About the emissions of alternative jet fuels

Kohse-Höinghaus, K., Oßwald, P., Cool, T.A., Kasper, T., Hansen, N., Qi, F., Westbrook, C.K., Westmoreland, P.R.: Biofuel combustion chemistry: from ethanol to biodiesel. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 49, 3572–3597 (2010)

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPCC.: Mitigation of climate change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the IPCC. In: Edenhofer, O., et al. (eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA (IPPC) (2014), http://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg3/ . Accessed 26 Aug 2015

Steil, U., Braun-Unkhoff, M., Frank, P., Aigner, M.: An experimental and modelling study on the auto ignition of kerosene and surrogate fuel mixture. In: Proc. 46th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, AIAA-2008-0973 (2008)

International Air Transport Association.: http://www.iata.org/whatwedo/Documents/economics/Industry-Outlook-Jun2012.pdf . Accessed 26 Aug 2015

http://www.acare4europe.com/sria/flightpath-2050-goals/protecting-environment-and-energy-supply-0 . Accesses 08 Aug 2015

http://ec.europa.eu/transport/modes/air/doc/flightpath2050.pdf . Accessed 24 Aug 2015

Advisory Council on Aeronautics Research in Europe (ACARE).: ACARE addendum to the strategic research agenda. http://www.acare4europe.com/sites/acare4europe.org/files/document/ACARE_2008_Addendum.pdf (2008). Accessed 26 Aug 2015

http://www.caafi.org/information/pdf/Path_to_Aviation_Alternative_Fuel_Readiness_May_2013.pdf . (2013)

Steele, P., on behalf of ACI, CANSO, ICAO GIACC/3 IATA, ICCAIA, Montreal (Canada), http://www.icao.int/environmental-protection/GIACC/Giacc-3/Giacc3_Pres_IndustryGoals.pdf . (2009). Accessed 26 Aug 2015

Standard D1655.: http://www.astm.org . Accessed 26 Aug 2015

https://www.dstan.mod.uk . Accessed 26 Aug 2015

Blakey, S., Rye, L., Wilson, C.W.: Aviation gas turbine alternative fuels: a review. Proc. Comb. Inst. 33, 2863–2885 (2011)

Braun-Unkhoff, M., Riedel, U.: Alternative fuels in aviation. CEAS Aeronaut. J. 6, 83–93 (2015). doi: 10.1007/s13272-014-0131-2

Braun-Unkhoff, M., Kathrotia, T., Rauch, B., Riedel, U.: About the interaction between composition and performance of alternative jet fuels. CEAS Aeronaut. J. 7(1), 83–94 (2015). doi: 10.1007/s13272-015-0178-8

Kick, Th, Herbst, J., Kathrotia, T., Marquetand, J., Braun-Unkhoff, M., Naumann, C., Riedel, U.: An experimental and modeling study of burning velocities of possible future synthetic jet fuels. Energy 43(1), 111–123 (2012)

Mzé Ahmed, A., Dagaut, P., Hadj-Ali, K., Dayma, G., Kick, Th, Herbst, J., Kathrotia, T., Braun-Unkhoff, M., Herzler, J., Naumann, C., Riedel, U.: Oxidation of a coal-to-liquid synthetic jet fuel: experimental and chemical kinetic modeling study. Energy Fuels 26(10), 6070–6079 (2012)

Dagaut, P., Karsenty, F., Dayma, G., Diévart, P., Hadj-Ali, K., Mzé-Ahmed, A., Braun-Unkhoff, M., Herzler, J., Kathrotia, T., Kick, Th, Naumann, C., Riedel, U., Thomas, L.: Experimental and detailed kinetic model for the oxidation of a gas to liquid (GtL) jet fuel. Combust. Flame 161, 835–847 (2014)

Edwards, C., Moses, C., Dryer, F.L.: Evaluation of combustion performance of alternative aviation fuels”, 46th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit, Nashville, (USA), AIAA 2010-7155 (2010)

FT-fuels approved, announcement, http://www.astmnewsroom.org/default.aspx?pageid=1895 (2011). Accessed 26 Aug 2015

HEFA approved, announcement, http://www.astmnewsroom.org/default.aspx?pageid=2524 (2011). Accessed 26 Aug 2015

SIP-fuels approved, announcement, http://www.astmnewsroom.org/default.aspx?pageid=3463 (2014). Accessed 26 Aug 2015

burn-FAIR.: LuFO-IV project, http://presse.lufthansa.com/en/news-releases/singleview/archive/2010/november/29/article/1828.html and final report (in German) http://www.aireg.de/images/downloads/Abschlussbericht_BurnFAIR.pdf (2011). Accessed 26 Aug 2015

