Các orogen tụ tập qua lịch sử Trái đất
Tóm tắt
Các orogen tụ tập hình thành tại các ranh giới mảng kiến tạo hội tụ ở giữa đại dương và tại các lề lục địa. Chúng bao gồm các thành phần vùng đai tước dưới, vòng cung magma và vùng đai phía sau. Các orogen tụ tập có thể được phân loại thành hai loại: lùi lại và tiến lên, dựa trên khung kinematic của chúng và đặc trưng địa chất kết quả. Các orogen lùi lại (ví dụ: khu vực tây Thái Bình Dương hiện đại) đang trải qua mở rộng lâu dài nhằm phản ứng lại vị trí của tước dưới của mảng phía dưới rút lui so với mảng đang bao trùm và được đặc trưng bởi các bể phía sau. Các orogen tiến lên (ví dụ: Andes) phát triển trong môi trường mà mảng bao trùm đang tiến về mảng đang đi xuống, dẫn đến sự phát triển của các dải nếp gấp và đẩy ra phía trước, cùng với sự dày lên của lớp vỏ. Quá trình hình thành các craton của các orogen tụ tập xảy ra trong suốt quá trình hội tụ mảng tiếp diễn và đòi hỏi sự liên kết tạm thời qua ranh giới mảng với sự biến dạng tập trung ở các vùng suy yếu cơ học và nhiệt như vòng cung magma và vùng đai phía sau. Các cơ chế tiềm năng thúc đẩy sự liên kết bao gồm việc tích tụ lớp vỏ nổi (tích tụ lãnh thổ), tước dưới phẳng, và chuyển động nhanh của mảng phía trên đang bao trùm mảng đang đi xuống. Các orogen tụ tập đã hoạt động xuyên suốt lịch sử trái đất, kéo dài ít nhất 3.2 tỷ năm trước, và có thể còn sớm hơn, và chúng cung cấp một ràng buộc quan trọng về khởi phát của chuyển động nằm ngang của các mảng kiến tạo trên Trái đất. Chúng đã chịu trách nhiệm cho sự phát triển chính của lớp vỏ lục địa thông qua việc bổ sung các sản phẩm magma non trẻ, nhưng cũng là những địa điểm chính cho việc tiêu thụ và tái chế lớp vỏ lục địa theo thời gian, thông qua việc tước dưới trầm tích và xói mòn tước dưới. Có khả năng rằng tỷ lệ tăng trưởng và phá hủy lớp vỏ gần như ngang nhau, cho thấy rằng tăng trưởng ròng từ kỷ Archaean là hiệu quả bằng không.
Từ khóa
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