neuroimmunol., 15, 232, 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.08.004 Garty, 1994, Placental transfer of immunoglobulin G subclasses, Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol., 1, 667, 10.1128/CDLI.1.6.667-669.1994 Gesundheit, 2013, Immunological and autoimmune considerations of Autism Spectrum Disorders, J. Autoimmun., 44, 1, 10.1016/j.jaut.2013.05.005 Guerini, 2012, NK cells in human disease: an evolving story, Clin. Immunol., 143, 203, 10.1016/j.clim.2012.03.003 Guerini, 2011, HLA polymorphisms in Italian children with autism spectrum disorders: results of a family based linkage study, J. Neuroimmunol., 230, 135, 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.10.019 Guerini, 2011, Under representation of the inhibitory KIR3DL1 molecule and the KIR3DL1+/BW4+ complex in HIV exposed seronegative individuals, J. Infect. Dis., 203, 1235, 10.1093/infdis/jir020 Guerini, 2012, Activating KIR/HLA complexes in classic Kaposi’s Sarcoma, Infect. Agent Cancer, 2, 7 Gumperz, 1997, Conserved and variable residues within the Bw4 motif of HLA-B make separable contributions to recognition by the NKB1 killer cell-inhibitory receptor, J. Immunol., 158, 5237, 10.4049/jimmunol.158.11.5237 Kulkarni, 2008, The Yin and Yang of HLA and KIR in human disease, Semin. Immunol., 20, 343, 10.1016/j.smim.2008.06.003 Lanier, 2005, NK cell recognition, Annu. Rev. Immunol., 23, 225, 10.1146/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115526 Lauritsen, 2005, Effects of familial risk factors and place of birth on the risk of autism: a nationwide register-based study, J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry, 46, 963, 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00391.x Martin, 2002, Epistatic interaction between KIR3DS1 and HLA-B delays the progression to AIDS, Nat. Genet., 31, 429, 10.1038/ng934 Middleton, 2010, The extensive polymorphism of KIR genes, Immunology, 129, 8, 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2009.03208.x Middleton, 2005, KIR genes, Transpl. Immunol., 14, 135, 10.1016/j.trim.2005.03.002 Muhle, 2004, The genetics of autism, Pediatrics, 113, 472, 10.1542/peds.113.5.e472 Saresella, 2009, An autistic endophenotype results in complex immune dysfunction in healthy siblings of autistic children, Biol. Psychiatry, 66, 978, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.06.020 Shiina, 2009, The HLA genomic loci map: expression, interaction, diversity and disease, J. Hum. Genet., 54, 15, 10.1038/jhg.2008.5 Singer, 2008, Antibodies against fetal brain in sera of mothers with autistic children, J. Neuroimmunol., 194, 165, 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2007.11.004 Singer, 2009, Prenatal exposure to antibodies from mothers of children with autism produces neurobehavioral alterations: a pregnant dam mouse model, J. Neuroimmunol., 211, 39, 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2009.03.011 Singh, 1993, Antibodies to myelin basic protein in children with autistic behavior, Brain Behav. Immun., 7, 97, 10.1006/brbi.1993.1010 Soria, 2011, KIR–HLA genotypes in HIV-infected patients lacking immunological recovery despite effective antiretroviral therapy, PLoS One, 6, e27349, 10.1371/journal.pone.0027349 Sweeten, 2003, High blood monocyte counts and neopterin levels in children with autistic disorder, Am. J. Psychiatry, 160, 1691, 10.1176/appi.ajp.160.9.1691 Torres, 2002, The transmission disequilibrium test suggests that HLA-DR4 and DR13 are linked to autism spectrum disorder, Hum. Immunol., 63, 311, 10.1016/S0198-8859(02)00374-9 Torres, 2006, The association and linkage of the HLA-A2 class I allele with autism, Hum. Immunol., 67, 346, 10.1016/j.humimm.2006.01.001 Torres, 2012, Activating killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) and their cognate HLA ligands are significantly increased in autism, Brain Behav. Immun., 26, 1122, 10.1016/j.bbi.2012.07.014 Vojdani, 2008, Low natural killer cell cytotoxic activity in autism: the role of glutathione, IL-2 and IL-15, J. Neuroimmunol., 205, 148, 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2008.09.005 Warren, 1987, Reduced natural killer cell activity in autism, J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 26, 333, 10.1097/00004583-198705000-00008 Westover, J.B., Sweeten, T.L., Benson, M., Bray-Ward, P., Torres, A.R., 2011. Immune dysfunction in autism spectrum disorder. In: Valsamma Eapen (Ed.), Autism – A Neurodevelopmental Journey from Genes to Behaviour. InTech. Available from: <http://www.intechopen.com/articles/show/title/immune-dysfunction-inautism-spectrum-disorder>.