Alfa-BIRD: alternative fuels and biofuels for aircraft, EUFP7/2007-2013, Grant agreement No. 213266; co-ordinator: EU-VRi, (Germany); http://www.alfa-bird.eu-vri.eu . Accessed 26 Aug 2015

SWAFEA: Sustainable way for alternative fuels and energy for aviation, EU, DG-TREN, final report, http://www.icao.int/environmental-protection/GFAAF/Documents/SW_WP9_D.9.1%20Final%20report_released%20July2011.pdf . Accessed 26 Aug 2015

Mosbach, T., Burger, V., Gunasekaran, B.: Fuel influence on targeted gas turbine combustion properties: Part I—detailed diagnostics. In: Proc. ASME Turbo Expo, GT2014-25075, Düsseldorf, Germany (2014)

Burger, V., Yates, A., Mosbach, T., Gunasekaran, B.: Fuel influence on targeted gas turbine combustion properties: Part II—detailed Results. In: Proc. ASME Turbo Expo, GT2014-25105, Düsseldorf, Germany (2014)

"Le Clercq, P., Aigner, M.: Impact of alternative fuels physical properties on combustor performance. ICLASS 2009, 11th Trieennial International. Annual Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems, Vail, USA (2009)

Moses, C.A.: Comparison of semi-synthetic jet fuels. CRC Project No. AV-2-04a. Contract. Coordinating Research Council, Inc. (2008). See also http://www.crcao.org . Accessed 26 Aug 2015

Le Clercq, P., Di Domenico, M., Rachner, M., Ivanova, E., Aigner, M.: Impact of fischer-tropsch fuels on aero-engine combustion performance,” 48th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Orlando, Florida, USA, (2010)

http://www.aireg.de . Accessed 26 Aug 2015

Dagaut, P., Cathonnet, M.: The ignition, oxidation, and combustion of kerosene: a review of experimental and kinetic modeling. Prog. Energ. Combust. 32, 48–92 (2006)

Gierens, K., Braun-Unkhoff, M., Le Clercq, P., Plohr, M., Schlager, H., Wolters, F.: Condensation trails from biofuels/kerosene blends scoping study. EU tender, ENER/C2/2013-627, final report (2016)

DLR internal report Brennkammermodellierung (BKM) (1998)

Böhm, H., Braun-Unkhoff, M.: Numerical study on the effect of oxygenated blending compounds soot formation in shock tubes. Combust. Flame 153, 84–96 (2008)

Böhm, H., Braun-Unkhoff, M., Frank, P.: Investigations on initial soot formation at high pressures. Progr. Comp. Fluid Dynam. 3, 145–150 (2003)

Hu, D., Braun-Unkhoff, M., Frank, P.: Modeling study on initial soot formation at high pressures. Z. Physik. Chemie. 214(4), 473 (2000)

Bockhorn, H. (ed.): Soot formation in combustion, mechanisms and models. Springer, Heidelberg (1994)

Wang, H.: Formation of nascent soot and other condensed-phase materials in flames. Proc. Comb. Inst. 31, 41–67 (2011)

Eickhoff, H., Braun-Unkhoff, M., El Bakali, A., Frank, P.: Kinetic influences on lean blowout for swirl stabilized combustion. Proc. Comb. Symp. 28, Abstracts of work in progress posters, 366 (2000)

Lefebvre, A.H. (ed.): Gas turbine combustion, 2nd edn. Taylor and Francis, London. ISBN: 9781560326731

Penner, J., Lister, D., Griggs, D., Dokken, D., McFarland, M. (eds.).: Aviation and the global atmosphere. Cambridge University Press, UK, p. 373 (1999)

Sausen, R., Isaksen, I., Hauglustaine, D., Grewe, V., Lee, D.S., Myhre, G., Köhler, M.O., Pitari, G., Schumann, U., Stordal, F., Zerefos, C.: Aviation radiative forcing in 2000: an update on IPCC (1999). Meteorol. Z. 14(4), 555–561 (2005)

Lee, D.S., Fahey, D.W., Forster, P.M., Newton, P.J., Wit, R.C.N.: Aviation and global climate change in the 21st century. Atmos. Environ. 43(22–23), 3520–3537 (2009)

https://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch2s2-10-2.html (2014). Accessed 26 Aug 2015

http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Energy-and-Environment/Climate-Change—The-Science/ (2014). Accessed 26 Aug 2015

Kennedy, I.M.: The health effects of combustion-generated aerosols. Proc. Comb. Inst. 31, 2757–2770 (2007)

Schumann, U.: On conditions for contrail formation from aircraft exhausts. Meteorol. Z. 5, 4–23 (1996)

Gierens, K.P., Spichtinger, P., Schumann, U.: Ice supersaturation. In: Atmospheric physics. Background–methods–trends, Schumann, U. (Ed.). Springer, Heidelberg 135–150 (2012)

Bauldreay, J.M.: Personal communication, Shell Research Ltd, Manchester, UK

Moore, R.H., Shook, M., Beyersdorf, A.J., Corr, C., Herndon, S.C., Knighton, W.B., Miake-Lye, R., Thornhill, K.L., Winstead, E., Yu, Z., Ziemba, L.D., Anderson, B.E.: Influence of jet fuel composition on aircraft synthesis of aerosol emissions data from the NASA APEX, AAFEX, and ACCESS missions. Energy Fuels 29(4), 2591–2600 (2015)

Bulzan, D., Anderson, B., Wey, C., Howard, R., Winstead, E., Beyersdorf, A., Corporan, E., DeWitt, M.J., Klingshirn, C., Herndon, S., Miake-Lye, R., Timko, M., Wood, E., Tacina, K.M., Liscinsky, D., Hagen, D., Lobo, P., Whitefield, P.: Gaseous and particulate emissions results of the NASA alternative aviation fuel experiment (AAFEX)”, Proc. ASME Turbo Expo, Glasgow, United Kingdom, GT2010-23524 (2010)

Anderson, B.E., Beyersdorf, A.J., Hudgins, C.H., Plant, J.V., Thornhill, K.L., Winstead, E.L., Ziemba, L.D., Howard, R., Corporan, E., Miake-Lye, R.C., Herndon, S.C., Timko, M., Woods, E., Dodds, W., Lee, B., Santoni, G., Whitefield, P., Hagen, D., Lobo, P., Knighton, W.B., Bulzan, D., Tacina, K., Wey, C., VanderWal, R., Bhargava, A.: Alternative aviation fuel experiment (AAFEX). NASA/TM-2011-217059. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Hampton (2011)

Kinsey, J.S., Timko, M.T., Herndon, S.C., Wood, E.C., Yu, Z., Miake-Lye, R.C., Lobo, P., Whitefield, P., Hagen, D., Wey, C., Anderson, B.E., Beyersdorf, A.J., Hudgins, C.H., Thornhill, K.L., Winstead, E., Howard, R., Bulzan, D.I., Tacina, K.B., Berk Knighton, W.: Determination of the emissions from an aircraft auxiliary power unit (APU) during the alternative aviation fuel experiment (AAFEX). J. Air Waste Manag. Asso. 62(4), 420–430 (2012)

Lobo, P., Hagen, D.E., Whitefield, P.D.: Comparison of PM emissions from a commercial jet engine burning conventional, biomass, and Fischer–Tropsch fuels. Environ. Sci. Technol. 45(24), 10744–10749 (2011)

Emission and CLimate Impact of Alternative Fuels (ECLIF): DLR project (2013–2017)

Zschocke, A., Scheuermann, J., Ortner, J.: High biofuel blends in aviation (HBBA). EU tender, ENER/C2/2012/420-1, interim report. http://www.hbba.eu/study/HBBA_Study_Report_6.2.2015.pdf (2015). Accessed 26 Aug 2015

Cain, J., DeWitt, M.J., Blunck, D., Corporan, E., Striebich, R., Anneken, D., Klingshirn, C., Roquemore, W.M., Vander Wal, R.: Characterization of gaseous and particulate emissions from a turboshaft engine burning conventional, alternative, and surrogate fuels. Energy Fuels 27, 2290–2302 (2013)

Timko, M.T., Yu, Z., Onasch, T.B., Wong, H.W., Miake-Lye, R.C., Beyersdorf, A.J., Anderson, B.E., Thornhill, K.L., Winstead, E.L., Corporan, E., DeWitt, M.J., Klingshirn, C.D., Wey, C., Tacina, K., Liscinsky, D.S., Howard, R., Bhargava, A.: Particulate emissions of gas turbine engine combustion of a Fischer–Tropsch synthetic fuel. Energy Fuels 24(11), 5883–5896 (2010)

DeWitt, M.J., Corporan, E., Graham, J., Minus, D.: Effects of aromatic type and concentration in Fischer–Tropsch fuel on emissions production and material compatibility. Energy Fuels 22 (4), 2411–2418 (2008)

Saffaripour, M., Zabeti, P., Kholghy, M.R., Thomson, M.J.: An experimental comparison of the sooting behavior of synthetic jet fuels. Energy Fuels 25, 5584–5593 (2011)

Saffaripour, M., Veshkini, A., Kholghy, M.R., Thomson, M.J.: Experimental investigation and detailed modeling of soot aggregate formation and size distribution in laminar coflow diffusion flames of Jet A-1, a synthetic kerosene, and n-decane. Comb. Flame 161 (3), 848–863 (2014)

Wahl, C., Zornek, T., Kapernaum, M., Haslach, L., Zschocke, A., Mroch, M., Demoment, P., Rolland, O., Garcia, F.: Engine emission ground test with Jet A-1/Farnesane blends. In: Proc. 18th ETH Conference on combustion generated nanoparticles, ETH Zürich, Switzerland (2014)

Wahl, C., Kapernaum, M., Melkert, J., Snijders, T., Bauldreay, J., Bogers, P.: Nanoparticle emissions of a flight gas turbine running Jet A-1 and GTL mixtures. In: Proc. 17th ETH Conference on combustion generated nanoparticles, ETH Zürich, Switzerland (2013)

Snijders, T.A., Melkert, J.A., Bauldreay, J.M, Bogers, P., Wahl, C.R.M., Kapernaum, M.G.: Impact of fuel composition on emissions and performance of GTL kerosine blends in a cessna citation II. In: Proc. 12th Internat. Conference on Stability Handling and Use of Liquid Fuels, IASH, Atlanta, GA (2011)

Wahl, C., Aigner, M.: Aircraft gas turbine soot emission tests under technical relevant conditions in an altitude test facility., In: Proc. ASME Turbo Expo GT2003-38797, Atlanta, USA (2003)

Altaher, M., Li, H., Blakey, S., Chung, W.: NHMC and VOC speciation of the exhaust gas from a gas turbine using alternative, renewable and conventional Jet A-1 aviation fuels. In: Proc. ASME Turbo Expo GT2014-25445, Düsseldorf, Germany (2014)

Li, H., Altaher, M., Wilson, C., Blakey, S., Chung, W.: Influence of fuel composition, engine power and operation mode on exhaust gas particulate size distribution and gaseous emissions form a gas turbine engine. In: Proc. ASME Turbo Expo GT2013-94854, San Antonio, Texas, USA (2013)

Lobo, P., Rye, L., Williams, P.I., Christie, S., Uryga-Bugajska, I., Wilson, C.W., Hagen, D.E., Whitefield, P.D., Blakey, S., Coe, H., Raper, D., Pourkashanian, M.: Impact of alternative fuels on emission characteristics of a gas turbine engine—Part 1: gaseous and particulate matter emissions. Environ. Sci. Technol. 46, 10805–10811 (2012)

Christie, S., Raper, D., Lee, D.S., Williams, P.I., Rye, L., Blakey, S., Wilson, C.W., Lobo, P., Hagen, D., Whitefield, P.D.: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emissions from the combustion of alternative fuels in a gas turbine engine. Environ. Sci. Technol. 46, 6393–6400 (2012)

Bhagwan, R., Habisreuther, P., Zarzalis, N., Turrini, F.: An experimental comparison of the emissions characteristics of standard Jet A-1 and synthetic fuels. Flow Turbulence Combust. 92, 865–884 (2014)

Rahmes, S.T.F., Kinder, J.D., Henry, T.M., et al.: Sustainable bio-derived synthetic paraffinic kerosene (Bio-spk) jet fuel flights and engine test program results. Ninth AIAA Aviation Technology, Integration, and Operations Conference (ATIO), AIAA, Hilton Head, South Carolina, USA (2009)

Riebl, S., Braun-Unkhoff, M., Riedel, U.: A study on the emissions of alternative aviation fuels. In: Proc. ASME Turbo Expo, GT2016-57361, Seoul, South Korea (2016)

Wahl, C., Kapernaum, M., Krüger, V., Rainer, P., Aigner, M., Determination of soot mass fraction, soot density, and soot fractal character in flame exhaust gases (PAZI). EUR 21051—European Conference on Aviation, Atmosphere and Climate (AAC), Air pollution research report 83, 25–26 (2004)

Andrade-Eiroa, A., Shahla, R., Romanías, M.N., Dagaut, P., Emmanouil, K.S., Apostolos, S., Dayma, G.: Identification and quantification of aromatic hydrocarbons adsorbed on soot from premixed flames of kerosene, synthetic kerosene, and kerosene-synthetic biofuels. Energy Fuels 29 (10), 6556–6564 (2015)